Deck 24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

Question 1

​The Congress of Berlin granted home rule to Ireland.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Social Darwinism was

A)the application of the principle of organic evolution to the social order.
B)an effort to explain the problems of society by psychological means.
C)an explanation, sociologically, of Darwin's biological ideas.
D)advocated by Nietzsche.
E)condemned by Freud.

Answer 2

the application of the principle of organic evolution to the social order.

Question 3

In Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, the process that drives unwanted thoughts into the unconscious is known as

A)self-gratification.
B)neural dysfunction.
C)animal drives.
D)repression.
E)erasure.

Answer 3

repression.

Question 4

Post-Impressionist painters such as Cezanne and van Gogh differed from the Impressionists in shifting from an objective reality to a subjective reality, thus abandoning the artist's traditional task of portraying the external world.

Question 5

In Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, the seat of reason is the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)pleasure principle.
D)id.
E)dream.

Question 6

Friedrich Nietzsche proclaimed that democracy and Christianity together could triumph where great men and science had failed.

Question 7

Because of the lasting influence of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, there was little evidence of anti-Semitism in France at the end of the nineteenth century.

Question 8

Marie and Pierre Curie formulated the relativity theory.

Question 9

According to relativity theory

A)space is absolute but time is relative to the observer.
B)time is absolute but space is relative to the observer.
C)neither time nor space is absolute but relative to the observer.
D)time and space are both absolute.
E)both time and space had an existence independent of human experience.

Question 10

By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had become the world's third richest nation and greatest industrial power, behind Great Britain and Imperial Germany.

Question 11

In 1905, who published "The Electro-Dynamics of Moving Bodies"?

A)Tesla
B)Einstein
C)Planck
D)Curie
E)Carver

Question 12

Herbert Spencer was the chief propagandist for German volkish thought at the turn of the twentieth century.

Question 13

By the early twentieth century, British liberalism had abandoned laissez-faire in favor of governmental activism and social reform.

Question 14

The quantum theory of energy developed by Max Planck raised fundamental questions about the

A)structure of stars.
B)accepted medieval theories of chemical reaction.
C)subatomic realm of the atom and the basic building blocks of the material world.
D)safe transmission of electrical energy for powering modern economies.
E)the electro-dynamics of moving bodies.

Question 15

Cecil Rhodes was the great champion of British imperialism in Asia.

Question 16

Inquiry into the disintegrative processes within atoms became a central theme in the new physics in part due to the experimental work of

A)Einstein on cosmic rays and gravity.
B)Marie and Pierre Curie on radium and radiation.
C)Planck on quanta.
D)Pasteur on microbes and infection.
E)Bergson on time and the "life force."

Question 17

Friedrich Nietzsche glorified

A)the power of God.
B)bourgeois society.
C)reason over emotion.
D)political democracy.
E)irrationality.

Question 18

Clara Barton embodied the concept of the "new woman," having attended medical school and pioneered a new form of childhood education.

Question 19

Marie Curie won two Nobel prizes for her achievements in

A)cellular biology and chemistry.
B)physics and cellular biology.
C)physics and chemistry.
D)geology and physics.
E)chemistry and astronomy.

Question 20

The Boxers in China were successful in limiting the influence of the European nations and Japan.

Question 21

The greatest difference between Naturalism and Realism in literature was

A)realism dealt more with themes like human suffering.
B)naturalism was more popular than realism.
C)in general, naturalism was more pessimistic than realism.
D)realism was simply a continuation of naturalism.
E)in general, realism was more pessimistic than naturalism.

Question 22

The best example of Naturalism in literature can be found in the novels of

A)Victor Hugo.
B)Charles Dickens.
C)Albert Camus.
D)Émile Zola.
E)Gustave Flaubert.

Question 23

Maria Montessori exemplifies the "new woman" of modern times in that

A)she became a leading advocate of the vote for women.
B)she entered Italian politics as a liberal.
C)she created the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom.
D)she obtained a professional degree and applied her expertise to new fields of inquiry like early childhood development.
E)she was the first professional woman who received equal pay for equal work.

Question 24

Camille Pissarro was one of the founders of

A)Expressionism.
B)Romanticism.
C)Post-Impressionism.
D)Impressionism
E)Dadaism.

Question 25

Which of the following art movements was NOT prominent in the three decades prior to World War I?

A)Surrealism
B)Cubism
C)Impressionism
D)abstract painting
E)Post-Impressionism

Question 26

At its premier, Igor Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, now considered as a classic example of modernism in music and ballet,

A)drew great public acclaim as a modern masterwork.
B)inspired many authors to write poems using the music.
C)caused a riot by the audience because of its sharp dissonance and blatant sensuality.
D)restored audiences' faith in music as a rational and soothing art.
E)was ignored when first performed and only became recognized as a classic several decades later.

Question 27

The author whose work emphasizes suffering and faith as the means for the human soul to be purified was

A)Émile Zola.
B)Leo Tolstoy.
C)Fyodor Dostoevsky.
D)Friedrich Nietzsche.
E)Herbert Spencer.

Question 28

In his Life of Jesus, Ernst Renan

A)employed the methods of higher criticism.
B)questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible.
C)challenged the divinity of Jesus.
D)postulated that the value of Jesus lay in his life and teaching.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 29

To advance the cause of women's suffrage, the Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters

A)took a moderate approach to the problem seeking to demonstrate first that women were intelligent and could use political power wisely if given the vote.
B)took a conservative approach to the problem and strongly recommended that only upper-class and educated women be considered as potential voters.
C)took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs.
D)considered the political situation of women in Europe to be hopeless and advised women seeking the vote to move to other countries, like the U.S., where the chances of gaining political equality were greater.
E)formed a peaceful alliance with Britain's Communist Party.

Question 30

Pope Leo XIII responded to modern ideas in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)permitting the teaching of evolution as a hypothesis in Catholic schools.
B)criticizing capitalism for the poverty of the working classes.
C)recommending that Catholics form labor unions to assist workers.
D)embracing Marxist socialism.
E)identifying Christian principles in socialism.

Question 31

The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was

A)factory worker.
B)the legal profession.
C)business management.
D)engineering.
E)teaching.

Question 32

The pioneer in nursing who founded the Female Association of the Care of the Poor and Sick was

A)Clara Barton.
B)Florence Nightingale.
C)Amalie Sieveking.
D)Bertha von Suttner.
E)Millicent Fawcett.

Question 33

Using Darwin's terminology, Herbert Spencer argued that

A)no progress in human society was now possible and decadence had set in everywhere.
B)no rational justification could be given to "natural selection."
C)peaceful progress was inevitable.
D)evolution could never be reversed.
E)human societies were organisms evolving through time by struggling with their environments.

Question 34

Modernism in music included all of the following elements EXCEPT

A)attraction to the exotic.
B)the exclusive use of extremely regular rhythms.
C)nationalist themes.
D)folk music.
E)the lure of the primitive.

Question 35

In Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), Houston Stewart Chamberlain predicted that Germany was destined to

A)lead the world in high-tech manufacturing.
B)lead the Aryan race to the conquest of Europe.
C)be the European leader in music and the arts.
D)generate the next great world religion.
E)failure if they did not accept Jews as the originators of Western civilization.

Question 36

During the nineteenth century, Jews

A)were persecuted in almost every European country.
B)received complete emancipation in France and Germany.
C)were emancipated in most countries, but still faced restrictions
D)were not allowed into certain professions.
E)achieved full social and legal equality in all the countries of Europe except Germany.

Question 37

Theodor Herzl, the leader of the Zionist movement,

A)advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
B)advocated the development of separate Jewish communities in European cities.
C)argued that Jewish assimilation into western European society would only be complete when Jews renounced their religious beliefs.
D)argued that living conditions for Jews were better in eastern Europe than in western Europe.
E)demanded that war be declared against the Ottoman Empire.

Question 38

The Symbolists were primarily associated with which of the following types of writing?

A)novels
B)poetry
C)critical essays
D)letters
E)All of these are correct.

Question 39

The artist whose work garnered the highest price at the first Impressionist auction was

A)Claude Monet.
B)Berthe Morisot.
C)Éduoard Manet.
D)Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
E)Vincent Van Gogh.

Question 40

In general, by the late nineteenth century, the worst treatment of the Jews occurred in

A)Italy.
B)Germany.
C)France.
D)Britain.
E)Russia.

Question 41

The Pan-German League advocated

A)German withdrawal from world affairs and concentration on internal political reforms.
B)anti-liberal policies including the development of a global German colonial empire to unite all classes of citizens at home.
C)German leadership in the development of international pacifist organizations.
D)strict limitations on development of German industry including far heavier corporate taxation to pay for new state social welfare programs deemed essential by the group.
E)a German takeover of eastern France, western Poland, and the German-speaking part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Question 42

Germany entered the ranks of the imperialist powers by establishing African colonies including

A)the Sudan.
B)Mozambique.
C)Algeria.
D)the Cameroons.
E)Libya.

Question 43

Growing tensions in modern German society were exemplified by

A)rapidly rising suicide rates, especially in cities.
B)refusals by German leaders to enact new welfare legislation.
C)the use of military forces to put down urban riots.
D)the proliferation of ultra-nationalist right-wing political groups with anti-Semitic, racist, and imperialist beliefs.
E)peasant rebellions, particularly in the Rhineland region.

Question 44

The "open door" policy was to allow more freedom of trade in so-called spheres of influence in

A)India.
B)China.
C)Japan.
D)the Philippines.
E)the Congo.

Question 45

The Bismarckian System had the ultimate result of

A)bringing peace to Europe for over fifty years.
B)creating friendship between Germany and England.
C)easing tensions between France and Germany.
D)dividing Europe into two opposing groups of nations, making war more likely.
E)ensuring peace in the Balkans.

Question 46

The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which of the following countries?

A)England, Germany, Italy
B)Russia, England, France
C)Italy, Turkey, England
D)Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire
E)Germany, Austria, Italy

Question 47

British rule brought all of the following to India in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT

A)political democracy.
B)western-style secondary schools.
C)western technology, such as railroads and medical knowledge.
D)great security and order.
E)relatively honest and efficient government.

Question 48

In order to implement the Liberal Party's social reform program, David Lloyd George radically curtailed the power of the

A)army and navy.
B)Bank of England.
C)monarchy.
D)House of Commons.
E)House of Lords.

Question 49

The basis of the Bismarckian System was

A)the acquisition of a huge overseas empire.
B)the isolation of France through a series of military alliances.
C)an enhanced civil service.
D)the creation of a German war college.
E)the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.

Question 50

Among the notable achievements of the British Liberals under Lloyd George was

A)unilateral British disarmament and world peace proposals.
B)passage of the National Insurance Act of 1911 providing sickness and unemployment benefits to workers.
C)nationalization of all private industry in Britain.
D)reductions in the size of the British colonial empire.
E)to implement a policy of laissez-faire in economic and welfare matters.

Question 51

The Meiji Restoration in Japan

A)successfully accomplished the expulsion of all foreigners from the country.
B)created a political system rigidly authoritarian in both form and practice.
C)concentrated on the reestablishment of feudal principles of decentralized government and native Japanese values.
D)sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization.
E)forcefully rejected westernization and looked instead to China as its model.

Question 52

The Triple Entente before 1914 included which of the following countries?

A)Great Britain, France, Russia
B)Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire
C)Turkey, Russia, Germany
D)France, Spain, Great Britain
E)Great Britain, France, and Italy

Question 53

Which of the following was NOT an argument to justify imperialism at the turn of the century?

A)the "white man's burden"
B)Social Darwinism
C)the need for military bases
D)to lessen the burden of excess European population, especially criminals and other "undesirables"
E)national prestige

Question 54

The event which exemplified renewed anti-Semitism in France in the late nineteenth century was the

A)Boulanger coup.
B)Sorel uprising.
C)Dreyfus affair.
D)Zola capitulation.
E)the fall of the Third Republic.

Question 55

The October Manifesto of Nicholas II

A)immediately led to the storming of the Winter Palace.
B)prompted the event known as "Bloody Sunday."
C)led to the creation a legislative assembly known as the Duma.
D)incensed the middle-class moderates.
E)provoked Japan into declaring war on Russia.

Question 56

Which of the following Progressive-era laws went into effect during Woodrow Wilson's tenure as president in the United States?

A)graduated federal income tax.
B)Pure Food and Drug Act.
C)Interstate Commerce Act.
D)Meat Inspection Act.
E)Social Security Act.

Question 57

The Boer War was fought by the British in

A)Australia.
B)China.
C)Zimbabwe.
D)Botswana.
E)South Africa.

Question 58

By the late nineteenth century, which of the following groups had emerged as labor's dominant voice in the United States?

A)the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
B)the American Federation of Labor.
C)the Industrial Workers of the World.
D)the Knights of Labor.
E)the Socialist Worker's Party.

Question 59

Britain's Fabian Socialists

A)demanded the immediate nationalization of all British industry and transportation facilities.
B)as Marxists, urged the Proletariat to begin a revolt against the government.
C)refused to participate in the political process.
D)favored evolution toward a socialist state by democratic means.
E)practiced civil disobedience against the power of Parliament.

Question 60

The primary antagonists in the Balkans region were

A)Serbs and Austrians.
B)Russians and French.
C)English and Germans.
D)Serbs and Croats.
E)Russians and Serbs.

Question 61

What were the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1905?

Question 62

Which revolutionary leader helped overthrow the Manchu dynasty of China in 1912?

A)Mao Tse-tung.
B)Chou En-lai.
C)Sun Yat-sen.
D)Chiang Kai-shek.
E)Mutsushito.

Question 63

What was the Dreyfus affair, and how did it symbolize European anti-Semitism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Question 64

How do the philosophical trends of the late nineteenth century compare to the same era's artistic achievements?

Question 65

By the early twentieth century, was the Ottoman Empire still a major force in Western civilization?

Question 66

In what ways is it accurate to identify Europe in the period between 1894 and 1914 as possessing a worldview dominated by the ideas of Social Darwinism? In what ways is that assessment inaccurate?

Question 67

What did women hope to achieve in the feminist movement? To what extent were women successful by 1914?

Question 68

What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?

Question 69

How did Modernism in literature and the arts represent a break with the styles of past? How did Modernism represent the attempt of writers and artists to seek new means of expression to comment upon and reflect their changing world?

Question 70

What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?

Question 71

What were the causes of the "New Imperialism" of the late nineteenth century? What were some of the arguments to justify this imperialism? What were the results or consequences of this imperialism?

Question 72

What was the "white man's burden," and what does the concept reveal about European attitudes toward non-Europeans?