Deck 11: Intergroup Behaviour

Question 1

Most cases of social unrest occur against a background of

A) a laissez-faire political environment
B) fraternalistic relative deprivation
C) egoistic relative deprivation
D) a corrupt police force

Answer 1

fraternalistic relative deprivation

Question 2

Who said that 'we cannot extrapolate from the properties of individuals to the characteristics of group situations'?

A) Zimbardo
B) Doise
C) Fiedler
D) Sherif

Answer 2

Sherif

Question 3

Collective behaviour involves,at the very least

A) a crowd making a lot of noise
B) a riot
C) a super-mentality
D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner

Answer 3

a large number of people acting in a uniform manner

Question 4

John is an undergraduate student in psychology.He feels that the teaching rooms for his class in psychology are not up to scratch compared with those used by psychology graduate students-what's more,the undergraduate timetable is worse as well! He is experiencing

A) perceived personal deprivation
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) fraternalistic relative deprivation
D) egoistic relative deprivation

Question 5

The classical graph depicting relative deprivation at different time periods looks like a(n)

A) straight rising line
B) J-curve
C) inverted U-shape curve
D) monotonic line

Question 6

The modern study of intergroup behaviour brings together analyses involving

A) group processes
B) social influence
C) prejudice and discrimination
D) all of the above

Question 7

According to Crosby's (1982)paradox,the 'contented female worker' does not protest against her lower pay compared to her male counterparts because she

A) compares her circumstances with other females
B) does not buy into power hierarchies
C) has no avenues for social protest
D) devalues female work skills

Question 8

According to Klandermans (1997),which of the following observations can help understand how social protests happen?

A) Constructs from politics and sociology as well as from social psychology
B) There is a dilemma between protesting for a social good or against a social ill
C) Protest sympathisers do not always translate their attitudes into actions
D) All of the above

Question 9

What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?

A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation
B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation
C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation
D) Interpersonal relative deprivation

Question 10

Berkowitz's (1972)'long hot summer' explanation of collective violence attributes aggression most specifically to

A) interpersonal factors
B) a large number of people acting in a uniform fashion
C) relative deprivation
D) frustration

Question 11

If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due,or what others in her situation have,she feels

A) jealous
B) egoistically relatively deprived
C) fraternalistically relatively deprived
D) depressed

Question 12

Recognition of people as members of distinct social groups reflects a context of

A) culture contact
B) great suspicion
C) intergroup behaviour
D) realistic conflict

Question 13

We can feel relatively deprived when we compare ourselves with others who are

A) neither similar nor dissimilar
B) similar but not dissimilar
C) either similar or dissimilar
D) dissimilar but not similar

Question 14

A feeling of personally having less than we feel entitled to,relative to our aspirations or to other individuals,is an example of

A) fraternalistic relative deprivation
B) social unrest
C) egoistic relative deprivation
D) all of the above

Question 15

Ethnocentrism refers to

A) an egocentric world view
B) collective outgroup aggression
C) the view that one's group is superior
D) all of the above

Question 16

Developed more formally for intergroup conflict by Davis (1959)'relative deprivation' refers to

A) military intervention in a foreign country
B) poor pay and food
C) a discrepancy between expectations and attainments
D) lack of sex

Question 17

In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination,Sherif stressed the role of

A) interpersonal processes
B) personality traits
C) intergroup relations
D) governmental politics

Question 18

Kelly and Breinlinger (1996)conducted a longitudinal study examining women's involvement in women's group activities.They found that

A) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities across all participants
B) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities but only in women who strongly identified with women's groups
C) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities but only in women who did not strongly identify with women's groups
D) relative deprivation was not found to reliably predict involvement in women's group activities

Question 19

Race riots in Los Angeles in 1992 were consistent with a relative deprivation theory of social unrest because the rioting took place

A) in an area that was not as impoverished as other Black areas
B) at the time of the municipal elections
C) in a Black ghetto
D) in the summer time

Question 20

The modern study of intergroup behaviour takes into account

A) power relationships between categories of people
B) cognitions that are influenced by a person's group membership
C) behaviour that is influenced by a person's group membership
D) all of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is a notable finding from Sherif's summer camps field study?

A) Prejudice, discrimination and ethnocentrism arose as a consequence of real intergroup conflict
B) The winners of the intergroup camp games and competitions were usually the ones that expressed the greater intergroup aggression
C) Simple contact between members of opposing groups did not improve intergroup relations
D) All of the above

Question 22

One feature of a commons dilemma is that

A) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource
B) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do
C) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can't afford it
D) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation

Question 23

Social identities

A) prescribe appropriate behaviours
B) are self-ascribed
C) describe members of a social group
D) all of the above

Question 24

Pollution of the atmosphere as a result of vehicle emissions is an example of

A) a commons dilemma
B) the free-rider effect
C) mass rapid transit systems
D) insufficient research

Question 25

Competition for resources is more destructive when groups compete rather than individuals.This is because

A) of social facilitation
B) of the cumulative impact that additional group members have
C) the commons dilemma is involved
D) ethnocentric actions are more potent than self-interest

Question 26

What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g.,Sherif's summer camp studies)?

A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded
B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists
C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities
D) All of the above

Question 27

Are there any solutions to social dilemmas? Brewer and colleagues identified a condition where individuals cooperate for the preservation of the common good,namely,when they

A) have regulations to punish those who abuse common goods
B) derive their social identity from the group with access to the resource
C) negotiate behavioural guidelines for all members
D) understand the detrimental consequences of their actions

Question 28

Sherif (1962)argues in his 'realistic conflict theory' that

A) the mere presence of another group should improve intergroup relations
B) shared goals between groups reduce intergroup conflict
C) simple contact between members of opposing groups can improve intergroup relations
D) superordinate goals take group conflict to a higher level

Question 29

Sherif believed that intergroup harmony can turn to conflict,and then ethnocentrism,when

A) the groups compete for scarce resources
B) an authoritarian leader comes to power
C) one group notices that another group exists
D) temperatures rise

Question 30

The social dilemma which states that 'cooperation by all benefits all,but competition by all harms all' is referred to as

A) the free-rider effect
B) the commons dilemma
C) the all for one, one for all effect
D) social unrest

Question 31

The minimal group paradigm argues that

A) ethnocentrism hinges on having as few groups as possible
B) only two individuals are required to form a group
C) being categorised as a group member is necessary to produce intergroup behaviour
D) intergroup behaviour should be pigeon-holed in a minimum number of ways

Question 32

According to Sherif (1962)ethnocentrism is the outcome of

A) conflict between groups associated with competition for resources
B) political propaganda
C) learned and modelled attitudes and behaviour
D) ignorance

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of group prototypes?

A) Group prototypes are cognitive representations of groups
B) Group prototypes are composed of an average of ingroup member attributes
C) Group prototypes are context-dependent
D) Group prototypes are closely related to stereotypes

Question 34

Social categorisation refers to

A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory
B) the attitude that precedes discrimination
C) collective attribution
D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups

Question 35

When we categorise others,we see them through the lens of the relevant ingroup or outgroup prototype-we view them as members of a group,not as unique idiosyncratic individuals.This is referred to as

A) dehumanisation
B) the meta-contrast principle
C) depersonalisation
D) self-enhancement

Question 36

Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester.Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes,as well as interesting articles they have found.However,each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes.As such,Sam takes a copy of everyone else's notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself.This is an example of

A) the free-rider effect
B) relative deprivation
C) the commons dilemma
D) all of the above

Question 37

A common method to study realistic conflict theory involves using a two-person game in which both parties are torn between competition and cooperation and,depending on mutual choices,both parties can win or both can lose.An appropriate paradigm to create this situation experimentally would be

A) the soldier game
B) the prisoner's dilemma
C) the trucking game
D) both B and C

Question 38

An aspect of yourself arises from your group membership(s).It is your

A) social identity
B) ethnic/cultural identity
C) personal identity
D) sense of belongingness

Question 39

The free-rider effect occurs when people

A) take buses instead of drive cars
B) use train concession cards
C) cause costs to others by pursuing their self-interest
D) indulge in car-pooling

Question 40

Sandra collects Cindy from the kindergarten and goes straight to the public swimming pool.When Cindy says 'I want to go 'wees'',Sandra whispers to 'just pee in the pool'.Sandra's suggestion is an example of a

A) public goods dilemma
B) liberal upbringing
C) sensible parent dealing with the real world
D) commons dilemma

Question 41

Group-based behavioural strategies can make individuals' social identity more positive.One way is to confront the dominant group's position directly.This is

A) social competition
B) revolution
C) intergroup confrontation
D) social mobility

Question 42

The social change belief system refers to

A) the natural progression from one social system to another through time
B) individuals' inherent belief that social groups have what they deserve
C) individuals dissociating themselves from their group to join another group
D) the belief that social boundaries between groups are impermeable

Question 43

Song is Korean and thinks she can pick the facial differences between northern Chinese,Japanese,and Vietnamese people much better than she can between French,Spanish and Italian people.Carlos is Portuguese,and he sees it exactly in reverse.Whether they can or not,their beliefs point to

A) the relative homogeneity effect
B) East-West differences in the self-concept
C) the relative differentiation effect
D) different ethnic phenotypes

Question 44

Comparison with a different outgroup,or using alternative dimensions for comparison,are tactics employed to enhance social identity

A) where there is direct social competition
B) when there are no cognitive alternatives to bring about social change
C) as part of the social mobility belief system
D) only when there are similar groups that allow for comparison

Question 45

Brigham and Barkowitz (1978)had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces.Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset.They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces.This is an example of

A) racism
B) the relative homogeneity effect
C) social categorisation
D) all of the above

Question 46

Social creativity is a type of strategy to improve social identity when

A) there are cognitive alternatives available to induce social change
B) individuals can assimilate into a high-status group through various methods
C) there are no cognitive alternatives available to induce social change
D) there are artistically-oriented people in charge

Question 47

An accentuation of intergroup differences produced by social categorisation

A) is particularly strong where there are clear boundaries between groups
B) occurs predominantly on dimensions that favour the outgroup
C) can be most successfully accomplished through the media
D) is amplified when there is a strong need to differentiate the groups

Question 48

Social identity should become more positive through EACH of

A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation
B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility
C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility
D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system

Question 49

Intergroup differentiation refers to

A) a widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group
B) behaviours that emphasise differences between one's own group and other groups
C) an evaluative preference for all aspects of one's own group relative to another
D) a low level of discrimination

Question 50

A prototype is

A) the cognitive representation of the typical/ideal defining features of a category
B) an idealised representation of a group member
C) an agreed specimen as a yard stick for selecting new group members
D) a technical invention not yet gone into production

Question 51

The relative homogeneity effect occurs when we treat

A) everyone to a jolly good time
B) our relatives in exactly the same way
C) our own group as more heterogeneous than outgroups
D) someone as a prototypical embodiment of the group

Question 52

The relative homogeneity effect refers to

A) policies aimed at closing the gaps between minorities and the dominant group
B) the process of estimating individuals' similarities relative to a standard
C) the tendency to view ingroup members as more differentiated than outgroup members
D) higher level analyses of a group that focus on commonalities rather than individual differences

Question 53

In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system,individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by

A) engaging in civil rights activities
B) assimilating into a high-status group
C) emigrating
D) challenging the higher-status group

Question 54

The social mobility belief system refers to

A) the belief that social boundaries between groups are impermeable
B) the mass exodus of people from the city in the summer holidays
C) the belief that social boundaries between groups are permeable
D) collective action taken by individuals to challenge the status quo

Question 55

The accentuation effect includes the

A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category
B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category
C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent
D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories

Question 56

In a number of studies on ingroup bias conducted between 1961 and 1970,Vaughan found that urban Maori changed from showing outgroup preference to ingroup preference.This can be attributed to

A) a decline in the Maori population
B) a cognitive trend
C) social change
D) an ambiguous experimental design

Question 57

Charles lives in Oxford but has not received a tertiary education.He decides that learning speech elocution should ease him up from a lower-status group to a higher-status group.Charles believes in

A) speech-ism
B) a social change belief system
C) a social mobility belief system
D) a groupthink mentality

Question 58

Helga has been living here for almost a decade now.Despite her German accent she sees herself as a local.Her group identification is at the core of

A) self-categorisation
B) groupthink
C) identity loss
D) deindividuation

Question 59

A social mobility belief system

A) inhibits group action by subordinate groups
B) allows individuals to assimilate into higher-status groups
C) is enshrined in Western democratic political systems
D) all of the above

Question 60

Uncertainty-identity theory argues that social identity processes are motivated by

A) the desire to reduce uncertainty about one's own identity (with regard to how one behaves and relates to other people)
B) uncertainty and ambivalence about the future and its consequences
C) uncertainty regarding how to relate to other individuals
D) all of the above

Question 61

GRIT,or Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction,is a form of

A) conciliation
B) bargaining
C) arbitration
D) truce

Question 62

According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues,in an intergroup context

A) negative emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup
B) our 'collective' self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit 'us'
C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity
D) all of the above

Question 63

In social psychology,intergroup bargaining refers to a process of

A) groups making cooperative gestures to avoid conflict
B) individuals negotiating and promoting their self-interest
C) conflict resolution where group representatives reach agreement through direct negotiation
D) partners negotiating their relationship to create harmony

Question 64

According to Zimbardo (1970)deindividuation

A) induces behaviour that is normative in our society
B) provides a cloak of anonymity that diffuses individual responsibility
C) heightens concern for social evaluation
D) makes us very conscious of who we are

Question 65

The uniform behaviour of a large group of people who are gathered in the same place at the same time is referred to as

A) a mosh pit
B) collective behaviour
C) the lemming effect
D) social modelling

Question 66

When representatives of different groups resolve intergroup conflict through direct negotiation,we have a case of

A) bargaining
B) conciliation
C) arbitration
D) mediation

Question 67

LeBon's 1908 theory on crowd behaviour has influenced modern theories because he argued that

A) only despotic leaders use crowds for their own purposes
B) crowd behaviour has pathological and abnormal elements
C) the more people in the crowd, the more primitive they become
D) crowds trigger pre-modern behaviours

Question 68

Gene sees aspects of his life as a balancing act.He frequently finds that there is a fine line between being part of the gang and expressing his individuality.What Gene is striving to achieve is

A) optimal distinctiveness
B) relative homogeneity
C) the metacontrast principle
D) social mobility

Question 69

Bargaining,mediation and arbitration are strategies of improving intergroup relations through

A) intergroup contact
B) applying methods borrowed from disciplines other than psychology
C) conciliation
D) communication

Question 70

SIDE is a social identity approach to understanding

A) good things that often happen inside a crowd
B) gossip that takes place on the side
C) deindividuation phenomena
D) Seriously Individual DEviants

Question 71

In his book The Crowd (1908),LeBon argued that people in a crowd

A) unleash primitive and homogenous behaviour
B) locate food sources before settling down
C) establish personal territories
D) relax and get to know each other

Question 72

When a conflict between groups is referred to a neutral third party for resolution and the imposition of a mutually binding settlement,the process is called

A) conciliation
B) mediation
C) arbitration
D) bargaining

Question 73

Education,contact,superordinate goals and conciliation are strategies to

A) generate intergroup competition
B) clarify group boundaries
C) facilitate the dissemination of prototypes
D) improve intergroup relations

Question 74

Diener et al.(1976)studied the behaviour of children on Hallowe'en.In a series of focal homes,children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table.It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners.This finding can be attributed to

A) deindividuation
B) crowd behaviour
C) greed
D) the free-rider effect

Question 75

In the same year that the US Supreme Court desegregated the education system,Allport (1954)proposed

A) social identity theory
B) the contact hypothesis
C) deindividuation
D) the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 76

Cooperative activities,equal status and institutional support comprise

A) ways to increase hostility between groups
B) ways to avoid deindividuation
C) Allport's conditions for optimal contact
D) conditions affecting social identity

Question 77

Emergent norm theory focuses on

A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals' stress
B) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd
C) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order
D) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones

Question 78

Jenny is a staunch atheist who doesn't particularly like religious people.One day at lunchtime,her fellow atheist friend Jack starts telling Jenny about an old friend he has,Tina,who is a Christian.When Jenny discovers that Jack has such a close friend who is religious,she begins to wonder 'perhaps religious people aren't quite as bad as I thought?' This is an example of

A) the extended contact effect
B) generalisation
C) ingroup favouritism
D) all of the above

Question 79

Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if

A) a monetary incentive is not provided for successfully achieving the goal
B) the groups fail to achieve the goal
C) the groups are ethnically diverse
D) all of the above

Question 80

According to ________ norm theory,a crowd is at first without a norm to guide its behaviour.Then some unusual behaviour,such as being violent,may come about and become a norm for that crowd.

A) personal
B) emergent
C) productive
D) idiosyncratic