Deck 24: The Bodys Defenses

Question 1

If a person had the thymus gland removed,which of the following would NOT occur in his or her body?

A)production of B cells
B)production of T cells
C)maturation of B cells
D)maturation of T cells

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Defensive proteins can assist the immune response by ________.

A)helping viruses reproduce
B)directly destroying pathogens
C)reducing inflammation
D)increasing lymph production

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a response of our innate defense system?

A)adaptive immunity
B)inflammation
C)cytotoxic T cell response
D)helper T cell response

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Histamine ________.

A)causes local blood vessels to dilate
B)attracts natural killer cells
C)stimulates the release of defensive proteins
D)repels phagocytic cells

Question 5

Why do diseases involving widespread infection often result in a fever?

A)The inflammatory and immune responses result in extra heat production.
B)The microorganisms trick the brain's temperature control center into creating a hot environment that favors their growth.
C)The brain's temperature control center responds to inflammation by creating a hot environment unfavorable to the growth of microorganisms.
D)The inflammatory response result is less heat production.

Question 6

What kinds of cells engulf whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize?

A)natural killer cells
B)red blood cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)B cells

Question 7

A person's spleen may be removed (splenectomy)if it becomes enlarged due to certain types of cancer,traumatic injury,or damage.What part of the immune system will be most affected by a splenectomy?

A)internal innate immunity
B)external innate immunity
C)adaptive immunity
D)lymphatic system

Question 8

One kind of vaccine consists of a solution containing ________.

A)antibodies
B)horse serum
C)B cells
D)a harmless variant of a disease-causing microbe

Question 9

Herd immunity fails when what percentage of the population is NOT vaccinated?

A)1%
B)5%
C)10%
D)50%

Question 10

Antibodies are ________.

A)composed of four fatty acid chains
B)a type of lymphocyte
C)proteins with short carbohydrates attached
D)proteins consisting of four polypeptide chains

Question 11

A researcher detects an increase in the amount of natural killer cells in a laboratory rat and concludes that ________.

A)the rat has,or recently had,a viral infection
B)the rat does not have any cancerous tumors
C)the rat's lymphatic system is not functioning properly
D)the rat's internal innate defenses are weakened

Question 12

Which of the following kinds of proteins circulates in the blood and coats the surfaces of microbes to make them more susceptible to engulfment by phagocytic cells?

A)defensive
B)histamine
C)B cell receptor
D)antigen

Question 13

The major result of the inflammatory response is to ________.

A)initiate the production of antibodies
B)disinfect and clean damaged tissues
C)initiate the release of defensive proteins
D)initiate the production of natural killer cells

Question 14

A major function of natural killer cells is to ________.

A)attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms
B)attack virus-infected cells
C)tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies
D)phagocytize microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies

Question 15

Which of the following is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection?

A)antibodies
B)obstacles such as skin and mucous membranes
C)increased production of certain hormones
D)decreased heart rate

Question 16

A role of the lymphatic system is to ________.

A)transport histamine
B)produce hormones related to fighting infections
C)produce white blood cells
D)return tissue fluid to the circulatory system

Question 17

Which statement about antigen recognition in B and T cells is TRUE?

A)B cell antigen receptors can bind to intact freely circulating antigens that are bound to self proteins.
B)T cell antigen receptors can bind to intact antigens that are bound to self proteins.
C)B cell antigen receptors can bind to intact antigens that are on pathogen surfaces.
D)T cell antigen receptors can bind to intact freely circulating antigens.

Question 18

A substance that can elicit an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n)________.

A)defensive protein
B)pathogen
C)antibody
D)antigen

Question 19

When you cut yourself,the damaged cells immediately release which of the following chemical alarm signals?

A)defensive proteins
B)antibodies
C)histamine
D)antihistamines

Question 20

Slugs produce mucus all over their bodies that helps keep them moist and helps them move.The mucus also can protect the slugs from pathogens.A slug's mucus is a component of which part of the immune system?

A)internal innate immunity
B)external innate immunity
C)adaptive immunity
D)lymphatic system

Question 21

A secondary immune response differs from a primary immune response in that the secondary response ________.

A)produces helper T cells
B)produces cytotoxic T cells
C)produces effector cells
D)produces memory cells

Question 22

Which of the following cell types are specifically responsible for the B cell response?

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)natural killer cells

Question 23

Which of the following cell types are specifically responsible for the cytotoxic T cell response?

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)natural killer cells
D)phagocytic cells

Question 24

Which of the following statements best explains why people with Hodgkin's disease often show signs of immunodeficiency?

A)The Hodgkin's disease virus infects and destroys B cells.
B)Hodgkin's disease involves the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys.
C)Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes.
D)Hodgkin's disease occurs when an immune response elicited by streptococcal bacteria kills normal heart cells as well.

Question 25

A primary immune response is the ________.

A)production of primary-type antibodies in the first day of exposure to a microorganism
B)immune response elicited by the second exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen
C)immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen
D)immune response elicited by the first exposure of memory cells to a particular antigen

Question 26

Which of the following compounds do mast cells produce?

A)defensive proteins
B)antihistamines
C)histamine
D)antibodies

Question 27

Anaphylactic shock ________.

A)occurs when blood vessels constrict abruptly
B)is a symptom of an immunodeficiency disease
C)causes blood pressure to drop dangerously
D)has no treatment

Question 28

Strep throat can develop from an infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes.After infection by this bacterium,cells in the body will respond by producing antibodies against the bacterium and the toxins it produces.What type of immune response is being described in this situation?

A)cytotoxic T cell response
B)helper T cell response
C)B cell response
D)inflammation

Question 29

Which of the following cell types initiates a secondary immune response?

A)natural killer cells
B)memory cells
C)effector cells
D)plasma cells

Question 30

One function of antibodies is to ________.

A)deactivate defensive proteins
B)stimulate the production of antigens
C)phagocytose invading bacteria
D)clump invader cells

Question 31

When a B or T cell is primed by an interaction with its particular antigen,the cell ________.

A)dies,killing the antigen
B)engulfs the antigen and destroys it
C)grows,divides,and develops further
D)sticks to other cells with attached antigens to form a large clot

Question 32

The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.

A)lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
B)the body is able to determine which type of B and T cells to make
C)the body contains an enormous diversity of B and T cells,each with a specific kind of antigen receptor
D)the body is able to make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism

Question 33

The primary immune response ________.

A)results in the production of short-lived effector cells via clonal selection
B)results in the production of short-lived memory cells via clonal selection
C)peaks about 2 days after first exposure
D)triggers the secondary immune response

Question 34

________ may destroy infected body cells.

A)Phagocytic cells
B)Helper T cells
C)Natural killer cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells

Question 35

The basic function of cytotoxic T cells is to identify and destroy invaders in our ________.

A)blood or lymph
B)interstitial fluid
C)cells
D)immune system

Question 36

When the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules,the result is ________.

A)an allergy
B)AIDS
C)an autoimmune disease
D)an immunodeficiency disease

Question 37

The secondary response in the B cell response occurs when memory cells bind to ________.

A)antibodies
B)antigens
C)histamine
D)defensive proteins

Question 38

When in its life cycle does a B cell first exhibit its particular surface antigen receptor?

A)after the memory cell giving rise to it divides
B)before it ever encounters an antigen
C)after it encounters several antigens
D)after it encounters a single antigen

Question 39

Antibodies ________.

A)are shaped like the letter B
B)are generalists in that any antibody can bind to any antigen
C)assist in destroying particular antigens
D)are produced by T cells

Question 40

It is best to receive an organ transplant from a donor who ________.

A)looks like you
B)rarely consumes alcohol
C)does not have any allergies
D)best matches your self proteins

Question 41

Jonas Salk's polio vaccine trials of 1954 involved giving placebos to 201,229 children and the polio vaccine to 200,745 children.Out of the placebo group,142 children developed polio,whereas 57 children from the vaccine group developed polio.Approximately how many more times likely was a child to develop polio if he or she were NOT vaccinated?

A)thirty
B)ten
C)five
D)three

Question 42

Suppose that you encounter an antigen for the first time.What types of cells stored in your lymph nodes can be activated in case you encounter the antigen again?

A)memory cells
B)effector cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)helper T cells

Question 43

Humans who are infected with avian influenza are likely to have elevated levels of ________.

A)defensive proteins
B)histamine
C)antihistamines
D)bacterial cells

Question 44

Which of the following methods do you think would be the best way to test the effectiveness of a vaccine against avian influenza that is intended for human use?

A)Give the vaccine to a single mouse that has the virus,and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.
B)Give the vaccine to a group of mice that have the virus,and give a placebo to another group of mice that have the virus.Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.
C)Give the vaccine to a single human who has the virus,and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.
D)Give the vaccine to a group of humans who have the virus,and give a placebo to another group of humans who have the virus.Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.

Question 45

Examine the photograph of the hand in the following figure.The person's joints are severely damaged because ________.

A)the immune system has damaged the cartilage and bone of the joints
B)a viral infection has attacked the cartilage of the fingers
C)cytotoxic T cells have destroyed the bone in the fingers
D)T cells have reacted against the myelin in the hand

Question 46

Which of the following cells would be active during an immune response to a viral infection?

A)natural killer cells,only
B)phagocytic cells,only
C)T cells,only
D)all of these cell types

Question 47

Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

A)cytotoxic T cells
B)natural killer cells
C)helper T cells
D)phagocytic cells

Question 48

Which group of mice has more functional cytotoxic T cells?

A)The mice that drank water.
B)The mice that drank alcohol.
C)Both groups of mice have similar amounts of functional cytotoxic T cells.
D)There is not enough information to make a conclusion.

Question 49

Why do some viruses mutate faster than others?

A)They are usually smaller.
B)They are usually larger.
C)They usually have RNA genomes.
D)They usually have DNA genomes.

Question 50

What other observation would suggest that alcohol consumption contributes to increased bacterial and viral infections?

A)decreased histamine concentration in the mice that drank alcohol
B)increased histamine concentration in the mice that drank alcohol
C)increased numbers of B cells in the mice that drank alcohol
D)decreased numbers of B cells in the mice that drank alcohol

Question 51

What did Jonas Salk's polio vaccine experiment find?

A)Vaccines could be developed from bacteria.
B)Vaccines were safe only for the elderly.
C)Inactivated viruses can be used as vaccines.
D)Polio could not be prevented with a vaccine.

Question 52

Which group of mice would have a stronger cytotoxic C cell response?

A)The mice that drank water.
B)The mice that drank alcohol.
C)Both groups of mice would have the same responses.
D)There is not enough information to make a conclusion.

Question 53

Three B cells are shown in the figure.Which of these B cells will begin to grow,divide,and differentiate further?

A)only the B cell on the left
B)only the B cell in the middle
C)only the B cell on the right
D)all three B cells

Question 54

The figure below shows a Y-shaped antibody molecule.How many antigens can a single antibody molecule bind?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 55

Suppose that the figure below shows the concentration of antibodies for an antigen produced by Clostridium tetani,a bacterium that causes tetanus.What could trigger the increase in antibody production marked by the arrow?

A)a decrease in antigen concentration
B)an increase in histamine production
C)an initial exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa,a bacterium that causes pneumonia
D)a second exposure to Clostridium tetani

Question 56

Examine the numerous long structures extending from the surface of some of the cells in the following figure.Cells with these long structures could be found lining ________.

A)the digestive tract
B)arteries
C)veins
D)the trachea

Question 57

One way to prevent a global pandemic of avian influenza would be to ________.

A)keep large doses of histamine available to treat anyone who shows signs of infection
B)treat any infected birds with large doses of antibiotics
C)develop a vaccine against the avian influenza virus
D)develop drugs that could effectively block anaphylactic shock