Deck 12: Motivation in Learning and Teaching

Question 1

The natural tendency to engage in certain types of activities is called ________ motivation.

Answer 1

intrinsic

Question 2

Fred has wanted to be a chef since he was a little kid,and he used to bake cookies with his mother.The behavioral view expert would say that Fred is motivated to be a chef because

A)he has a positive cooking self-concept.
B)he places great value on his cooking ability.
C)of his early childhood reinforcement history.
D)of his need for self-actualization.

Answer 2

of his early childhood reinforcement history.

Question 3

The cognitive approach to motivation is illustrated best by people who respond to

A)events to which they choose to pay attention.
B)events that have been rewarding in the past.
C)the objective worth or value of events.
D)their perceptions of events,not the events themselves.

Answer 3

their perceptions of events,not the events themselves.

Question 4

The behavior of which one of the following students best describes the fifth motivation question,which pertains to what the individual is thinking and feeling during an activity?

A)Anxious Amee,whose worry and anxiety may lead her to make poor choices and procrastinate
B)Defensive Daleesha who makes poor choices,avoids working on task,procrastinates,and gives up easily
C)Hopeless Gerardo,who is falling farther behind in his work but causes no management problems
D)Satisfied Spencer,who is prompt in getting started,is engaged,persistent,and enjoys the task

Question 5

Maria spent many hours trying to complete her geometry proofs.A cognitive interpretation of Maria's motivation is that Maria

A)knows a good grade will result in a reward from her parents.
B)is attempting to acquire understanding of how the different theorems work.
C)is trying to feel fulfilled in her accomplishment in order to raise her self-esteem.
D)wants her friends to be more likely to accept her than they have so far.

Question 6

Ability is perceived as a stable,uncontrollable trait by people who adopt a(n)________ view of ability.

Question 7

In most humanistic theories,motivation is based on

A)extrinsic rewards.
B)intrinsic needs.
C)material wealth.
D)social status.

Question 8

Doug's family is very poor,so he often goes to school with no breakfast and a very small lunch packet.According to Maslow,Doug is failing his classes because what type of needs are not being met?

A)Aesthetic needs
B)Deficiency needs
C)Growth needs
D)Self-actualization needs

Question 9

The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation?

A)Behavioral
B)Cognitive
C)Humanistic
D)Social learning

Question 10

In expectancy x value theory,the two sources of motivation are

A)projected future outcomes and the reaction of peers.
B)projected future outcomes and the value of goals.
C)social pressures and acquired standards.
D)social pressures and internal standards.

Question 11

Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?

A)Extrinsic
B)Intrinsic
C)State
D)Trait

Question 12

Ms.Riley tells the class,"If we have a good lesson on fractions,I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?

A)Extrinsic
B)Intrinsic
C)Stable
D)Trait

Question 13

According to behavioral theory of motivation,students are motivated primarily by a(n)

A)desire for gaining fulfillment for their accomplishments.
B)desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.
C)inherent need to understand what they are learning.
D)need for social recognition and status.

Question 14

An "expectancy x value" theory would predict that motivation will necessarily be

A)close to zero if self-efficacy is low,regardless of goal value.
B)zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero.
C)zero if only expectation to succeed and the perceived value of a goal are zero.
D)zero if self-efficacy and the perceived value of a goal are low.

Question 15

Participation in communities of practice is emphasized by what theory of motivation?

A)Cognitive
B)Humanistic
C)Constructivist
D)Sociocultural

Question 16

Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation?

A)An inner state that arouses,directs,and maintains a person's behavior
B)An inner state that causes a person to initiate an action
C)The level of involvement a person has in a chosen activity
D)The degree of persistence a person has toward completing an activity

Question 17

On Sunday afternoon,Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and cans from a picturesque section of the wildlife refuge,even though he knew he would not get paid anything for his efforts.Rick's motivation is best described as being

A)attributed.
B)deferred.
C)extrinsic.
D)intrinsic.

Question 18

Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are

A)interested in the subject.
B)intrinsically motivated.
C)not interested in the subject.
D)self-motivated.

Question 19

A student's reason for acting is called

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)locus of causality.
D)self-determined.

Question 20

The interest state that arouses,directs,and maintains behavior is ________.

Question 21

When individuals are naturally interested in a particular activity,they are intrinsically motivated.

Question 22

Pride or shame for one's own actions is likely to be felt most strongly by those who attribute their actions to

A)external causes.
B)internal causes.
C)stable causes.
D)unstable causes.

Question 23

Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work.He makes poor marks in school and is not inclined to seek help.According to attribution theory,Harry is typical of students who attribute their failures to causes that are

A)external,stable,and controllable.
B)external,unstable,and uncontrollable.
C)internal,stable,and controllable.
D)internal,stable,and uncontrollable.

Question 24

As Jim looks at his report card,he remarks to Judy,"I got that B because I really didn't work hard in Mr.Wedell's calculus class." According to Weiner,Jim is attributing the cause of his grade to causes that are

A)external,stable,controllable.
B)external,unstable,uncontrollable.
C)internal,stable,controllable.
D)internal,unstable,uncontrollable.

Question 25

The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is

A)general in nature and moderately difficult.
B)general in nature and very difficult.
C)specific and moderately difficult.
D)specific and very difficult.

Question 26

Cognitive views of motivation developed in response to the ________ of motivation.

Question 27

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been criticized because

A)cognition plays a lesser role than the hierarchy acknowledges.
B)people frequently attend to needs in different orders than the hierarchy predicts.
C)survival needs receive too much emphasis relative to safety needs.
D)the hierarchy overemphasizes the role of reinforcement as a motivator.

Question 28

Pat believes that the reason for her success in reading is the effort she puts into it.Pat is reflecting what type of locus of control?

A)External
B)Internal
C)Stable
D)Transitional

Question 29

Which one of the following situations is a valid implication of Maslow's hierarchy for education?

A)Andy,who has low self-esteem,will probably have little motivation to belong to and be liked by a group.
B)Jennifer,who is feeling ill this week,may show little interest in academic performance.
C)Robert,who is frustrated in his search for knowledge,may show little interest in his physiological well-being.
D)Teresa,who fails to satisfy her aesthetic needs,will be prevented from having high self-esteem.

Question 30

According to the expectancy x value theory,motivation increases as expectancy of success and the value of rewards increase.

Question 31

A current reflection of the humanistic perspective is the "self-esteem movement."

Question 32

Define motivation,and differentiate between behavioral,humanistic,cognitive,and sociocultural approaches to the interpretation of motivation.

Question 33

In Maslow's hierarchy,self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?

A)Being
B)Deficiency
C)Proficiency
D)Self-actualization

Question 34

Theories that take into account both the behaviorist's concern with the effects of behavior and the cognitivist's interest in the impact of thinking are characterized as ________ theories.

Question 35

Each situation below represents a need in Maslow's hierarchy.Which of the following students demonstrates the most basic need that must be satisfied before any other?

A)Anne is not included in the "in group" of her class.
B)Chuck has been threatened by a neighborhood gang.
C)Dick wants to develop his artistic talents in music.
D)Joy feels inferior but wants to be important.

Question 36

According to attribution theory,students who see the causes of their failures as internal and controllable will react to those failures by

A)assuming things will work out better in the future.
B)berating themselves for their failure.
C)exhibiting confusion and anxiety.
D)finding strategies to succeed the next time.

Question 37

Sara attributes failures to internal causes.Consequently,she is likely to blame her poor mark in science on her

A)bad luck.
B)lack of effort.
C)parents' pressures to succeed.
D)teacher's difficult tests.

Question 38

Jeremy's interest in history has been decreasing lately.According to Maslow's theory,what should the teacher do?

A)Determine whether his being needs are met.
B)Determine whether his deficiency needs are met.
C)Give him less challenging assignments.
D)Give him more challenging assignments.

Question 39

Personal freedom,choice,intrinsic motivation,and self-determination are emphasized in ________ theories of motivation.

Question 40

Anthony said,"I did well because I was lucky." The type of attribution being demonstrated is

A)external-stable.
B)external-unstable.
C)internal -stable.
D)internal-unstable.

Question 41

The need to experience choice and control in what we do and how we do it is called ________.

Question 42

Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to

A)believe that trying harder will improve their results.
B)find ways to attribute their failures to others.
C)focus on their failures and not seek assistance.
D)set easier goals next time in order to increase their chances of success.

Question 43

Ms.Kirkendall wants to help students develop more positive self-perceptions.What approach is recommended for her to use?

A)Curving grades so that more As and Bs than usual will be assigned
B)Encouraging and helping the students to set high goals for themselves
C)Providing continual encouragement for students to try harder to succeed
D)Raising grades based on individual efforts to improve the work assigned

Question 44

Which one of the following quotes exemplifies a learning or mastery goal?

A)"Accomplishing this should make me better prepared for Biology 101."
B)"If I master this material,I can have some free time."
C)"I'm going to go for the third assignment option,so that I can receive an A."
D)"Jason will be impressed if I can learn this laboratory procedure."

Question 45

An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals?

A)Extrinsic
B)Intrinsic
C)Performance
D)Work-avoidance

Question 46

Students who come to believe that,no matter what they do,they will not succeed have developed a condition called ________.

Question 47

Dennis often cons his best friends into letting him use one of their papers from last semester for his assignment in psychology this semester.In terms of goals,what type of learner does Dennis appear to be?

A)Ego-involved
B)Self-directed
C)Task-involved
D)Work-avoidant

Question 48

Students with performance goals as opposed to learning goals are concerned primarily with

A)achievement motivation.
B)looking good in front of others.
C)bettering themselves in terms of skill competencies.
D)finishing tasks so that they can seek new challenges.

Question 49

Learned helplessness often causes the following three types of deficits:

A)motivational,cognitive,and affective
B)self-esteem,self-efficacy,and self-evaluation
C)intrinsic,extrinsic,and motivation
D)behavioral,cognitive,and humanistic

Question 50

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure,what type of student will be motivated to learn?

A)Failure-accepting
B)Failure-avoiding
C)Mastery-oriented
D)Socially-oriented

Question 51

Cognitive evaluation theory explains how praise,criticism,grade assignments,and other events can influence students' intrinsic motivation by affecting their sense of competence and

A)curiosity.
B)self-control.
C)self-determination.
D)task orientation.

Question 52

Whereas mastery-oriented students value achievement and success,________ students try to protect themselves from situations in which they will not look good to others.

Question 53

Sally sets unrealistically high goals for herself but is unsure about her abilities.Woolfolk would be likely to label Sally as

A)failure-accepting.
B)failure-avoiding.
C)mastery-elusive.
D)mastery-oriented.

Question 54

According to Covington and others,which one of the following would be the strongest indicator of whether an individual will be motivated to accept new challenges and risks?

A)Desire to avoid failure and seek social acceptance
B)Drive for achievement and an incremental view of ability
C)Need for achievement and an entity view of ability
D)Performance goals that are attainable

Question 55

Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty in completing his science laboratory work,Ms.Butterfield quickly offers to help him and encourages him to continue working.According to Graham (1991),Ms.Butterfield's behavior is likely to result in Matt developing

A)an enhanced sense of self-efficacy.
B)an incremental view of his ability.
C)doubts about his ability.
D)external-unstable attributions.

Question 56

What type of belief do failure-accepting students have?

A)Expectation of failure
B)Expectation of mastery
C)High fear of failure
D)Low fear of failure

Question 57

High concern with how one looks to others is characteristic of people with ________ goals.

Question 58

Which one of the following notions is consistent with the idea that "practice makes perfect"?

A)Entity view of ability
B)External locus of control
C)Incremental view of ability
D)Performance goals

Question 59

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by

A)anxiety.
B)feedback and goal acceptance.
C)performance goals.
D)seductive details.

Question 60

Students who are mastery-oriented will tend to hold what view of their ability?

A)Entity and stable
B)Entity and improvable
C)Incremental and improvable
D)Incremental and stable

Question 61

How an individual's explanations,justifications,and excuses influence motivation is ________ theory.

Question 62

Viewing a cause of failure as stable is likely to lower aspirations for future success.

Question 63

More than 50 years ago researchers argued that individuals are born curious and will seek out novelty and ______________.

Question 64

Work-avoidant learners feel successful when they do not have to try very hard,when the work is easy for them,or when they can simply "goof off."

Question 65

A key strategy for emphasizing learning rather than grades is to engage students in self-evaluation.

Question 66

Young children are more likely to hold an entity view than an incremental view of ability.

Question 67

Students whose sense of self-worth and self-efficacy deteriorate become ________ students.

Question 68

High needs for self-improvement are consonant with an entity view of ability.

Question 69

In addition to having specific attainable goals,task focus,and supportive social relationships,effective goal-setting in the classroom requires feedback and goal acceptance.

Question 70

Students who focus on learning goals because they value achievement and see their ability as being improvable are said to be ________ students.

Question 71

Students who have performance goals are interested in improving their skills,no matter how awkward they may appear in the process.

Question 72

Individuals who feel that they are responsible for their own successes or failures have a(n)________ locus.

Question 73

Learned helplessness occurs when causes of failure are considered internal,stable,and uncontrollable.

Question 74

Maslow's approach to motivation is a humanistic view.

Question 75

Researchers have found that students who hold performance-avoidance goals are less likely to experience boredom or hopelessness.

Question 76

Research exists to support the claim that students' emotions are related to their learning goal orientation.

Question 77

Weiner believes that there are two important dimensions that have important implications for motivation: (1)responsibility and (2)stability.

Question 78

Students who hold a performance-approach goal orientation want to look good in the eyes of others.

Question 79

Attribution theories of motivation describe how an individual's explanations,justifications,and excuses influence motivation.

Question 80

In Maslow's hierarchy,the survival,safety,belonging,and self-esteem needs comprise the general category called ________ needs.