Deck 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood:two to Six Years

Question 1

More recent research has challenged the position that left-handers were more susceptible to developmental delays and immune deficiencies than right-handers.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Sally and James are both 4 years old, and each is well-coordinated. From this, neurologically, we can surmise that the _________________ of the neurons that link the cerebral cortex to the ___________ has progressed normatively.

A) myelination, cerebellum
B) cerebellum, cerebral cortex
C) cerebellum, parietal cortex
D) cerebral cortex, myelination

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Between the ages of 2 and 6, the average child in the United States gains about 6 pounds and 2 to 3 inches per year.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

________________ is responsible for the establishment of increasingly complex connections among neurons.

A) Myelination
B) Dendritic growth
C) Vascular growth
D) Axonal connections

Question 5

One result of myelination is _______________________.

A) a slowing of synaptic transmissions
B) an acceleration of neural transmission
C) more pruning occurs
D) the cerebellum develops

Question 6

By the beginning of early childhood, ________________ is taking place more slowly than it did during infancy.

A) myelination
B) synaptic pruning
C) redistribution
D) neural elimination

Question 7

Your friend Diane is looking at a growth chart for height at the doctor's office, you explain that the steeper line depicts a child who is gaining inches more rapidly than the average child.

Question 8

Between ages 2 and 6,, the brain gains ___________ percent of its adult weight.

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 15
C) 15 to 20
D) 20 to 25

Question 9

According to your text, the percentage of left-handed people is consistently about ____ across cultures

A) 8 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 11 percent
D) 13 percent

Question 10

Your professor, a developmentalist, explained that it is normative for _______________ a dominant role in language.

A) the right hemisphere to play
B) both the left and right hemispheres to fight for
C) the left hemisphere to play
D) neither hemisphere to play

Question 11

With respect to average development, after the weight gain that takes place during infancy, young children tend to gain weight more rapidly from ages 2 through 6.

Question 12

In the physical domain, the _________ hemisphere controls the left side of the body while the ____________ hemisphere, controls the right side of the body.

A) Right, left
B) Right, right
C) Left, right,
D) Left, left

Question 13

Most of the world's population appears to be right-handed.

Question 14

The process through which cartilage turns into bone is known as ____________.

A) amplification
B) augmentation
C) ossification
D) calcification

Question 15

One of the results of lateralization manifests as ________________.

A) hand preference
B) drawing ability
C) early ability to skip and hop
D) early ability to write the alphabet

Question 16

Bill prefers using his left hand while his brother Bob uses his right. Bill's brain functioning is more likely to be influence by ________________.

A) the left hemisphere
B) the right hemisphere
C) high connectivity between hemispheres
D) low connectivity between hemispheres

Question 17

__________________ is the process by which the right and left hemispheres of the brain take on specific functions.

A) Bilateralization
B) Collaboration
C) Lateralization
D) Coordination

Question 18

Decreased myelination allows neurons to communicate at a more rapid pace.

Question 19

Tomas is a three-year-old boy living in an older apartment where the paint is peeling from the walls. His parents have just finished repainting his bedroom and are in the process of repainting the other rooms as they worry if Tomas was to put the peeling paint into his mouth, this could result in ______________.

A) Toxic shock syndrome
B) Serotonin syndrome
C) Lead poisoning
D) Arsenic poisoning

Question 20

Ossification occurs during which periods of development?

A) infancy through childhood
B) infancy through adolescence
C) childhood through adolescence
D) adolescence through adulthood

Question 21

Your 5-year-old cousin Julio is in the backseat of the car on the way to go camping with her family. A very normal question for her to ask is: ________________ say?

A) "can we get some gas?"
B) "are we there yet?"
C) "did you pack my slippers?"
D) "can you on some jazz music?"

Question 22

According to Piaget, a hallmark of the ____________ stage is the emerging ability of the child to use language to make sense of the world.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete
D) formal

Question 23

Rico ties his shoes, writes numbers, and is able to print his first name. His fine-motor skills are normative for a _____-year-old child.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 24

In early childhood, skeletal growth stunting undermines the health development of bones and is also associated with cognitive delays that ________________________.

A) are difficult to distinguish from ADHD
B) are difficult to distinguish form learning disorders
C) interfere with socializing
D) undermine educational achievement

Question 25

Jacob skips, climbs ladders, and is able to change direction very quickly while running. His gross-motor skills are normative for a _______-year-old child.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 26

The skeletal development of children whose diets are deficient in key nutrients are at risk for conditions such as ________________________.

A) chronic growth maturation
B) psychosocial dwarfism
C) chronic growth retardation
D) vitamin D deficiency

Question 27

According to your text, from 2010 to 2020 the goal of international nutrition efforts is to decrease the percentage of preschool children at-risk for growth-stunting from 1 in every 4 to _____.

A) 1 in 5
B) 1 in 6
C) 1 in 7
D) 1 in 8

Question 28

Henry is able to draw lines and successfully fit differently shaped puzzle pieces into their corresponding slots in a shape-sorter. His fine-motor skills are normative for a ___ -year-old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 29

This marker of of preoperational development is associated with an explosion of a child wanting to children want to know how and why.

A) distal function
B) symbolic function
C) intuitive thought
D) relativistic thought

Question 30

The law of conservation, according to Piaget, develops during the ___________stage.

A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) postoperational

Question 31

Lucy builds large towers with wood blocks, stands on one foot, and loves to jump off objects. Her fine-motor and gross-motor skills are normative for a ___-year-old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 32

Piaget's law of conservation describes the developmental accomplishment of being able to understand that changing the form or appearance of a substance does not change its _____________.

A) color
B) smell
C) texture
D) amount

Question 33

For healthy bone growth, the World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of

A) adequate calcium intake, reduced exposure to sunshine, and consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables.
B) adequate calcium intake, exposure to sunshine, and consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables.
C) adequate fiber intake, reduced exposure to sunshine, and consumption of similar of fruits and vegetables.
D) adequate potassium intake, exposure to sunshine, and consumption of similar of fruits and vegetables.

Question 34

By the end of Piaget's _____________ babies have developed object permanence.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete
D) formal

Question 35

Millie was nutritionally deprived during early childhood, resulting in skeletal growth stunting. After she was adopted she ate a diet rich in vitamins and minerals and engaged in regular, age-appropriate exercise. As an adult she may be at increased risk for ____________________.

A) no adverse side effects from her early deprivation
B) a difficult labor when she gives birth
C) obesity
D) anorexia

Question 36

A child's cognitive abilities:

A) gradually emerge, gain significance, and then decline.
B) gradually emerge, lose significance, and then increase.
C) are fully stablished by age seven
D) turn off and on much like a television set.

Question 37

As preoperational development unfolds, __________ allows the child to, use language as a new way of thinking about the world.

A) distal function
B) symbolic function
C) intuitive thought
D) relativistic thought

Question 38

When a developmental scientist presents two identical glasses with liquid at the same level, the child study participant agrees that both contain the same amount of liquid. Next, when the liquid is poured from one of the short, wide glasses into a tall thin glass, the concrete operational child concludes that

A) one of the glasses is longer
B) one of the glasses has more liquid
C) both glasses have the same amount of liquid
D) teach glass is half full

Question 39

When a developmentalist asks a preoperational child to decide whether two sticks of equal length are still equal after you move one stick, the most likely response is:

A) one of the sticks is longer
B) one of the sticks has disappeared
C) both are of equal length
D) each stick has different widths

Question 40

Signaling a serious health concern, it is estimated that _______ million preschool children met clinical criteria for growth stunting in 2010.

A) 31
B) 71
C) 171
D) 271

Question 41

Susie believes that clouds come from a giant person blowing puffs of smoke into the sky and is unconcerned that she has no

A) photograph of this occurring
B) evidence of this cause and effect relationship
C) alternative hypothesis
D) siblings or friends who believe her

Question 42

In the context of responding to the "3 Mountain Problem," when asked to point to the picture that shows what the doll can see, 4-year-old Billy is likely to describe

A) what the doll could see if it were human
B) what he sees
C) what he sees and what the doll could see it were human
D) feeling overwhelmed

Question 43

When a child blows up a balloon and then allows it let the air escape, the balloon returning to its original form challenges the age-appropriate expectation that

A) once the balloon was blown up, it could never return to its original shape
B) once the balloon was blown up, it could never deflate
C) the balloon has control over itself
D) the child has no control over the balloon

Question 44

Four-year-old Maggie uses short, simple sentences when talking to her baby sister. This shows that Piaget may have __________ the preschooler's ???????????????_____________

A) overestimated; animistic thinking.
B) underestimated; egocentrism.
C) overestimated; egocentrism.
D) underestimated; animistic thinking.

Question 45

According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance is known as

A) modeling
B) imitation
C) the zone of proximal development
D) guided participation

Question 46

_____ refers to the process of a child gaining skill or knowledge through the experience of learning from a peer who has already mastered that particular skill or knowledge.

A) Observational learning
B) Teaching
C) Scaffolding
D) Guidance

Question 47

A foundational principle of Piagetian theory is that the social environment shapes children's understanding of the world.

Question 48

According to Piaget, the work of the preoperational is linear and moves backward.

Question 49

A foundational principle of Vygotsky's theory is that the

A) cognitive world of the child facilitates the development of his or her thinking
B) social world of the child facilitates the development of his or her thinking
C) social world of the child limits the development of his or her thinking
D) child does not need adults' help to learn.

Question 50

What is the goal of scaffolding?

A) to provide structure and dependence on a community of learners
B) to provide the least amount of support necessary that results in learning and accelerates independent functioning
C) to reward independent learning
D) to discourage environmental structure and encourage social dependence

Question 51

A child cannot bake cake alone, but the task is within the child's Zone of Proximal Development, because she can perform this task _____________.

A) if she is motivated with avoid punishment
B) if she is motivated to receive a reward
C) within the next 2 years
D) with the help of an adult

Question 52

Watching kindergarteners holding the hands of statues and include the statues in their game is a display of

A) magical thinking
B) emotional problems
C) animism
D) egocentrism

Question 53

According to Piaget, egocentrism is:

A) the state of being selfish and self-indulgent
B) the ability to understand the world from another person's point of view.
C) an innate inability to be concerned with other's feelings
D) the belief that others see the world the same way you do

Question 54

There is a lack of evidence that Piaget's stages of cognitive development are universal across all cultures.

Question 55

Young children's thought is informed by the assumption of ____________, the belief that anything that exists is made by a conscious entity

A) centration
B) artificialism
C) egocentrism
D) irreversibility

Question 56

Many preschoolers are egocentric and empathic.

Question 57

The most frequently cited criticism of Piaget's preoperational development stage is that

A) Piaget underestimated children's social abilities
B) Piaget overestimated children's social abilities
C) Piaget overestimated children's cognitive abilities
D) Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities

Question 58

When 3-year-old Katie says her tricycle is sad because it is in the garage all alone, this is an example of her use of

A) object permanence
B) propositional thought
C) animistic thinking
D) centration

Question 59

Preoperational development involves seemingly endless streams of "why?" questions, characteristic of

A) egocentric thought
B) animistic thought
C) symbolic function
D) intuitive thought

Question 60

Questions that involve understanding conservation of liquid are likely to be out-of-range of the abilities of a ________-year-old.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 9.
D) 11

Question 61

An infant shaking a rattle or clapping his hands is engaged in ___________ play.

A) parallel
B) functional
C) constructive
D) symbolic

Question 62

One defining feature of ______________ is that a young child will demonstrate a deficit on assessments, such as the false-belief task.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) depression
C) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) autism

Question 63

Through early childhood, from ages 2 to 6, children's vocabulary increases approximately ____.

A) 25x
B) 10x
C) 20x
D) 30x

Question 64

One of the differences between Piaget and Vygotsky is that Vygotsky asserted that:

A) private speech is egocentric
B) children are prewired for knowledge
C) language is the foundation for cognitive development
D) children learn through self-discovery.

Question 65

Elaine and Diane are playing house. Elaine is pretending to be mom, Diane is pretending to be Dad, and the dolls are the children. This is an example of ___________ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 66

Pragmatics is:

A) the study of language
B) grammar usage
C) the social use of communication
D) using parts of speech correctly

Question 67

"I sitted on the car" and "I gone home" are two examples of _______________.

A) naming explosion
B) noun bias
C) overgeneralization
D) undergeneralization

Question 68

Babies Jack and Jessa are the same age, and they spend time together. Most recently, their "play" has involved Jack watching Jessa roll across the floor, an example of _____________ normative for their age and developmental stage.

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) nonsocial play.
D) associative play.

Question 69

_____________________ is best known for his assertion that all humans have an innate mechanism for processing words.

A) Piaget
B) Chomsky
C) Vygotsky
D) Erikson

Question 70

While in the sandbox, Benjamin makes a pie while David pours sand into a container. They talk and exchange tools. This is an example of _______________play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 71

_____________________ develops from the need to understand and need to be understood.

A) Directional language
B) Correlational language
C) Structural language
D) Functional language

Question 72

Billy and his Dad are learning new ways to build using construction toys. This is an example of

A) Child participation
B) Guided participation
C) Floor time
D) Integrated involvement

Question 73

Children go from being able to speak about 500 to 600 words at age 2 to saying over _________words

A) 8,000
B) 10,000
C) 12,000
D) 15,000

Question 74

After helping his mom bake cookies several times, as a result of ________________ Hank has learned how to bake cookies on his own.

A) guided participation.
B) cooperative learning.
C) scaffolding.
D) being pushed beyond the zone of proximal development.

Question 75

In teaching a child to ride a bike, a parent will leave the training wheels on. Once bicycling is mastered, the parent will remove the wheels but still hold on to the seat of the bike to ensure the child's stability. Finally, the adult will let go once the child can ride on his own. This is an example of

A) underestimating the zone of proximal development.
B) scaffolding.
C) cooperative learning.
D) guided diffusion.

Question 76

_____________ describes the distance between an individual's current level of learning and the more distal achievement of expertise or mastery.

A) Scaffolding
B) The zone of distal development
C) Symbolism
D) Participation

Question 77

"Fast-mapping" refers to_____________.

A) the ability to draw a map after being given verbal directions
B) understanding a new word and being able to use it after hearing it once
C) being able to learn a new language as a preschooler
D) listening to several conversations at once with understanding

Question 78

'Theory of mind' refers to:

A) our assumptions that children think.
B) the theories of noted researchers on child development.
C) a child's understanding that others may think differently from them.
D) part of psychoanalytic theory.

Question 79

____________________ is the process of forming a cognitive compartment or grouping based on specific properties.

A) categorization
B) pragmatics
C) fast mapping
D) syntax

Question 80

John and James are 2-month-old twins playing near each other with similar toys. They do not direct the other's activities. This is an example of _____________ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial