Deck 17: Biological Diversity, Bacteria, and Archaea

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT part of the modern system of biological classification?

A) Fungi
B) Archaea
C) Eukaryote
D) Prokaryote

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Students in a biology class count all the different types of plants in a 3 ´ 3-foot quadrant on their college campus.They are studying

A) genetic diversity.
B) species diversity.
C) ecosystem diversity.
D) biome diversity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Because plants lack the ability to directly use the ________ present in the atmosphere,their abundance often depends on bacterial populations present within the soil.

A) nitrogen
B) oxygen
C) water
D) carbon dioxide

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The following diagram is an evolutionary tree showing the relationship between the three domains.Which letter represents the most recent common ancestor of the Bacteria and Archaea?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 5

With the exception of the ________,the following kingdoms are placed within the domain Eukarya.

A) Protista
B) Plantae
C) Fungi
D) Bacteria

Question 6

Staphylococcus aureus are bacteria that frequently cause infections in surgery patients.What is the shape of a Staphylococcus aureus cell?

A) sphere
B) rod
C) helical
D) corkscrew

Question 7

In addition to the Bacteria,which other kingdom is composed exclusively of prokaryotic organisms?

A) Archaea
B) Fungi
C) Protista
D) Plantae

Question 8

Which of the following pairs of kingdoms would be included exclusively in the domain Eukarya?

A) Plantae and Bacteria
B) Animalia and Archaea
C) Animalia and Fungi
D) Protista and Bacteria

Question 9

A scientist discovers a new soil bacteria.The bacteria are impossible to grow on culture dishes in the laboratory.What is the most likely method by which the scientist discovered the bacteria?

A) by observing a soil sample through a microscope
B) by growing a biofilm of the bacteria on a culture dish
C) by isolating and analyzing DNA from a soil sample
D) by producing a vaccine to the bacteria

Question 10

Which of the following is a kingdom?

A) Plantae
B) Eukarya
C) Bacteria
D) Archaea

Question 11

A scientist is studying the relationship of the food sources of all the animals in a pond.He is studying

A) genetic diversity.
B) species diversity.
C) ecosystem diversity.
D) biome diversity.

Question 12

What best explains why bacteria can reproduce so much more rapidly than an organism such as a mushroom?

A) Mushrooms reproduce using spores that require a lengthy exposure to the environment before the outer coating can break open.
B) Mushroom cells have a cell wall that hastens reproduction while bacteria have no cell wall.
C) Plants take longer to reproduce than bacteria.
D) Mushrooms reproduce sexually, so the proper mating types must contact one another before reproduction can proceed.

Question 13

There are currently three recognized domains; which of the following is NOT included within this system?

A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Prokarya
D) Eukarya

Question 14

The following photograph shows Sulfolobus,an archaean that lives in environments with very high temperatures. What hypothesis can explain the extreme habitats of the archaeans?

A) They came to Earth from other planets, where harsher conditions prevail.
B) They would be more widespread but are unable to successfully compete with bacteria and now occupy habitats where bacteria cannot live.
C) Archaeans evolved earlier than bacteria when Earth was much less hospitable and are now relegated to those habitats most similar to early Earth.
D) Archaeans evolved after all the more hospitable habitats were populated with protists.

Question 15

At the present time

A) all living organisms have been discovered, named, and their relationships to other organisms described.
B) humans have just finished a complete count of the number of species on Earth.
C) the diversity of organisms on Earth is not completely known and estimates of the number of unknown species vary 10-fold.
D) there is no consensus regarding the appropriate classification strategy for the currently known organisms.

Question 16

Large-scale agriculture usually ________ biodiversity.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) has no effect on
D) improves

Question 17

Microscopic examination can often resolve questions in taxonomy; for example,cells that possess a nucleus are never classified as

A) eukaryote.
B) fungi.
C) archaean.
D) protist.

Question 18

A young girl swimming in a lake on a warm summer day is infected with the amoeba Naegleria fowleri.She is infected with a(n)

A) bacteria.
B) archaea.
C) fungi.
D) protist.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is incorrect?

A) Some are photosynthetic.
B) Some do not need oxygen.
C) Some do not need carbon in any form.
D) Some can live in acidic conditions.

Question 20

Carbon and energy are among the most basic life resources and organisms that have been classified with respect to how they are obtained.What term describes an organism that obtains these substances from inorganic molecules in rock and air?

A) chemoheterotroph
B) photoautotroph
C) photoheterotroph
D) chemoautotroph

Question 21

The bacteria Clostridium tetani forms spore in the presence of oxygen.This indicates that these bacteria are

A) autotrophic.
B) halophilic.
C) aerobic.
D) anaerobic.

Question 22

Which of the following would lead to antibiotic resistance in microorgansims?

A) overprescription of pain medications
B) completing a course of prescribed antibiotics
C) use of antibiotics in farm animals to increase production rates
D) prescribing rest and fluids alone for a viral infection

Question 23

What do these products have in common-soy sauce,yogurt,Swiss cheese,and buttermilk?

A) All four are modified dairy products.
B) Antibiotic therapy often depresses the intestinal bacterial flora; any of the four can be used to reestablish those bacterial colonies.
C) Each is one of the better sources of protein for individuals choosing a meatless diet.
D) The production of each involves bacterial fermentation.

Question 24

Which of the following is most likely caused by bacterial conjugation?

A) explosive growth and biofilm production by a community of bacteria
B) the discovery that antibiotic resistance genes are now present in bacteria that historically have been sensitive to the antibiotic
C) sporulation of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis when they are dehydrated
D) the ability of cyanobacteria to convert light energy into cellular energy

Question 25

The chemical composition of ancient sediments suggests that oxygen was essentially absent from the atmosphere of the early Earth; how can its abundance in today's atmosphere be explained?

A) Sunlight split water molecules apart, a process that produced oxygen gas.
B) Volcanic activity released oxygen that had been trapped beneath the Earth's surface.
C) Cyanobacteria and some eukaryotes produced oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
D) Chemical erosion of the Earth's surface released oxygen initially bound in surface rocks.

Question 26

What aspect of the viral life cycle depicted in the following illustration explains the pathology associated with a viral infection?

A) Infected cells produce new virus particles rather than the proteins associated with normal cell activity and homeostasis.
B) Newly replicated virus particles are released by budding, a process that depletes the cell membrane.
C) The immune response to the presence of viral protein may be extremely intense.
D) Retroviral insertion of DNA causes immediate cell death.

Question 27

Prokaryotes differ in several ways from eukaryotes; one of the most distinctive is

A) the absence of a plasma membrane.
B) having hereditary material composed of DNA.
C) the ability to reproduce.
D) a nucleus that encloses the cell's DNA.

Question 28

A patient is suffering from paralysis caused by a Clostridium botulinum infection.The paralysis is caused by a(n)

A) endotoxin.
B) exotoxin.
C) virotoxin.
D) enterotoxin.

Question 29

A patient with an infection is suffering from chills and a high fever caused by endotoxin.The patient is infected with a(n)

A) bacteria.
B) archaea.
C) virus.
D) protist.

Question 30

Why is quorum sensing advantageous to bacteria when they are forming a biofilm?

A) Larger numbers of bacteria reduce the competition between the bacteria for resources.
B) Bacteria must produce components of a biofilm. It is a waste of energy if they produce those components when there are not enough bacteria present to produce a biofilm resistant to physical forces.
C) Enough weak bacteria need to be present so that they can be killed and used as nutrients for the strong bacteria.
D) It is easier for proper bacterial mating types to contact each other and sexually reproduce when there are larger numbers of bacteria present.

Question 31

The naturally occurring fungus Penicillium produces an antibiotic substance that kills bacteria.Why does the fungus produce this substance?

A) to form a biofilm
B) to serve as a nutrient
C) to cure human infections
D) to kill bacteria that are competing with it for resources

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an example of bioremediation?

A) fertilizers to stimulate the growth of naturally occurring microbes that will consume a pollutant such as oil
B) dispersal of nonnative microbes that will consume a pollutant such as oil
C) dispersing of seeds to reestablish vegetative growth that will remove pollutants from the environment
D) dispersal of a nontoxic inorganic compound that will soak up the pollutants

Question 33

Which of the following statements about bacteria is FALSE?

A) They are important for nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
B) They can provide the nitrate necessary for plant nutrition.
C) They can be used to clean up oil spills.
D) The membranes from their organelles can be used to produce medicines.

Question 34

The infective strategy seen in the retroviruses does not involve ________ the host cell.

A) the insertion of RNA and its conversion to DNA within
B) the integration of the viral genetic material into the DNA of
C) an initial symptom-free period with no pathology evident in
D) the production of exotoxins within

Question 35

Which of the following statements about antibiotics is correct?

A) They are effective against viruses.
B) They are produced by living organisms.
C) Many new antibiotics are produced each year.
D) All bacterial infections can be effectively treated with antibiotics.

Question 36

A disease-causing cellular organism is found in the lungs of a patient with a respiratory infection.This cellular organism in most likely a(n)

A) bacterium.
B) archaea.
C) virus.
D) psychrophile.

Question 37

New bacteria are identified in the large intestines of a healthy person.Are the bacteria likely to be a human pathogen?

A) Yes, any bacteria found within the human body are a human pathogen.
B) Yes, only pathogenic bacteria can survive in the human digestive tract.
C) No, most bacteria are harmless to humans.
D) No, pathogenic bacteria cannot survive in the human digestive tract.

Question 38

Viral classification and biology has been challenging; presently,most biologists agree that viruses

A) should be classified as members of the kingdom Protista.
B) are constructed from a protein wrapped around DNA or RNA.
C) use a photosynthetic process more similar to bacteria than plants.
D) should be classified as autochemotrophic.

Question 39

Humans usually do NOT contract bacterial diseases from other animals because

A) bacteria can only live in a small range of environments.
B) other animals are only infected with archaea.
C) bacteria are not transmitted between animals and humans.
D) most bacterial species only infect one or a few closely related species.

Question 40

A disproportionate number of viral infections occur in the respiratory and digestive systems; how might this be explained?

A) New viral particles can be easily released in feces or exhaled air.
B) The lung, stomach, and intestinal tract can be easily reached when the virus contacts a new host.
C) The immune response may be less vigorous or effective in these locations.
D) Viruses can reproduce in these systems without infecting host cells.

Question 41

Frequently,antiviral drugs stop being effective against the influenza virus because

A) the virus evolves quickly and can adapt to the presence of the drug.
B) the drugs have a very short shelf life and lose effectiveness quickly.
C) the virus learns to recognize the drug and warns other viruses about the drug's presence.
D) the virus starts to produce an endotoxin that destroys the drug.

Question 42

Pathogens are organisms that cause ________.

Question 43

Sometimes antiviral drugs stop working because viruses can evolve and become ________ to the drug.

Question 44

Some bacteria can cause pathology by releasing a(n)________ that kills adjacent tissues.

Question 45

Drugs that are produced by living organisms that are effective against bacteria,but not viruses,are known as ________.

Question 46

Prokaryotes able to live in unusually cold conditions are ________.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the human intestinal microbiome is correct?

A) The diversity of bacteria present can affect human health.
B) Diet does not seem to affect the diversity of gut bacteria.
C) Intestinal microbiomes are made up of only a few species of bacteria.
D) The makeup of a person's intestinal microbiome is always the same from birth to death.

Question 48

Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukarya are the three ________; they form the broadest hierarchical level in the organization of life.

Question 49

Some prokaryotes break down dead organisms and waste products to return the chemical elements back into the environment in a process called ________.

Question 50

Dental hygienists carefully remove plaque,an aggregate of prokaryotic cells organized as a ________,from the surface of the teeth of their patients.

Question 51

The concept that includes all living things as well as the nonliving things they interact with is ________.

Question 52

The status of viruses has been controversial,but most biologists now agree that the most appropriate description for a virus is a microscopic,________ infective particle.

Question 53

Viruses may rapidly evolve resistance to vaccines and medications by modifying their DNA; what mechanism(s)do they use?

A) Dying viruses burst open, and another virus can take up the released DNA.
B) Adjacent viruses form a conjugation tube and exchange DNA laterally.
C) Viral DNA replication is sloppy; random DNA variations often result in viral proteins that reduce the effectiveness of current treatments.
D) One virus can produce enzymes that change the DNA of another virus.

Question 54

A patient is infected with a microbe that has taken over the metabolism of the patient's liver cells.This microbe is most likely a(n)

A) bacteria.
B) archaea.
C) virus.
D) protist.

Question 55

Bacteria trade small sections of plasmid DNA with one another during ________.

Question 56

Like any disease or parasite,viruses need to reach new hosts to extend the infective cycle,which explains why such a large number of viral infections are associated with the

A) urinary and cardiovascular systems.
B) digestive and respiratory systems.
C) nervous and integumentary systems.
D) reproductive and integumentary systems.

Question 57

The domain most similar to Eukarya is ________.

Question 58

The Biology in the News features states that "fecal transplant experiments have established cause and effect" between the gut microbiome and weight gain.To do this,they showed that

A) weight gain results in a shift in the gut microbiome makeup.
B) certain combinations of bacteria in the gut microbiome lead to weight gain.
C) fecal transplants had no effect on the health of the subject.
D) decreasing the number of bacteria present in the gut caused a loss in weight of the subject.

Question 59

Wetland soils are saturated with water and devoid of oxygen,creating a habitat ideally suited for ________ organisms.

Question 60

The following figure shows a bacterium dividing by binary fission.The DNA in the daughter cell formed on the left is ________ to the DNA in the daughter cell to the right.

Question 61

The most commonly used classification system includes 12 kingdoms.

Question 62

All bacteria have the same shape.

Question 63

The structure labeled A,below,is cilia,used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to move through fluid.

Question 64

Protists are part of the domain Bacteria.

Question 65

The broadest classification category currently used by most biologists is the domain.

Question 66

The rate of evolution in prokaryotes may be accelerated by lateral gene transfer,a process that increases genetic diversity.

Question 67

Using the simplest methods to study the composition of intestinal microbial flora,it is necessary to collect a ________ sample from the subject.

Question 68

H1N1 is a strain of the influenza virus.

Question 69

Recent studies indicate that the microbial diversity within the human intestine changes frequently in most people.

Question 70

Aerobic organisms can survive without oxygen.

Question 71

Because the RNA genome of HIV is converted into DNA in an infected host cell,HIV is a rhinovirus.

Question 72

A viral particle is very simple,consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a ________.

Question 73

Antibiotics are not effective against nonliving infections.

Question 74

During nitrogen fixation,bacteria convert toxic ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 75

The kingdom Bacteria consists of the same species as the domain Bacteria.

Question 76

The influenza virus evolves rapidly because DNA changes are frequently incorporated into the virus as it is being made.

Question 77

Bacteria and fungi never occupy the same ecological niche.

Question 78

Bacteria,protists,and fungi belong to the domain Archaea.

Question 79

The organisms found living inside boiling-hot geysers can be described as thermophiles.

Question 80

Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya are the three biological domains.