Deck 6: Emotionality

Question 1

Another word for "emotion" that is often used by researchers is

A) affect
B) feeling
C) mood
D) valence

Answer 1

affect

Question 2

There are more than _____ muscles in the human face, far more than is needed for eating, language, or closing the eyes; instead, these muscles have evolved for the expression of emotion.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 100
D) 500

Answer 2

50

Question 3

Wundt proposed a model of emotion that had three dimensions. Which of the following is NOT on of those dimensions?

A) arousal
B) intensity
C) power
D) valence

Answer 3

intensity

Question 4

According to MacLean, emotional processes involve the limbic system. Which of the following brain structures is NOT a part of this system?

A) amygdala
B) brain stem
C) hippocampus
D) insula

Question 5

Darwin made a number of important observations about emotions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) Emotions are discrete.
B) Emotions are expressed on the face.
C) Emotions are multidimensional.
D) Emotions are not unique to humans.

Question 6

At the level of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, it is difficult to distinguish emotional responses from those used in _____.

A) empathy
B) homeostasis
C) metabolism
D) motivation

Question 7

In electrophysiological studies with primates, the amygdala shows the highest levels of response to _____ face displays.

A) disgusted
B) fearful
C) joyful
D) threatening

Question 8

Facial expressions seen in primates during play and submission map onto human expressions of _____ and _____, respectively.

A) laughter, sadness
B) laughter, smiling
C) smiling, crying
D) smiling, sadness

Question 9

Russell proposed a two-dimensional model of emotion; the first dimension, _____, ranges from positive to negative; and the second dimension, _____, ranges from activation to deactivation.

A) affect, behavior
B) polarity, activity
C) power, valence
D)valence, arousal

Question 10

The dimensional explanation of emotionality derives from a _____ attempt to break down emotional experiences into their component parts; whereas the basic emotion approach described by Darwin was a more _____ approach to the topic.

A) cognitive, behavioral
B) fragmented, universal
C) psychological, biological
D) structural, functional

Question 11

Ekman claims that one characteristic of emotions is that they are distinctive universal signals. By this, he means that

A) a specific facial expression is associated with each of the basic emotions.
B) distinctive patterns of physiological activity are expressed in the nervous system.
C) emotional expressions are universally understood within each distinctive culture.
D) everyone experiences emotions, but each individual experience is unique.

Question 12

Panksepp's approach to understanding emotionality and brain processes is to look for core processes across species. Which of the following is NOT one of the core processes he proposes?

A) maternal care
B) problem solving
C) separation distress
D) sexual lust

Question 13

Researchers distinguish between emotions, which are _____, and moods, which are _____.

A) brief, longer lasting
B) normal, abnormal
C) physiological, psychological
D) very intense, less intense

Question 14

Damage to the amygdala interferes with emotional memories that are _____ but not _____.

A) explicit, implicit
B) external, internal
C) implicit, explicit
D) internal, external

Question 15

One can see basic representations of laughing and crying at the level of the

A) basal ganglia
B) brain stem
C) limbic system
D) spinal cord

Question 16

Darwin begins his book on emotions with three principles. Which of the following is NOT one of these principles?

A) The principle of antithesis.
B) The principle of compositionality.
C) The principle of direct action of the nervous system.
D) The principle of serviceable associated habits.

Question 17

A variety of studies of memory have shown that you remember an event better if

A) accompanied by a positive emotion.
B) a negative emotion occurred with it.
C) there was an emotional reaction initially.
D) no emotion was associated with it.

Question 18

The congenitally blind display spontaneous emotional expressions that are _____ those of sighted people.

A) exactly the same as
B) generally unlike
C) quite different from
D) similar to

Question 19

When you hear a joke or see someone you care about, you move both the zygomatic (cheek) muscle and the orbicularis oculi (eyelid) muscle, but when you force a smile, you

A) move neither muscle.
B) move these in addition to others.
C) only move the orbicularis oculi muscle.
D) only move the zygomatic muscle.

Question 20

Emotional expression not only enables social communication, it also modifies our ability to

A) gauge our own internal states.
B) lead rich and fulfilling lives.
C) prepare for perception and action.
D) release tension and stress.

Question 21

Darwin's principle of _____ suggests that opposite internal states produce opposite external movements; for example, we shrug our shoulders when we feel helpless because it is the opposite set of movements from when we feel aggressive.

Question 22

A variety of reports from around the world suggest that making music with others leads not only to positive emotional feelings but also a sense of connectedness with others; one possible physiological mechanism associated with these experiences may be the release of _____ in the brain during music making.

A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) oxytocin
D) serotonin

Question 23

Darwin speculated that the emotional expression of disgust evolved out of the motor action of

A) choking.
B) coughing.
C) exhaling.
D) vomiting.

Question 24

There is a second visual system in rats that runs through the midbrain and allows for quick responses without the visual clarity of its normal visual system. For example, it might cause the rat to jump if it sees a snake-like structure on the ground. Such as system is called a(n)

A) automatic appraisal mechanism
B) distinctive universal signal
C) fundamental life task
D) serviceable associated habit

Question 25

Emotions evolved for their adaptive value in dealing with _____, universal human predicaments such as losses, frustrations, and achievements.

Question 26

Ekman believes that facial expressions associated with lying are different from those that portray true emotions. He suggests that when one attempts to produce an emotional expression that differs from one's internal experience, there will be leakage in the form of _____that quickly convey the hidden emotion.

A) display rules
B) microexpressions
C) mini-gestures
D)slight vocalizations

Question 27

Darwin's principle of _____ refers to the situation in which ritualized behaviors are performed in response to a particular internal state.

Question 28

Separation distress is seen when a young organism is separate from its mother; Panksepp suggests that this feeling of abandonment may be built on early _____ circuits.

Question 29

Individuals with damage to the _____ appear not to incorporate the emotional consequences of their own actions into their everyday behaviors; thus, it has been suggested that this area is related to our ability to induce an emotion in ourselves through cognitive means or reduce an emotional reaction.

Question 30

The amygdala has direct connections with the _____ lobes, which are involved in planning and decision making.

Question 31

Darwin suggests that although facial expressions are universal, gestures

A) are even more expressive of emotion.
B) depend more on particular circumstances.
C) may be specific to a given culture.
D) vary somewhat from person to person.

Question 32

Darwin's principle of _____ acknowledges that emotional expression can result from the structure of the nervous system; in other words, there are specific physiological reactions for different emotions.

Question 33

Ekman showed films of surgery and accidents to American and Japanese individuals. When viewing alone, people from both cultures displayed the same facial expressions, but when the experimenter was present, _____ would not fully display their emotional reactions.

A) few of the Americans or Japanese
B) neither the Americans nor the Japanese
C) the Americans, more than the Japanese,
D) the Japanese, more than the Americans,

Question 34

The areas of the right temporal lobe known as the _____ gyrus appears to respond selectively to faces as compared to other types of complex visual stimuli.

Question 35

Darwin believed that particular muscle movements signaled a particular _____.

A) action
B) emotion
C) gesture
D) mood

Question 36

Situational and cultural factors that can influence emotional expression are called _____.

Question 37

Darwin interpreted the universality of emotional response as support for the idea that all humans are decended from a "single parent stock"; by this, he meant that emotions developed

A) early in our evolutionary history.
B)from mating and parenting behaviors.
C) out of a single physiological state.
D) through early mother-infant interactions.

Question 38

In the baby talk used by caregivers, it is the _____ and exaggerated _____ patterns that interest infants rather than the meaning and grammar.

A) gestures, speech
B) melodic, rhythmic
C) sounds, emotional
D) vocal, pitch

Question 39

The _____ is one of the main structures involved in emotion; it is an almond-shaped structure found in the frontal part of the temporal lobe.

Question 40

Damage to areas of the temporal lobe interferes with _____ memories; thus, with temporal lobe damage you could remember feeling a certain way but not remember the situation in which it occurred.

Question 41

Many researchers believe there is a finite number of basic emotions, and most would include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise among therm. Sometimes _____ is included, although this shows less universality across studies.

Question 42

From an evolutionary standpoint, it has been suggested that mothers singing to their babies may be the forerunner of speech; even in modern times, mothers and others use a sing-song type of communication called _____ when communicating with their infants.

Question 43

Panksepp's approach to understanding emotionality and brain processes is to look for core processes across species. Explain what he means by core process and how the concept helps provide an evolutionary approach to understanding emotion. Discuss the seven core processes he proposes.

Question 44

Darwin begins his book on emotions with three principles: (1) the principle of serviceable associated habits; (2) the principle of antithesis; (3) the principle of direct actions of the nervous system. Explain each principle, illustrating with an example.

Question 45

The calls of various species give more than just emotional information; they also refer to objects and events in the environment. This has led researchers to suggest that human _____ evolved from an emotional vocalization system.

Question 46

Ekman (2009) suggested that Darwin made five important contributions to our study of emotion. Explain each.

Question 47

Research has not found exact autonomic nervous system or brain patterns that completely differentiate one specific emotion from another. This suggests to some authors that a more _____, rather than basic categorical, approach should be taken.

Question 48

Discuss the approaches to studying the underlying dimensions of emotionality. Is there any way to reconcile the dimensional approach with the categorical approach? Are there other areas of psychology where a combined dimensional-categorical approach has been fruitful?

Question 49

Darwin saw emotions as _____; that is to say, we experience fear, anger, disgust, and so forth as distinct entities.

Question 50

In accord with Darwin's principle of antithesis, Susskind found that fear and _____ were opposite emotions, based on three different physiological measures.

Question 51

In a number of species, newborns will emit vocalizations when separated from their mother and exhibit a comfort response when reunited; this response appears to be mediated by the molecule ______, which has been associated with bonding in a variety of species.

Question 52

Vervets, small monkeys from the African savannah, are prey to eagles, snakes, and leopards; they have developed a _____ alarm system specific to each of these predators.

Question 53

One-year-olds will look for emotional cues from their mothers before deciding whether to crawl across a _____, a table with an open segment covered with a sheet of glass.

Question 54

Discuss the various areas of the brain involved in emotional expression and recognition.