Deck 16: Socioemotional Development in the Later Years

Question 1

Culture determines the ______________ older adults rely upon to evaluate whether they have led a meaningful life.

A) values
B) norms
C) standards for success
D) all of the choices

Answer 1

D

Question 2

During later adulthood, the final stage of psychosocial development is encountered: Integrity versus Despair.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

On the road to healthy psychosocial development in adulthood, it is important for adults to face life's challenges, take advantage of growth opportunities, and not accumulate:

A) regrets.
B) secrets.
C) enemies.
D) pain

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Those older adults who have not successfully resolved the eighth, final stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson face the end of their lives feeling that life has:

A) been difficult.
B) treated them unfairly.
C) lacked meaning and significance.
D) been oppressive.

Question 5

The aging self is ___________ influenced by culture in later adulthood compared to early adulthood.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) not at all

Question 6

More so than in emerging adulthood, the way older adults spend their time contributes to personality change in late adulthood.

Question 7

When personality change does occur in later adulthood, it changes at the same rate in the same direction for everyone.

Question 8

In the United States, reflecting high value placed on self and independence, a life story that is highly valued is the __________________ story.

A) self-fulfillment
B) rags-to-riches
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 9

An older adult who has positively resolved the final stage of psychosocial development has:

A) been able to find order, meaning, and an integration of life experiences.
B) accepted positive parts of self and has rejected negative parts of self.
C) made amends for past mistakes.
D) apologized for transgressions against others.

Question 10

Eliza, a visiting nurse, noticed that her older adult clients told the same stories again and again. When she learned that this was a therapeutic and normative way for older adults to make meaning of their lives, she felt honored to be involved in her clients' life:

A) narrative.
B) review.
C) themes.
D) sharing.

Question 11

Personality traits are relatively stable throughout later adulthood.

Question 12

Facilitating life review is an intervention that has the potential to _________________________ in older adults.

A) increase self-understanding
B) reduce depression
C) process feelings of loss, guilt, conflict, and defeat
D) all of the choices

Question 13

Luz and Paolo, grandparents to 18, didn't know they were cultivating ___________when they spent each New Year's Day with their grandchildren asking them to spend time thinking and talking about goals and planning ways to lead a meaningful life in the year ahead.

A) generativity
B) ego integrity
C) identity
D) self-esteem

Question 14

The life narrative of an older adult can be evaluated to determine ego integrity, by assessing ___________ in the person's life story.

A) unity
B) purpose
C) meaning
D) all of the choices

Question 15

Life review, common in older adulthood, involves ____________________________ the experiences that characterize one's life in retrospect.

A) surveying, observing, and summarizing
B) describing, sorting, and judging
C) naming, categorizing, and evaluating
D) all of the choices

Question 16

Counselors working with older adults help facilitate their clients' growth and adjustment by _______________ them when they make judgments about their life experiences and advising them to practice _________________, which leads to integration.

A) challenging; acceptance
B) encouraging; acceptance
C) challenging; avoidance
D) encouraging avoidance

Question 17

Su Jin grew up in China and came to the United States when she was 40. Su Jin's values influenced her self-narrative by organizing it around:

A) collectivist values common in East Asian countries.
B) collectivist values common in the Eastern United States.
C) individualistic values common in the United States.
D) individualistic values common in East Asian countries.

Question 18

During later adulthood, individuals encounter the last of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises.

Question 19

The question older adults are responding to, as they face the eighth task of psychosocial development, is:

A) Do others truly know who I am?
B) Do others see me as my best self?
C) Did I lead a meaningful life?
D) Did I lead a full life?

Question 20

Older people engage in life review as a way of organizing their life by major themes.

Question 21

Spouses often coordinate their retirement.

Question 22

According to social activity theory, spending time with other older adults doing activities common for people their age is associated with:

A) physical fitness.
B) mental health.
C) economic security.
D) popularity with peers.

Question 23

According to social activity theory, healthy older adults are those who are involved in age-appropriate social activities.

Question 24

Disengagement rheory contends that it is normal for older adults to:

A) disengage from social roles.
B) focus energy on personal development.
C) reduce involvement with society.
D) all of the choices

Question 25

Disengagement theory suggests that society:

A) pushes older adults out of their social roles.
B) encourages older adults to isolate themselves.
C) needs older adults to withdraw so that middle-aged adults can take over their roles.
D) expects older adults to take a break from social obligations.

Question 26

A critique of activity theory and disengagement theory is that both theories assume that older adults in the same life stage act:

A) the same as one another.
B) different from one another.
C) consistent with healthy development.
D) inconsistent with healthy development.

Question 27

Using socioemotional selectivity theory as a theoretical framework, a grandparent is likely to use the following familiar phrase ___________________ to advise grandchildren about the types of relationships worth investment.

A) "quality over quantity"
B) "birds of a feather flock together"
C) "you can choose your friends, but not your family"
D) "home is where the heart is"

Question 28

Working from the social activity theory of aging, which of the following older adults would be described as "successfully" aging?

A) Dorothea who spends most of her day doing puzzles with her friends and reading
B) Donald who leads morning reflections and hosts the secular Shabbat dinner on Friday nights
C) Adele who takes pride in keeping the common areas clean and writing the community newsletter
D) all of the choices

Question 29

Socioemotional selectivity theory provides a framework for interpreting the changes in older adults':

A) work relationships.
B) intimate relationships.
C) social relationships.
D) parent-adult child relationships.

Question 30

As adults grow older and closer to the end of their years, they become _________________ with respect to their social relationships.

A) more critical
B) less critical
C) more selective
D) less selective

Question 31

Older adults use SOC primarily to compensate for unavoidable ____________________ losses.

A) physical
B) mental
C) physical and mental
D) neither physical nor mental

Question 32

A key assumption of social aging theory is that successful aging occurs when people:

A) spend time engaged in age-appropriate tasks.
B) act younger than they are.
C) spend time in roles meant for older people.
D) spend time in intergenerational contexts.

Question 33

In the United States, over the past 50 years ago one significant change in adults' work lives is that retirement is now no longer mandatory.

Question 34

SOC was introduced as an alternative to earlier theories of aging to balance ideas about the need of older adults to balance age-related______________ and need to _______________.

A) disengagements; stay active
B) embarrassments; stay proud
C) loss of friends; stay social
D) loss of work life; earn income

Question 35

Theorists who argue against social activity Theory as a useful lens for understanding successful aging argue that successful development in older adulthood:

A) has to involve a rare achievement.
B) has to involve community consensus.
C) involves a decrease in social activity.
D) involves an increase in social activity.

Question 36

Only 5% of adults over age 70 remain employed in the United States.

Question 37

In the United States, work and retirement have changed dramatically over the past 50 years.

Question 38

SOC theory suggests that the behaviors of older adults are motivated by an inherent drive to:

A) minimize loss and differentiate self from others.
B) differentiate self from others and maximize emotional strength.
C) maintain strengths and minimize loss.
D) maintain strengths and differentiate self from others.

Question 39

Socioemotional selectivity theory and SOC explain motivations for older adults; SST emphasizes _______________, while SOC emphasizes ____________________.

A) maximizing positive experiences; minimizing losses
B) minimizing negative experiences; optimizing gains
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 40

Socioemotional selectivity theory and SOC are similar in that both recognize the older adult as a(n) _________ their social environments.

A) bystander in
B) observer of
C) nuisance that perturbs
D) agent that shapes

Question 41

Older adulthood is a stage of the lifespan when most adults begin to experience the deaths of friends.

Question 42

How well an older adult adjusts to retirement depends on:

A) overall health and level of activity.
B) income and level of education.
C) ability to be flexible and adjust to life changes.
D) all of the choices

Question 43

Planning for retirement is a developmental task associated with older adulthood.

Question 44

In older adulthood, it is common for social relationships to undergo dramatic shifts.

Question 45

When retirement is associated with negative feelings or experiences, such as the death of a spouse, developmentalists refer to this as:

A) the disenchantment phase.
B) refractory depression.
C) postretirement trauma.
D) complicated grief.

Question 46

Some professionals, such as, police officers and pilots, are subject to more specific retirement laws due to work limitations imposed by:

A) normative aging.
B) the number of jobs available.
C) the lack of desirability.
D) stress and boredom.

Question 47

Sexual activity in older adulthood is influenced by physiological changes associated with normative aging, including:

A) changes in hormone levels.
B) the ability to reach orgasm into their 70s.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 48

In older adulthood, having a long-time partner can serve as a buffer against the challenges of normative aging.

Question 49

The "retirement phase":

A) is a period of time spent catching up on sleep and relaxation.
B) can go in different directions depending on personal feelings about being unemployed.
C) often triggers depression associated with isolation and loneliness.
D) encourages individuals to reflect positively on accomplishments.

Question 50

During the first phase of retirement, the adult:

A) is still employed.
B) feels like he or she is on a vacation.
C) spends time traveling.
D) focuses time and energy on hobbies.

Question 51

Recent studies suggest that sexually transmitted infections are ________________ in older adulthood.

A) not a concern
B) a growing concern
C) worse
D) very common

Question 52

A Family Life Educator may be helpful during the retirement transition, particularly helping older adults ______________________ during the reorientation phase.

A) reenter the workforce to regain a sense of competence
B) plan a second career
C) plan how they want to spend their time and energy in the future
D) none of the choices

Question 53

According to a study reported in your text describing responses of nursing home residents, sexual activity is:

A) not at all a priority.
B) a topic they rarely think about.
C) moderately important in their lives.
D) centrally significant in their lives.

Question 54

The transition to retirement is often associated with _________________ in marital quality.

A) a decrease
B) an increase
C) extreme fluctuation
D) no change

Question 55

The social convoys of older adults are comprised of:

A) the new people they meet after middle adulthood.
B) people in their own age group.
C) a variety of relationships; some old, some new.
D) relationships they've had their entire lives.

Question 56

The length of time an adult expects to work until retirement changed with laws passed in _________ as part of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.

A) 1987
B) 1977
C) 1967
D) 1957

Question 57

Currently, in the United States the average retirement ages for men and women, respectively, are ___ and ___.

A) 62; 64
B) 64; 62
C) 69; 71
D) 71; 69

Question 58

Currently, at age ____, a worker in the United States can retire and qualify to receive retirement benefits.

A) 62
B) 67
C) 72
D) 77

Question 59

Older couples are beginning to choose _______________ when they remain unmarried, much like younger couples have been doing for the past few decades.

A) to have two homes
B) living together apart
C) cohabitation
D) intergenerational households

Question 60

Older adults __________________ sexual activity.

A) maintain an interest in
B) prefer intimate conversation over
C) equally prefer intimate conversation and
D) find it difficult to express preferences for

Question 61

Ageism promotes feelings of youthfulness among older adults.

Question 62

As adults approach the end of their lives, religion and spirituality often take on an increasingly important role.

Question 63

________________ are often older adults, family members who keep generations tied together, maintain the traditions, and organize holidays and celebrations.

A) Kinkeepers
B) Kindred relatives
C) Family organizers
D) Family managers

Question 64

Intentional maltreatment or neglect of an older person by a caregiver or trusted individual constitutes:

A) elder abuse.
B) infantalization.
C) ageism.
D) age discrimination.

Question 65

Ageism is age discrimination.

Question 66

In general, Western, individualistic cultures tend to _______________ age in comparison to Eastern, collectivist cultures.

A) devalue
B) revere
C) equally value
D) ignore

Question 67

Ageism involves _________________________ against older adults.

A) stereotypical attitudes
B) prejudicial behavior
C) negative beliefs
D) all of the choices

Question 68

A risk factor known to be associated with cases of elder abuse is:

A) family stress.
B) low financial resources.
C) poor relationship quality with caregiver.
D) all of the choices

Question 69

The roots of ageism are:

A) unfounded beliefs about older adults.
B) normative features of aging.
C) common characteristics of older adults.
D) preferences for younger adults.

Question 70

Linda and Gary welcomed their adult daughter back home along with her three children. Soon they were surprised to find themselves packing lunches, getting their grandchildren on the bus for school, and taking them to their afterschool activities. These _____________________ grandparents loved their time with their grandchildren, but also found themselves very tired and stressed at the end of each week.

A) companioniate
B) remote
C) involved
D) beanpole

Question 71

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to belong to a religious or spiritual organization.

Question 72

Ellis and Sam, both physicians, are well aware of the fact that elder abuse can occur in caregiving settings. When evaluating assisted living facilities for their parents, they took care to ____________________ residents as indicators of sub-standard care and risk for elder abuse.

A) look for signs of dehydration in
B) evaluate the hygiene routines of
C) ask about any bruises they observed on
D) all of the choices

Question 73

__________________ are the type of grandparents most likely to spoil their grandchildren.

A) Companionate
B) Remote
C) Involved
D) Beanpole

Question 74

Bella and Joe, _________________, did not want their grandchildren entering the foster care system after their son-in-law passed away from cancer. They were devastated, after his death, to watch their own, adult daughter develop a substance use disorder that put her children at risk time after time. They felt they didn't have a choice; they went to court, filed for, and won legal custody and guardianship.

A) family warriors
B) silent saviors
C) interim caretakers
D) disappointed guardians

Question 75

When a caretaker of an older adult uses "baby talk" to explain how to use a cell phone, this is an example of the way people _________________ older people.

A) categorize
B) stereotype
C) infantilize
D) socialize

Question 76

___________________ are the type of grandparents most likely to be disappointed if their grandchildren don't send formal thank you notes for the birthday money the grandparents send them in the mail.

A) Companioniate
B) Remote
C) Involved
D) Beanpole

Question 77

When Sarah got divorced, she moved in with her sister. Their mother, Lucia, also moved in to care for Sara's daughter, Emma, who was only 4 months old. This modern arrangement describes a ________________ family.

A) blended
B) beanpole
C) bigenerational
D) neo-generational

Question 78

Age discrimination is a federal offense, associated with serious legal consequences for perpetrators.

Question 79

Developmentalists interested in the cultural context of aging study ____________ to determine differences in the value different cultures place on age.

A) language
B) income
C) education
D) housing

Question 80

Spirituality is different from religion; spirituality refers to a personal and emotional connection that transcends everyday events.