Deck 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

Jessa and Ben just had a baby boy. They observed that his head was the first thing to start growing, followed by his lower body. They are observing the ______________ growth pattern.

A) proxomidistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) hedonic
D) eudaimonic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

George is 2 months old. Although not in a single segment, he is likely to be sleeping between _______ hours a day.

A) 6 and 8
B) 7 and 9
C) 10 and 19
D) 3 and 5

Answer 2

C

Question 3

On average, in 2 years an infant's height is expected to:

A) stay the same.
B) double.
C) triple.
D) quadruple.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

Question 5

Infant sleep includes, a ______________ phase during which random eye movements and intense, irregular brain activity and dreaming occur.

A) REM
B) delta
C) alpha
D) beta

Question 6

In 2 years an infant's weight is expected to:

A) stay the same.
B) triple.
C) double.
D) quadruple.

Question 7

Through infancy, demonstrating an expected pattern of cephalocaudal growth and development, we can expect an infant's head to:

A) be slightly larger than the rest of his body.
B) develop first.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 8

Rachel and Rebecca are expecting their first baby; according to U.S. averages, we can hypothesize that their newborn might measure and weigh________________________, respectively.

A) 12 pounds, 25 inches
B) 10 pounds, 15 inches
C) 7.5 pounds, 19.5 inches
D) 9.5 pounds, 20 inches

Question 9

According to the CDC, by 2 years of age the average child should weigh over 30 pounds.

Question 10

With respect to neural development, ___________________ receive(s) electrical impulses from neighboring neurons.

A) dendrites
B) axons
C) white matter
D) gray matter

Question 11

The two components of the central nervous system are the:

A) brain and spinal cord.
B) somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
C) myelin and axons.
D) myelin and dendrites.

Question 12

After the first 6 months postbirth, the human growth rate begins to:

A) slow down.
B) accelerate.
C) stabilize.
D) cease.

Question 13

The ________ control(s) voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS.

A) somatic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) dendrites
D) central nervous system

Question 14

The brain removes unused, unnecessary synapses via:

A) myelination.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) dendritic cutting.
D) neural irrigation.

Question 15

On average by 2 years of age a child should measure approximately _____ inches and weigh approximately _____pounds.

A) 37; 60
B) 22; 30
C) 34; 26
D) 42; 20

Question 16

Weight and height gains occur most rapidly during the:

A) first 6 months after birth.
B) first 3 weeks after birth.
C) toddler years.
D) second year of life.

Question 17

The peripheral nervous system carries information to and from the central nervous system.

Question 18

A head-down growth pattern for development is known as cephalocaudal growth.

Question 19

Why is it important to chart an infant's growth through the first 2 years of the lifespan?

A) Growth during these years provides information about growth and development through the later years of the lifespan.
B) Growth during these years provides information about whether development is proceeding typically or atypically.
C) neither of these
D) both of these

Question 20

The proxomidistal growth pattern refers to a pattern of development that proceeds:

A) head down.
B) bottom up.
C) inside out.
D) outside in.

Question 21

When baby Brielle wiggles her fingers and her toes, she is practicing her __________ skills.

A) gross motor
B) pointing
C) wiggling
D) fine motor

Question 22

Observations of infant behaviors such as sucking and grasping are most likely to be noted in Piaget's __________ of sensorimotor development: _________________.

A) third substage; actions with objects
B) second substage: habits and repetition
C) first substage: reflexes
D) fourth substage: coordination of schemas

Question 23

According to developmental science research, African American infants ___________ earlier than Caucasian infants.

A) sit independently
B) stand independently
C) walk
D) all of the choices

Question 24

Juliette is a newborn demonstrating normal reflexes, which indicates that she:

A) had a perfect APGAR score.
B) has a normally developing central nervous system.
C) has an increased likelihood of developing neurological tics.
D) may demonstrate developmental delay in the next 2 years.

Question 25

During the sensorimotor stage, a typically maturing infant develops from a reflexive to a symbolic thinker.

Question 26

Gross motor skills are essential for infants to:

A) kiss.
B) stack blocks.
C) wink.
D) none of the choices

Question 27

Juan and Anita speak Spanish at home to their infant daughter, Maria. When Maria begins school in the United States, where English is spoken by the teachers and her classmates, the teacher finds she often rolls her Rs. Maria's language development provides us with an example of:

A) experience-dependent processing.
B) speech impairment.
C) low IQ.
D) synaptic pruning.

Question 28

Jean Piaget provided us with a road map to understanding cognitive development from infancy through adolescence.

Question 29

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of development is divided into 12 substages.

Question 30

Edward is a newborn. As expected he cannot sit alone, nor can he support his own body weight. Developmentalists would observe that Edward has yet to develop:

A) a spinal cord.
B) voluntary postural control.
C) good posture.
D) bad posture.

Question 31

Posture is the integrating process that ____________all gross motor activities.

A) supports and incorporates
B) leads and combines
C) connects and provides a foundation for
D) none of the choices

Question 32

Infant play facilitates development of their ________motor skills.

A) fine
B) gross
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 33

Fine motor skills develop in infancy through increased expertise in using small muscle groups, for example, those that coordinate finger movements.

Question 34

Mackynzie is able to pull herself up and stand while holding on to the coffee table. Based on this ability, we can infer that Mackynzie is between _________________ months old.

A) 5 and 11
B) 2 and 5
C) 6 and 9
D) 12 and 24

Question 35

Infants develop their gross motor skills when they practice crawling and walking.

Question 36

Michele and Fredrik are concerned that their newborn son Jason is sleeping too much. When they ask their doctor if this is normal, the pediatrician tells the couple that a significant amount of sleep is normal during infancy to allow for:

A) continued brain development.
B) learning and memory consolidation.
C) neither of these choices
D) both of these choices

Question 37

Philip watches his mom put his favorite toy underneath his blanket. When the toy is not visible Philip loses interest and does not know where the toy is. Based on this scenario, we can assume that Philip:

A) has not yet developed a sense of object permanence.
B) is making the A-not-B error.
C) has not yet developed an understanding of conservation.
D) has a low IQ.

Question 38

Brittany's dad puts her favorite stuffed elephant under the yellow blanket and no toy under the green blanket. Brittany immediately grabs the yellow blanket to look for her toy. When her dad puts the stuffed elephant under the green blanket, Brittany again looks under the yellow blanket because she is making the:

A) object permanence error.
B) A-not-B error.
C) error of conservation.
D) error of permanence.

Question 39

Anton is 16 months old. Based on normal developmental milestones for his age, we can expect that Anton can:

A) stack blocks.
B) stand alone.
C) both a and b
D) none of the choices

Question 40

_________ describes an infant's ability to support his or her body as a whole.

A) Posture
B) Stature
C) Stability
D) Scaffolding

Question 41

Developmentalists understand that expressive language is ________ receptive language.

A) less complex than
B) the same as
C) more complex than
D) none of the choices

Question 42

Implicit memories are automatically stored and retrieved without apparent conscious effort.

Question 43

Caleb likes to take his fork and bang it on different surfaces to make different sounds Based on Piaget's substages, we can assume that Caleb is:

A) between 12 and18 months old.
B) between 6 and 9 months old.
C) 2 years old.
D) between 6 and 9 months old.
E) 1 year old.

Question 44

At dinner, Matthew's sister, Carly, makes a silly face when she doesn't like what she puts in her mouth. The next night Mathew imitates the facial expression Carly made the night before when he tastes a food he does not care for, exhibiting:

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) habitation.
D) dishabituation.

Question 45

Accommodation and assimilation underlie the development and refinement of mental structures Piaget referred to as:

A) schemas.
B) categories.
C) groups.
D) analogies.

Question 46

Infant and child development involves maturation of both receptive and symbolic language ability.

Question 47

Receptive language describes language an infant can understand but can't produce.

Question 48

Memory research suggests that early memories are:

A) implicit.
B) explicit.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 49

________ and ________ are two processes that facilitate cognitive development in infancy and later stages of development.

A) Assimilation; accommodation
B) Cognition; behavior
C) IQ; attitude
D) Learning; memory

Question 50

Courtney is assessed by a developmentalist to be operating at the final sensorimotor substage, according to Piaget's model. Courtney is able to:

A) pick up a rattle and shake it.
B) talk about her favorite teddy bear in the other room.
C) expect her mom's jewelry box to play music.
D) all of these choices

Question 51

During infancy, "time to habituation" is correlated with IQ; _____________________________.

A) the faster habituation occurs, the lower the infant's IQ.
B) the faster habituation occurs, the higher the infant's IQ.
C) the slower habituation occurs, the higher the infant's IQ.
D) IQ and habituation are independent.

Question 52

Billy has had the same mobile hanging above his crib since he was born. When his mother lays him down for a nap, Billy does not look at the mobile likely because he has become _________ to what was once a novel stimulus.

A) sensitized
B) habituated
C) dishabituated
D) gotten used to

Question 53

Tammy talks to her baby niece in high-pitched tones, using simple, repetitive words. Tammy is using _________________ to communicate with her niece.

A) receptive language
B) babbling
C) language acquisition devices
D) infant-directed speech

Question 54

Susie is 6 months old; she likes to pick up her rattle and shake it. According to Piaget, Susie is in the _____________ of sensorimotor development: ________________.

A) first substage: reflexes
B) second substage: habits and repetition
C) third substage: actions with objects
D) fourth substage: coordination of schemas

Question 55

Explicit memories involve a clear, observable conscious effort to recall an event or information.

Question 56

Prior to Rovee-Collier's work, it was believed that infants could not form and store long-term memories before __________months.

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 24

Question 57

Baby Giuseppe has learned that, when he is lying on his mat, if he kicks his foot a sound will play. If he is just lying on the floor he cannot make the sound. Giuseppe's understanding of his experience relies on:

A) habituation.
B) explicit memory.
C) dishabituation.
D) implicit memory.

Question 58

________is the process by which response to a stimulus is reduced.

A) Dishabituation
B) Habituation
C) Sensitization
D) Specification

Question 59

In the car Jenny's mom always plays classical music. Jenny is bored with it and no longer pays attention. One day Jenny's mom plays a rock-and-roll song. Jenny shows strong interest in the music. Jenny is demonstrating:

A) dishabituation.
B) habituation.
C) rock shock.
D) desensitization.

Question 60

_______ involves a heightened response to a stimulus, usually because it is novel.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Interest
D) none of the choices

Question 61

Alejandro is 7 months old. His family thinks it is so cute when he says things like "ma, ba, pa, and da." When Alejandro makes these sounds, he is:

A) babbling.
B) cooing.
C) talking.
D) crying.

Question 62

The ________________ the part of the retina responsible for color vision.

A) rods are
B) cones
C) cilia
D) lenses

Question 63

Jeffery is an infant and likes to look at yellow but not red objects. Based on this preference, we can assume that:

A) he is able to discriminate color differences.
B) he is only able to see yellow.
C) he is unable to see the color red.
D) yellow is his favorite color.

Question 64

Toddlers use short phrases that convey meaning but lack some parts of speech required to form a complete sentence, also known as:

A) telegraphic speech.
B) receptive language.
C) toddler speak.
D) expressive language.

Question 65

Developmentalists who emphasize the role of socialization in language development work from a(n) ___________ approach.

A) interactionist
B) social
C) constructivist
D) psychopathology

Question 66

Noam Chomsky introduced the term _________________ to describe a theoretical structure that prewire infants and children to learn the language of our culture.

A) babbling
B) language acquisition device
C) infant-directed speech
D) expressive language

Question 67

By age 2, children's vocabularies increase to around _________words.

A) 150
B) 200
C) 250
D) 300

Question 68

_____________ is a sense that is highly developed prior to birth and facilitates the baby's ability to latch on to the mother's nipple for the first time.

A) Touch
B) Taste
C) Smell
D) Hearing

Question 69

When an infant physically receives a stimulus, she typically feels a sensation.

Question 70

As an inborn protective mechanism, infants will turn their heads away from bad-smelling stimuli as early as:

A) 1 week.
B) 3 days.
C) 5 months.
D) 2 years.

Question 71

Hearing, touch, taste, vision, and smell are senses that mature and strengthen over time in typically developing children.

Question 72

Infants crave touch and have inborn behaviors that encourage others to come close to and hold them. These features of early infant-caregiver interactions categorize humans as a ____________ species.

A) nesting
B) loving
C) touching
D) carrying

Question 73

Developmental science research offers evidence that infants do experience pain.

Question 74

The repetition of single-syllable sounds is a type of speech known as:

A) cooing.
B) crying.
C) babbling.
D) bantering.

Question 75

____________ separate(s) a carrying species from a nesting species.

A) Response to loving and kissing
B) Interest in cuddling and playing
C) Breast milk composition and frequency of demand feedings
D) The amount of food and type of food a newborn eats

Question 76

Katy is a newborn. She cries often and makes funny faces when she tastes sour liquids. We can infer that Katy:

A) has a highly developed sense of taste.
B) has a highly developed sense of smell.
C) prefers her mom's milk over other tastes.
D) none of the choices

Question 77

Carmella's mother constantly holds her throughout the day and sleeps with the infant at night. These infant-caregiver interactions are likely to predict _____________ for Carmella.

A) physiological and psychological benefits
B) unwanted, negative attachment problems
C) cognitive and memory deficits
D) none of these choices

Question 78

Developmental scientists ______________ the amount of pain an infant has the potential to experience.

A) agree about
B) disagree about
C) understand the exact amount
D) all of these choices

Question 79

Following stimulation, the high-order interpretation of physical sensatiion is experienced as a cognitive perception of the same event.

Question 80

When Adrian's parents leave for the movies, she runs up to them and asks, "daddy go?" Adrian is using:

A) babbling.
B) talking.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) receptive language.