Deck 8: People in Groups

Question 1

Roger is a world-class tennis player.But he really lifts his game when playing

A) his girlfriend
B) at his home club
C) his buddy
D) at Wimbledon

Answer 1

at Wimbledon

Question 2

The term 'entitativity' refers to

A) the effect of the presence of others on group members
B) the relationship between distinct groups
C) a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct
D) a group dimension

Answer 2

a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct

Question 3

'Mere presence' and the 'audience effect' are both terms relating to

A) group norms
B) the conformity bias
C) social facilitation
D) group think

Answer 3

social facilitation

Question 4

Bill sees some people stopped on the street staring at the top of a building.He would not think of them as a group as such because they are probably a(n)

A) entitativity
B) collective
C) category
D) aggregate

Question 5

Young Jemima has just started singing lessons.According to social facilitation studies,her singing is probably better at this stage when she sings

A) in a solo at the school concert
B) when she is alone
C) at a family gathering
D) on the bus

Question 6

An 'audience effect' is

A) the impact of the presence of others on an individual's performance
B) the way dominant responses drive behaviour
C) what happens when individuals enhance their output
D) an inhibitory process

Question 7

According to Cottrell's (1972)evaluation apprehension model,people act differently when others are close by because they are

A) distracted
B) affected by the mere presence of others
C) concerned about what these others might think
D) aware of social comparisons

Question 8

Expanding on Triplett's finding,Allport argued that social facilitation of performance could be due to

A) individuals acting in the same manner, but not interacting
B) individuals watching passively
C) the mere presence of others
D) all of the above

Question 9

According to Johnson and Johnson (1987),which one is NOT true of social groups?

A) Members influence each other
B) Members happen to be together
C) Members believe that they belong to a group
D) Members interact with each other

Question 10

According to the drive theory of social facilitation

A) arousal is a learned response to the presence of others
B) there is a decrease of arousal in the presence of others
C) both social inhibition as well as social facilitation can occur, depending on which response is dominant
D) an increase of arousal leads to social facilitation if the dominant response is incorrect

Question 11

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation

A) social facilitation follows a correct dominant response
B) social inhibition occurs when a dominant response is incorrect
C) the presence of others produces arousal
D) all of the above

Question 12

A collection of individuals would actually be a social group if

A) individuals strive for their own personal goals
B) there is interaction amongst individuals
C) they act independently from each other
D) all of the above

Question 13

In an experiment on the effect of social presence,Markus (1978)found that participants

A) dressed more slowly in unfamiliar clothing when someone else was present
B) dressed even more slowly in unfamiliar clothing when someone else was present and having a look
C) had more trouble putting their pants on than their shirts
D) both A and B

Question 14

Triplett carried out an early study of competition in children.He found that

A) more children performed more quickly in pairs than alone
B) the children were nervous when a supervisor was present
C) many children were indifferent to the presence of adults when performing
D) the children learned a new task faster when alone than when distracted by others

Question 15

_________________ believe that people in groups behave in much the same way as they do by themselves,and that group processes are really nothing more than interpersonal processes between multiple people,whereas _________________ believe that the behaviour of people in groups is influenced by unique social processes and cognitive representations that can only occur in and emerge from groups.

A) Individualists; collectivists
B) Collectivists; individualists
C) Social psychologists; cognitive psychologists
D) Psychoanalysts; clinical psychologists

Question 16

Enyi is a brilliant cellist and tonight she is playing at a concert.According to the distraction/conflict theory,she will

A) experience attentional conflict
B) worry about being distracted and make errors
C) wonder what the audience thinks of her
D) all of the above

Question 17

If we use a drive theory explanation of social facilitation we would argue that

A) social presence can impair performance
B) social presence can improve performance
C) an audience distracts a performer
D) both A and B

Question 18

The ________ view claims that people in groups are influenced by unique social processes.In contrast,the ________ view maintains that people in groups act similarly as when they are in pairs,or even alone.

A) category; exemplar
B) collectivist; individualist
C) social; individualist
D) social; clinical

Question 19

Distraction-conflict theory has had some success in accounting for social facilitation because it

A) deals with some data not well explained by the evaluation apprehension model
B) applies to social facilitation in animals
C) includes the facilitative effects of distracting events
D) all of the above

Question 20

In the presence of others,people will improve their performance on routine tasks and deteriorate on unusual or difficult tasks.This is called

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) mere presence
D) competition

Question 21

Tim,Tam and Tom (known to all as the three Ts)beaver away in their separate work offices.Their boss has a brain wave: he puts the three Ts together for the first time to work on a project.To his surprise,their output drops dramatically.But all is not lost,because the boss has been reading social psychology! He knows that what he now needs to do is to

A) offer the three Ts a bonus
B) provide the three Ts with a clear performance standard
C) replace all of the three Ts
D) replace some of the three Ts

Question 22

With reference to group tasks,Steiner argues that the group output is always less than the group's potential due to

A) a process loss
B) less than optimal leadership
C) intergroup conflict
D) group conflict

Question 23

An example of social loafing is

A) baking bread for a group
B) being lazy because others are nosily watching
C) the Ringelmann effect
D) none of the above

Question 24

In an important psychology group assignment,Connie works extra hard because she assumes that the other members in her group will not put in the necessary effort and she wants to get a good mark.Connie's effort is an example of

A) the free-rider effect
B) the martyr effect
C) family ties
D) social compensation

Question 25

The construction and assembly of a shiny black Porsche convertible,according to Steiner's taxonomy,would be the outcome of a(n)

A) unitary task
B) divisible task
C) discretionary task
D) maximising task

Question 26

The main difference between social 'loafing' and 'free-riding' is that

A) although loafers reduce effort on a co-active task, they still contribute to the group product; whereas free riders exploit the group product while contributing nothing
B) although free riders reduce effort on a co-active task, they still contribute to the group product; whereas loafers exploit the group product while contributing nothing
C) although loafers increase effort on a co-active task, they do not contribute to the group product; whereas free riders assist the group product and contribute a great deal
D) free riders increase effort on a task with no expectation of receiving a reward, whereas loafers do not assist with the task and expect all the benefits

Question 27

The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in,even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g.,the word 'RED' displayed in a yellow colour),with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates

A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone
B) the attentional consequences of social presence
C) self-awareness theory
D) none of the above

Question 28

In Steiner's taxonomy of group tasks,when comparing the performance of groups with that of individuals an underlying question is:

A) How many tasks confront the group?
B) How is the group's product related to the members' inputs?
C) Is there a reward or punishment for each performance?
D) All of the above

Question 29

Interestingly,a theory that deals with how one perceives oneself can be applied to account for social facilitation.This theory is based on

A) self-enhancement
B) self-denial
C) self-awareness
D) none of the above

Question 30

Evaluation apprehension,matching to standard and output equity are terms relating to

A) social facilitation
B) group dynamics
C) explanations of why individual productivity can drop when working in a group
D) the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation

Question 31

Becoming more aware of oneself can occur by

A) being with co-actors
B) looking in a mirror
C) having an audience
D) all of the above

Question 32

Monique,Juliette and Harold want to hire a car during their overseas holiday.Monique argues for a campervan with a cooker,Juliette for a small cheap-to-run vehicle,and Harold for a station wagon with plenty of room for luggage.They finally agree on Harold's suggestion.The task of deciding on a suitable car was

A) compensatory
B) conjunctive
C) additive
D) disjunctive

Question 33

Because there is a compulsory student union fee at her university,Linda decided not to be a financial member.However,she happily claims a discount on what she buys at the university bookshop,eats cheap meals at the student cafeteria and makes use of club room space.In social psychological terms,Linda is a

A) beneficiary
B) compensator
C) delinquent
D) free rider

Question 34

According to Steiner's taxonomy of group tasks,a disjunctive task is one where

A) individual inputs are averaged to a get a group output
B) the group output is determined by the least able member
C) a group selects one individual's input as its product
D) there is a division of labour in getting the task done

Question 35

A drop in individual effort on a task as the number of people working together on the task increases can be explained by

A) coordination loss
B) motivation loss
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 36

According to Steiner,a discretionary task is one that

A) is not referred back to top management
B) is carried out strictly in private
C) causes the most process loss
D) allows group members to decide individuals' inputs

Question 37

While studying human efficiency using a rope and a dynamometer,Ringelmann found that

A) people got annoyed because Ringelmann was a social loafer
B) the dynamometer broke when eight people were pulling the rope
C) each person pulled a little less as others joined in
D) each person pulled a little more as others joined in

Question 38

Suppose that,in an exercise,your psychology class had to think of as many household items as they could that started with the letter 'W'.One half of the class worked as individuals and the other half as an interacting group.If the group output was poorer than the sum of the individuals,you would have a fairly clear example of

A) a task taxonomy
B) social loafing
C) a divisible task
D) coordination loss

Question 39

Following Steiner's task taxonomy,a task whose success is determined by the performance of the weakest group member is a(n)

A) conjunctive task
B) disjunctive task
C) altruistic task
D) cooperative task

Question 40

Ebenezer is self-employed,lives in his mother's house,and somehow manages to avoid paying any form of tax.He swans off for summer holidays in the national parks,uses public toilets (but only the free ones),and has even managed to obtain free medical insurance.Ebenezer is a(n)

A) self-monitor
B) compensator
C) free rider
D) easy rider

Question 41

Differences between various groups are defined by

A) normative discontinuities
B) their members
C) symbolic initiation rites
D) roles

Question 42

In Claire's family no one wears shoes in the house.Claire is curious why this is so and thought she might find out by means of ethnomethodology.Therefore she

A) wore shoes at home
B) asked her friends what happens in their homes
C) asked her parents why and when they decided not to wear shoes at home
D) observed what other families do at home

Question 43

Which of the following group characteristics helps to reduce social loafing?

A) Shared norms
B) Members' belief that together they will achieve important goals
C) A rigid hierarchical structure
D) An implicit surveillance method

Question 44

The term 'group cohesiveness'

A) can vary between contexts and across time
B) is a descriptive term for a property of a group
C) refers to a psychological process of individuals in relation to a group
D) all of the above

Question 45

Chandler is a new member of the drama society at University.However,all members must go through a mysterious initiation process before they can attain full member status,which Chandler has not yet completed.At the moment,Chandler is a __________ of the drama society.

A) non-member
B) full member
C) quasi-member
D) complete member

Question 46

In Tuckman's (1965)five-stage developmental sequence that groups go through,which is the stage where consensus,cohesion and a sense of common identity and purpose emerge?

A) Storming
B) Performing
C) Adjourning
D) Norming

Question 47

In the interpersonal interdependence model of group cohesiveness,we would expect group members to

A) perceive themselves as similar
B) like each other
C) communicate well and adhere to group standards
D) all of the above

Question 48

In order to join the OLC (Oranges and Lemons Club)girls must undergo an embarrassing initiation rite that we had better not go into here.Despite this,successful members value becoming an OLC person,probably because they have experienced

A) group prototypicality
B) norm formation
C) dissonance reduction
D) group salience

Question 49

Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups are called

A) cognitive discontinuities
B) norms
C) initiation rites
D) ethnographies

Question 50

The three basic processes involved in Moreland's group socialisation are

A) evaluation, commitment and role transition
B) assessment, commitment and group normalising
C) evaluation, role transition and adjourning
D) storming, norming and performing

Question 51

According to Hogg (1993),when a group member's liking for another member is determined by how prototypical that person is with respect to the group,we have evidence of

A) interdependence
B) social attraction
C) personal attraction
D) group cohesiveness

Question 52

A procedure to acknowledge a group member's change from one role to another is a(n)

A) group weaning
B) initiation rite
C) extreme form of trauma
D) time of reminiscence

Question 53

From the following,the best way to reduce the possibility of social loafing would be to

A) make the task important to the members of the group
B) yell at the individual members of the group to work harder
C) increase the number of group members
D) all of the above

Question 54

In their pioneering work on gangs in America,Sherif and Sherif (1964)observed that there were

A) harsh initiation rites
B) no strict norms about sexual practices
C) strict norms about dress codes
D) new identities allocated within the gangs

Question 55

A person's passage through groups over time has been described by Moreland and colleagues as

A) role transition
B) group socialisation
C) role discontinuities
D) biographical

Question 56

Group norms

A) refer to behaviour that is shared in a group
B) are prescriptive, telling us how to behave as group members
C) specify a limited range of behaviour that is acceptable in a certain context
D) all of the above

Question 57

The advantage(s)of Hogg's (1993)model of personal versus social attraction over the traditional model is

A) it does not reduce group cohesiveness to interpersonal attraction
B) it is as applicable to small interactive groups as to large-scale social categories
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 58

Using groups of different sizes,Zaccaro (1984)asked the question: if you make a task more attractive will social loafing drop off? The answer is that

A) whether a task is attractive or not is subjective
B) social loafing occurs with both attractive and unattractive tasks
C) social loafing is less of a problem when a task is made attractive
D) group size is unrelated to social loafing

Question 59

Group norms function to

A) coordinate actions to achieve common goals
B) differentiate one's ingroup from outgroups
C) provide a frame of reference
D) all of the above

Question 60

Alex and Lauren have been close friends since they were 6-years old.They are now part of rival pub trivia teams and their respective teams are competing against each other for the grand prize - a $50 bar tab.From this information,Alex has ____________ for Lauren and _____________ for her.

A) high personal attraction; low social attraction
B) high social attraction; low personal attraction
C) high personal attraction; high social attraction
D) low social attraction; low personal attraction

Question 61

According to Hogg and his colleagues,people join groups to

A) achieve a level of consensual positive validation
B) reduce subjective uncertainty
C) obtain a social identity
D) all of the above

Question 62

The division of a group into different roles that often differ with respect to status and prestige is referred to as

A) ethnomethodology
B) group structure
C) a norm
D) stereotypical behaviour

Question 63

In a now classic study by Zimbardo,students were divided into prisoners and guards.A central finding was that

A) this experiment failed to mimic real life
B) students in California turned out to be more callous than most
C) students make effective guards but terrible prisoners
D) roles can become internalised

Question 64

The new fly-catching club elects Wilberforce,a hard-working but now retired sociology professor,as their first president.Marina,a sensible and experienced fly-catcher,who has always been unemployed,would have liked that job but knew that she had little chance.The members' decision was probably a case of

A) groupthink
B) Wilberforce's specific task relevant characteristics
C) personal preference
D) diffuse status characteristics being generalised to a specific task

Question 65

A set of rules governing the possibility or ease of communication between different roles in a group is referred to as

A) a communication network
B) a stereotype
C) task allocation
D) segregation

Question 66

When you get right down to it,social roles in a group are

A) behavioural prescriptions
B) actually the people
C) intrinsically superficial in nature
D) all of the above

Question 67

Social roles in a group

A) allow for the division of labour
B) clarify relationships between members
C) furnish members with self-definition
D) all of the above

Question 68

In social psychology,roles are

A) clearly defined status relationships between members
B) patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different activities within a group
C) behavioural uniformities that define group membership
D) dependent on the play that is being performed

Question 69

Deviants and marginal members of a group are those that

A) are highly prototypical core members of the group
B) do not embody the group's attributes
C) steal from members of other groups
D) all of the above

Question 70

In small group communication research,groups with a main 'hub person'

A) are more suited for complex tasks
B) are highly centralised
C) are completely connected
D) have connections among more than three members

Question 71

Frank has just received a speeding ticket.His defence that he was running late did not impress the policeman,who said he had a job to do.Frank fumed,thinking that the cop was a 'right swine'.Frank's response is not uncommon,and is a case of

A) correspondence bias
B) social ostracism
C) rebellion against the establishment
D) group norms

Question 72

After a lengthy break on maternal leave,Maria has joined a hand-weavers' guild.She feels that this has given her a social identity,because the club provides

A) a form of re-birthing
B) an escape from her housewife identity
C) self-definition, and ways of relating to others
D) a legitimate setting for socialising

Question 73

Like his father Basil before him,Brian Fawlty owns a small hotel.When he smiles and suggests improvements for running the operation,his staff smile and agree.Clearly,Brian

A) has high status
B) is a charismatic leader
C) got an A at management school
D) is a better con artist than his Dad

Question 74

Ted is a social psychologist in the Oxford department of psychology.Phillip is a social psychologist in the Stanford department of psychology.'Social psychologist' is

A) a cross-cutting category
B) a prototype
C) an outgroup
D) a superordinate group

Question 75

According to terror management theory,people join groups to

A) improve their management skills to deal with acts of terrorism
B) reduce the fear of death
C) escape from a dangerous world
D) none of the above

Question 76

For more complex tasks,it is known that less centralised communication networks

A) confuse co-workers
B) increase the chance of co-ordination loss
C) usually lead to better group performance
D) are called wheels