Deck 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Question 1

You are the technician running the fMRI (functional magentic resonance imaging)machine today.You have had a patient in the machine for quite a while when you notice a sudden change in electrical activity within the RAS.What might be happening?

A)She is thinking about food.
B)She fell asleep.
C)She is moving.
D)She is talking.
E)She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Would SSRIs be useful therapies for schizophrenia?

A)Yes,because they increase the availability of dopamine.
B)Yes,because they increase the availability of acetylcholine.
C)No,because they increase the availability of norepinephrine.
D)No,because they increase the availability of enkephalin.
E)No,because they increase the availability of serotonin.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Regarding schizophrenia,

A)people with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness.
B)treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C)lithium carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia.
D)both "people with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness" and "treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease" are correct.
E)both "treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease" and "lithium carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia" are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

You have a patient who,after undergoing treatment for a brain disease,has a high amount of protein fragments and waste products in his CSF.To aid in clearance,which might you recommend?

A)A drug that increases heart rate
B)Sleep
C)Hanging upside down
D)Ingestion of acidic foods
E)None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 5

If you were to record your own EEG activity while concentrating very hard on this exam,the most prominent EEG pattern would be

A)alpha rhythm.
B)beta rhythm.
C)delta rhythm.
D)theta rhythm.

Question 6

A laboratory rat has an electrode implanted in its brain.By pressing a metal bar in its cage,the animal can activate the electrode.You are analyzing the data from the most recent experiment day and find that the rat pressed the bar over and over again.The rat did not even eat during the experimental period because it was too busy pressing the bar.  In which location is the electrode likely to be implanted?

A)Frontal lobe
B)Mesolimbic system
C)Hypothalamus
D)Occipital lobe
E)All of the choices are possible locations of the electrode.

Question 7

You are a sleep lab technician and are sorting through the records obtained the previous night.You found that at 1:20 a.m.EEG tracings showed low amplitude,high-frequency activity,and subject had very low muscle tone.Which of the following is likely?

A)The subject was easily awakened and did not report dreaming.
B)She was difficult to awaken and did not report dreaming.
C)Once she was awake she reported dreaming.
D)She was already awake at 1:20am.

Question 8

Psychoactive drugs

A)can be taken to relieve altered states of consciousness.
B)can be taken to experience altered states of consciousness.
C)may stimulate neuronal activity in the "reward" areas of the brain.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

You are a veterinarian and a dog is brought in that has experienced a BB gun shot to the brain.The brain scan reveals damage to the amygdala.You need to explain this injury to the owners.Which of the following is true?

A)The amygdala is required for the expression of affection.
B)In a normal animal,the amygdala is involved in expression of fear and rage.Without it,the dog may be docile at all times.
C)The amygdala is required for memory formation.The dog will be forever forgetful.
D)The amygdala is required for regulation of appetite.Without it,the dog may overeat.
E)The amygdala is required to express affection,without it,the dog may be less affectionate.

Question 10

You are counseling a pair of tired parents.All three of their children have been waking in the night frequently for the past few months.You ask them several questions about their parenting habits,which of the following might be the problem?

A)Their kids are growing.
B)Their kids are talking too much before bed and becoming excited.
C)Their kids are going to bed hungry.
D)Their nighttime baths are too hot,elevating their body temperatures.
E)Their kids are genetically predisposed to nightwaking.

Question 11

Drugs that are used to treat depression increase the levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain.

A)Glutamate
B)Serotonin
C)GABA
D)Acetylcholine
E)Dopamine

Question 12

Regarding schizophrenia,

A)it is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking,perceiving,and control of motor activity.
B)its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and hallucinations.
C)it probably has a hereditary component.
D)both "it is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking,perceiving,and control of motor activity" and "its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and hallucinations" are correct.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Which of the descriptions is not descriptive of REM (rapid eye movement)sleep?

A)Visible movements of the eyes resembling those of one tracking the movements of objects in space,watching TV,and so on
B)Difficulty arousing the sleeper
C)Oxygen consumption decreases by comparison to NREM sleep and in an alert wakeful state.
D)It represents 20-25% of a person's "sleeptime."
E)Skeletal muscle activity is markedly reduced,except for the extraocular and respiratory muscles.

Question 14

During a routine brain scan it is discovered that Nick has a larger than average amygdala.How might Nick's family describe Nick?

A)Fearful
B)Confident
C)Jovial
D)Always relaxed,easy going
E)Hilarious

Question 15

Your alarm pulls you from sleep while you were in the middle of a vivid dream.You were most likely

A)in NREM sleep.
B)in REM sleep.
C)exhibiting beta wave activity.
D)exhibiting gamma wave activity.
E)All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 16

During paradoxical sleep

A)brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.
B)brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.
C)skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.
D)the person is easily aroused.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The alpha rhythm is the most prominent EEG pattern when an adult is

A)in REM sleep.
B)in non-REM sleep.
C)awake and relaxed with eyes open.
D)awake and thinking hard about something.

Question 18

You are a veterinarian and a dog is brought in that has experienced a BB gun shot to the brain.The brain scan reveals damage to the septum of the limbic system.You need to explain this injury to the owners.Which of the following is true?

A)The septum is required for the expression of rage,with a damaged septum,this dog will always be docile and never aggressive.
B)In a normal animal,the septum inhibits the amygdala.Without it,the dog will always be fearful and vicious.
C)The septum of the limbic system is required for memory formation.The dog will be forever forgetful
D)The septum of the limbic system is required for regulation of appetite.Without it,the dog may overeat.
E)The septum of the limbic system is required to express affection,without it,the dog may be less affectionate.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding the brain areas that direct emotion is not true?

A)The hypothalamus is the site of the conscious feeling of emotion.
B)The hypothalamus integrates emotional behaviors.
C)The limbic system delivers information about emotion from the cerebral cortex to the hypothalamus.
D)The cerebral cortex is responsible for control over emotions.
E)None of the choices are true.

Question 20

It is believed that the rhythmic patterns of the EEG most likely originate from this structure in the brain.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Cerebral cortex
C)Basal ganglia
D)Cerebellum
E)Hippocampus

Question 21

Selective attention is facilitated,enhanced,and improved by way of the ________ of the brainstem,which acts as the origin point of neurons,which project to the cerebral cortex and release ________ neurotransmitter(s).

A)pons,acetylcholine
B)basal nuclei,dopamine
C)hypothalamus,serotonin
D)locus ceruleus,norepinephrine
E)thalamus,melatonin

Question 22

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to

A)the mouth and vocal cords.
B)the cerebellum.
C)Broca's area.
D)Wernicke's area.
E)the primary visual cortex.

Question 23

Which of the following molecules might be used to relieve the symptoms of opiate withdrawal when opiate use is stopped?

A)A drug that causes lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter
B)A drug that elevates mood
C)A drug that acts as an antagonist to the same receptor as the original drug
D)A drug that acts as an agonist of the opioid receptor
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 24

An EEG with waves of high amplitude and low frequency is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

A)Recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it
B)Remembering how to ride a bicycle
C)Being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time
D)Being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later
E)Responding to the sight,smell,taste,or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

Question 26

You have a new patient who describes having a lot of difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people.An MRI reveals damage to which structure?

A)Thalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Hypothalamus
D)Corpus callosum
E)Broca's area

Question 27

When a person loses consciousness,working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness.Why?

A)The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull.
B)There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain.
C)There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas.
D)Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
E)This is an area of neurological research that has not achieved any satisfying conclusions at the present time.

Question 28

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?

A)Psychoactive drugs can alter blood flow to the brain.
B)Psychoactive drugs often produce euphoria.
C)Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier.
D)Psychoactive drugs can inhibit production of endogenous neurotransmitters.
E)Psychoactive drugs can up-regulate receptors for endogenous neurotransmitters.

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?

A)A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.
B)A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.
C)A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.
D)Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.
E)Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

Question 30

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably

A)suffer from aphasia.
B)develop symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C)suffer impairment of consolidation of declarative memory.
D)have difficulty learning new physical skills.
E)experience all of the choices.

Question 31

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain,EXCEPT the

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)limbic system.
D)corpus callosum.
E)hippocampus.

Question 32

Alpha EEG rhythm is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 33

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is

A)primary auditory cortex;Wernicke's area;Broca's area;supplementary motor cortex;primary motor cortex.
B)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;supplementary motor cortex;Wernicke's area;primary motor cortex.
C)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;Wernicke's area;supplementary motor cortex;primary motor cortex.
D)primary auditory cortex;Broca's area;Wernicke's area;primary motor cortex;supplementary motor cortex.
E)primary auditory cortex;Wernicke's area;Broca's area;primary motor cortex;supplementary motor cortex.

Question 34

Of the following substances,which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?

A)Nicotine
B)Marijuana
C)Alcohol
D)Cocaine
E)Heroin

Question 35

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is a neurobehavioral problem that is primarily anatomically linked to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

A)Basal nuclei
B)Pituitary gland
C)Prefrontal cerebral cortex
D)Both basal nuclei and pituitary gland
E)Both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex

Question 36

Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 37

Rapid eye movement is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 38

You have a patient who,following a stroke,has impaired comprehension of language.The MRI is likely to reveal damage in which area?

A)Wernicke's area
B)Broca's area
C)Limbic system
D)Hypothalamus
E)Damage to any of these areas could cause this symptom

Question 39

Damage to the part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to

A)cause difficulty in recognizing faces.
B)be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body.
C)impair speech.
D)Both "cause difficulty in recognizing faces" and "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" are correct.
E)Both "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" and "impair speech" are correct.

Question 40

Pulsate secretion of growth hormone is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 41

The mood disorders are primarily disturbances of thought processes.

Question 42

A drug that blocks dopamine receptors is likely to be addictive.

Question 43

A progressive decrease in an orienting response to a repeated stimulus is called adaptation.

Question 44

A drug manufacturer has created a new drug called "actonin" that acts as an antagonist to the adenosine receptor.This drug,like caffeine,will eliminate or reduce feelings of fatigue.

Question 45

You can tell a person is in a coma and not just asleep if you see high-amplitude,spike-wave EEG pattern.

Question 46

All of the psychogenic drugs that induce drug dependence act on the same neuronal system.

Question 47

Lack of an adequate amount of sleep at its worst can cause death,as well as serious memory retention and learning difficulties.

Question 48

Primary motivated behavior is behavior that is based on changes or anticipated changes in the internal environment.

Question 49

EEG arousal is the recording of brain activity of someone who has just been awakened from sleep.

Question 50

In pardoxical sleep an individual is easily aroused from a deep sleep,although the EEG pattern that is observed is consistent with that of an individual in NREM sleep.

Question 51

A brainstem nucleus that is strongly implicated in the mechanism for selective attention is the locus ceruleus.

Question 52

Administration of chlorpromazine to a rat that has an electrode implanted in the lateral hypothalamus will cause an increase in rate of the rat's self-stimulation.

Question 53

Dreaming occurs when one is in NREM sleep.

Question 54

Tolerance to drugs that are neurotransmitter agonists is thought to involve increased release of the neurotransmitter in response to the drug.

Question 55

Neurotransmitters involved in the reward pathways include enkephalin,dopamine,and epinephrine.

Question 56

Sleep-wake cycles are produced by interactions of nuclei in the brainstem.

Question 57

Dreaming is descriptive of or occurs during

A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

Question 58

Both short- and long-term memory are seated in and associated with the same specific functional regions of the brain.

Question 59

The EEG tracing of a relaxed individual who has closed eyes and is not concentrating on anything in particular is mainly an alpha rhythm.

Question 60

Sleep deprivation is an effective method of torture because it will not affect memory retention or retrieval.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about sleep is correct?

A)Sleep typically occurs in stages in which a subject goes through progressively deeper stages of sleep and then awakens.
B)Sleep typically occurs in cycles in which a subject will cycle through various stages of slow-wave sleep punctuated by paradoxical sleep several times during one bout of sleep.
C)During REM sleep,blood pressure and breathing rate become elevated.
D)Sleep involves a lack of neurological activity.
E)All muscles are relaxed during all phases of sleep.

Question 62

Regarding its role as a neurotransmitter in the CNS,norepinephrine

A)is secreted by brainstem neurons in response to sensory stimulation.
B)amplifies weak sensory signals and dampens strong ones so that more information can reach conscious levels.
C)is important for maintaining directed attention.
D)is completely absent from the CNS,it is only used in the PNS.
E)is only important for processing visual stimuli.

Question 63

Retrograde amnesia associated with a traumatic head injury can be directly related to the loss of memories considered as both short term and long term,including any events immediately related to the trauma.

Question 64

Persons suffering from anterograde amnesia continually have short-lived,rapidly changing perceptions of events that they have only imagined,but then cannot recall them later as a consequence of an inability to translate these "false memories" from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 65

Bipolar disorders

A)involve both mania and depression.
B)are most effectively treated with drugs that increase availability of dopamine.
C)are an exaggeration of normal changes in mood.
D)involve hearing voices and other delusions.
E)are caused by excessive production of dopamine.

Question 66

Working memory is easy to change and can be lost in response to any condition that interrupts electrical activity of the brain.

Question 67

In sleep apnea

A)a person with the disorder experiences symptoms of sleep deprivation.
B)periodic bouts of respiratory failure are experienced throughout the night.
C)gamma waves are predominate.
D)seriously low blood O₂ levels can result.
E)no dreaming occurs.

Question 68

An electroencephalogram

A)is a record of action potentials in the brain.
B)records the potential difference between two points on the scalp's surface.
C)is a pattern of complex waves with amplitudes similar to those of action potentials.

Question 69

Habituation to a stimulus

A)is due to receptor fatigue.
B)is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.
C)can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.
D)is permanent.
E)is due to denaturation of the receptor.

Question 70

Learning is generally facilitated if the material to be learned is emotionally neutral.

Question 71

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for all events that happened before a serious brain trauma such as a blow to the head.

Question 72

Memory consolidation probably occurs via an increase in the effectiveness of existing synapses and also via formation of new ones.