Deck 3: Inclusion and Identity

Question 1

What are the evolutionary benefits and liabilities of a social rather than asocial existence?

Answer 1

Answers Will Vary

Question 2

Who would you rather be friends with someone who adopts a communal orientation or someone who is more exchange oriented?

Answer 2

Answers Will Vary

Question 3

Why is social rejection often described as "painful"?

Answer 3

Answers Will Vary

Question 4

Frank's group (the Eskadors)are playing Dinah's group (the Uminiacs)in softball.When the Eskador's lose,Frank complains that the umpires were unfair and that the field conditions hampered the Eskadors.When the Uminiacs win,Dinah says,"The Uminiacs never could have won without me." Why did Frank and Dinah react so differently?

Question 5

Compare and contrast the fight-or-flight response to exclusion with the tend-and-befriend response.

Question 6

What is the Ultimatum Game and how can it be used to better understand individualism and collectivism?

Question 7

What does it mean to say that inclusion-exclusion process is a continuum? Use a diagram to explain.

Question 8

Draw on the Williams temporal need-threat model to describe how a young woman reacts to when she is not accepted into a sorority.

Question 9

What is the difference between social loneliness and emotional loneliness? Which type of loneliness is most contagious?

Question 10

What are the core assumptions of Brewer's optimal distinctiveness theory?

Question 11

What is a sociometer and what does it do?

Question 12

In what ways does membership in a group change a person's sense of self?

Question 13

According to social identity theory,what happens when group members begin to identify with the group? What effect does it have on their self-esteem?

Question 14

How might a person from China and a person from the U.S.answer the question "Who am I"?

Question 15

How is the need to belong different from other needs such as thirst and hunger?

Question 16

What is most fair way to divide up a group's resources: equitably or equally?

Question 17

What are the typical qualities of a person who is individualistic rather than collectivistic?

Question 18

How do group members insulate themselves from the self-esteem damaging implications of membership in less-than-prestigious groups?

Question 19

What are the typical characteristics of a collectivistic group culture and an individualistic group culture?

Question 20

What does it mean to say that humans are social animals?

Question 21

According to the sociometer model,self-esteem indicates the extent to which a person feels he or she is a person of worth.

Question 22

Communal relationships are typified by a concern for the group rather than personal gain.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is least accurate?

A)Human beings are,by nature,a social species.
B)Baumeister and Leary maintain that the need to belong causes people to seek out and maintain relationships with others.
C)People sometimes find that they are more creative when isolated from others.
D)Most people report that they would prefer to live alone rather than with other people.

Question 24

Self-stereotyping occurs when individuals within a group attribute common group stereotypes to themselves.

Question 25

A psychology major who automatically favors psychology majors over other majors has succumbed to the ingroup-outgroup bias.

Question 26

Collectivistic cultures are competitive by nature,and shun people who do not do their personal best.

Question 27

Social categorization is a controlled process where individuals consider and evaluate their membership and status within groups.

Question 28

As individuals begin to identify more with groups,their view of themselves becomes more depersonalized.

Question 29

Perpetrators of extreme violence in schools (shootings)tended to be popular in school,but had recently experienced a social setback.

Question 30

Prolonged periods of undesired isolation can lead to depression,insomnia,and hallucinations.

Question 31

Most people display a two-stage reaction when excluded: first,they are sad but then,they become angry.

Question 32

Neurological studies suggest that pain associated with exclusion is psychological only,and it does not influence the brain the same way physical pain does.

Question 33

In collectivism,the needs of the individual are emphasized,as individuals need to collect primary resources to survive and reproduce.

Question 34

Natural selection suggests that evolution favored humans who could fend for themselves and not rely on others to meet their needs.

Question 35

Having lonely friends might also make a person lonely.

Question 36

Although most people enjoy the company of others for limited periods of time,it is generally accepted that human beings are individualistic and private by nature.

Question 37

According to Leary,the opposite of maximum inclusion is total ambivalence.

Question 38

The need to be assimilated by the group,the need to connect with friends,and the need for autonomy are central tenets of Brewer's optimal distinctiveness theory.

Question 39

Like a need for water,individuals feel a need to belong in social groups.

Question 40

When individuals play the Ultimatum Game,they tend to keep 90% of the money and offer about 10% to their partners.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Crowds and audiences reduce social loneliness,but not emotional loneliness.
B)Due the illness transmission,people who belong to many groups tend to be less healthy than people who belong to fewer groups.
C)Romantic relationships reduce emotional loneliness,but not necessarily social loneliness.
D)When people are alone they feel loneliness.

Question 42

Which statement is consistent with an evolutionary view of groups?

A)In most societies,humans tend toward individuality rather than sociality.
B)Studies show that human infants must be taught to form attachments to other humans,including their parents.
C)Protracted periods of social isolation have no effect on humans.
D)Evidence suggests that cooperative group life is a more evolutionary stable strategy than competition and individualism.
E)Children raised in isolation lack the ability to form warm relations with others.

Question 43

Judy does not know Roy,but she does know Don,who knows Roy.Judy's relationship to Roy is termed

A)remote
B)two degrees of separation.
C)reciprocal
D)transitional
E)disjunctive

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Individuals sometimes prefer to be alone,often reporting they find it "rejuvenating".
B)People isolated for long amounts of time write about the benefits of seclusion.
C)Telling individuals,they will live their rest of their life alone does not bother them.
D)Rational thought and cognitive abilities are unaffected by being isolated.
E)People who are excluded from groups show a rise in self-esteem.

Question 45

Which is not consistent with Kipling William's investigations of reactions to ostracism?

A)Women who have been ostracized work harder on collective tasks.
B)Men tend to respond to ostracism by reducing their input into the group.
C)Both men and women blamed themselves for being ostracized from the group.
D)Individuals who have been ostracized rated their group negatively.

Question 46

Which of the following people is most likely to NOT suffer due to exclusion from a group?

A)An individual who is shunned.
B)A person who is ostracized from a computer-based group.
C)An individual who seeks self-discovery or spirituality through isolation.
D)An explorer who is cut off from human contact during his/her adventures.

Question 47

Susan recently logged on to a chat room and started "chatting." However,no one in the online group paid any attention to her.Studies on cyberostracism suggest that Susan will most likely

A)sit quietly and wait until someone talks to her.
B)leave and start a new group by herself.
C)increase the amount of communication to the group.
D)stop going online.
E)exhibit no change in her behavior.

Question 48

Which one of the following is not emphasized by Triandis in his analysis of individualism-collectivism?

A)the significance of social relations
B)social obligations
C)time orientation
D)shared goals
E)members' self-conceptions

Question 49

Drawing on sociometer theory,which of the following people is most likely to NOT suffer due to exclusion from a group?

A)an individual who is shunned
B)a person who is ostracized from a computer-based group
C)a individual who is not asked to speak when she joins a group psychotherapy group
D)an explorer who is left behind by other members of the party
E)a person who is dropped,at random,from membership on a jury

Question 50

According to Kipling William's findings women,compared to men,are more likely display a ___ response to exclusion.

A)freezing
B)tending-and-befriending
C)fight-or-flight
D)reflexive
E)reflective

Question 51

According to Leary's sociometer model,self-esteem

A)is an indicator of self-love.
B)is based on self-appraisals of worth.
C)is an internal signal that warns of possible exclusion.
D)rises and falls with each success and each failure.
E)is created by individuals,rather than by groups.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true?

A)People who are excluded show neurological reactions that are like those from physical pain.
B)The two basic responses to exclusion are freezing up and expressing anger.
C)People are not able to reflect,rationally,on the causes of their exclusion from groups.
D)Research suggests that exclusion from online computer based groups yields none of the negative effects seen in rejection from face-to-face groups.
E)Men,more so than women,tend to respond to the threat of ostracism by trying to make amends for previous negative behavior.

Question 53

____ loneliness is to lack of friends as ____ loneliness is to lack of intimacy.

A)Social;emotional
B)Relative;isolation
C)Emotional;social
D)Isolation;relative

Question 54

Which list correctly sequences the stages in Kipling Williams' temporal need-threat model of ostracism?

A)rejection stage,discord stage,depression stage,release stage.
B)reflexive stage,reflective stage,resignation stage
C)fight stage,freezing stage,flight stage,
D)alarm stage,resistance stage,exhaustion stage
E)denial,coping stage,acceptance stage

Question 55

In Leary's model of self-esteem and groups,he coins the term "sociometer" to describe

A)a type of sociogram (social network chart)that indicates place in a group.
B)the hypothetical psychological gauge that calibrates feelings of acceptance in groups.
C)a research tool used to measure inclusion-exclusion in groups.
D)the inclusion-exclusion continuum.

Question 56

Gaertner studied the times that individuals were more likely to respond to rejection by seeking to harm the group that rejected them.He found aggression was highest when

A)those who rejected the individual did so physically,rather than just socially.
B)the group,rather than a single individual,rejected them.
C)the individual who was rejected had a history of psychological problems.
D)those who rejected the individual later accepted another person into their group.
E)the rejecting group was a prestigious one.

Question 57

An evolutionary perspective on groups assumes that

A)humans acquire their social tendencies through learning and experience.
B)seeking membership in groups by humans developed through evolution.
C)the fittest animal is the one that is most aggressive.
D)helping other people is rarely adaptive.

Question 58

Alan has just moved into the dormitory and does not know anyone else there.Even though he sees his girlfriend on weekends,he still feels unhappy and cut off from other people.Alan is experiencing

A)social loneliness.
B)social phobia.
C)emotional loneliness.
D)ostracism.

Question 59

Studies of inclusion and exclusion indicate that

A)people do not react negatively to rejection from groups.
B)individuals who respond negatively to exclusion tend to be insecure.
C)inclusion-exclusion is a continuum rather than an either-or process.
D)people,when excluded by a group,tend to rate the group more positively than people who are accepted by the group.

Question 60

Cynthia is distressed because she has no best friend or lover,whereas Andrew suffers because he has few friends or acquaintances.Cynthia is experiencing ___ and Andrew is experiencing ___.

A)downward social comparison;upward social comparison
B)love deprivation;social deprivation
C)emotional loneliness;social loneliness
D)group loneliness;dyadic loneliness
E)loneliness;social rejection

Question 61

Which statement is consistent with Brewer's optimal distinctiveness theory?

A)People prefer to merge completely with their groups rather than stand as individuals.
B)A sense of distinctiveness from others is optimal.
C)Individuals strive to balance the need for individuality with the need to be connected.
D)The sense of self has three components: the I,the me,and the we.

Question 62

Who is most likely to describe themselves in these terms: "I am friendly,hard-working,and like to watch TV"?

A)a person raised in Japan
B)a woman
C)an individualist (idiocentric)person
D)a collectivist (allocentric)person

Question 63

Ed tends toward collectivism rather than individualism.He will likely

A)prefer to split $100 earned by the group by giving more to members who worked harder.
B)describe himself as critical,extraverted,and intelligent rather than a Steeler's fan or a family man.
C)describe himself in terms of roles and relations rather than personal attributes.
D)live in the U.S.rather than an Asian country.
E)express a lack of respect for authorities.

Question 64

Which statement does not belong with the others?

A)I try to live my life independently of others.
B)I often do "my own thing."
C)I am the same person at home that I am at school.
D)I consider myself to be a team player.

Question 65

The concept of collectivism assumes the self

A)is based on our group's definition of who we are.
B)is a collection of individual components.
C)contains memories and qualities that are collected during our lifetimes.
D)is partly based on membership in groups.
E)does not exist.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Equity norms are fairer than equality norms.
B)Respect for authority is stressed more in individualistic cultures than collectivistic ones.
C)Collectivistic groups encourage competition among its members so the group prospers.
D)Individualistic groups are more tolerant of nonconformity than are collectivstic ones.

Question 67

Studies of Tajfel and Turner's minimal intergroup situation indicate that:

A)Intergroup situations can trigger stereotype threat.
B)People,when categorized into groups,tend to favor those groups.
C)People's social identities are determined primarily by social groups rather than social categories.
D)Group membership serves to increase members' sense of self-worth.

Question 68

Social identity theory argues that ____ a group precedes identification with a group.

A)derogation of
B)categorization in
C)individuation of
D)labeling of

Question 69

A(n)___ orientation or relationship focuses on the association between individuals who are concerned with what their partner gets rather than what they receive for themselves.

A)motivational
B)exchange
C)communal
D)equity

Question 70

Which of the following does not fit with the others?

A)exchange relationship
B)equity norm
C)communal
D)individual rights
E)competitive

Question 71

___ are a socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g. ,beliefs and expectations)about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a group or social category.

A)Categorizations
B)Stereotypes
C)Meta-contrasts
D)Social identifications
E)Heuristics

Question 72

100 people play the Ultimatum Game at your university,and each one suggests how to split $10.If they respond as most people do,most will offer $___ to their partner and keep $___ for themselves.

A)1 (or less);9 (or more)
B)2-3;7-8
C)4-5;5-6
D)6-7;3-4
E)8-9;1-2

Question 73

People living in ___ societies tend to offer more when they play the Ultimatum Game.

A)collectivistic
B)indigenous
C)individualistic
D)exchange
E)Western

Question 74

After taking a job in a library Jill not only begins to think of herself as a librarian,but she also takes on the qualities commonly attributed to librarians.Jill is engaged in

A)overcategorization.
B)self-stereotyping.
C)altercasting.
D)self-selection.
E)social comparison.

Question 75

A collectivistic person (allocentric)would likely DISAGREE with the following statement:

A)"To understand who I am,you must see me with members of my group."
B)"To me,pleasure is spending time with others."
C)"I would help,within my means,if a relative were in financial difficulty."
D)"I try to avoid disagreements with my group members."
E)"I like my privacy."

Question 76

According to social identity theory,when identification takes place

A)individuals take on the stereotypical qualities of their group.
B)individuals can identify which groups they belong to and which they do not.
C)other group members identify the individual as a member.
D)each individual bonds with another group member.
E)the personal identity decreases in size.

Question 77

Which of the following is not a need described by optimal distinctiveness theory?

A)need for control and stability
B)need to be assimilated by the group
C)need to be connected to friends and loved ones
D)need for autonomy and differentiation

Question 78

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Individualistic societies stress the needs of the individual first.
B)Collectivistic societies put the group and its members before the individual.
C)Individualists think of themselves as independent and free from group influence.
D)Although quite different,individualists and collectivists have similar relationship orientations.
E)Individualists are just as likely to spend time with friends and family as collectivists.

Question 79

Individuals who live in Virginia sometimes come to think of themselves as Virginians,and they also recognize people who live outside of Virginia are not Virginians.Their tendency to define themselves as members of this social category is known as a

A)social identity.
B)social tie.
C)categorical imperative.
D)network association.
E)shared nexus.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Collectivists emphasize respect for authority figures.
B)Individualists make decisions based on their attitudes,beliefs,and preferences.
C)Collectivists make decisions based on social norms and compromises.
D)Individualists actively avoid disagreement and dissent within the group.
E)Collectivists receive fulfillment from carrying out their duties,roles,and responsibilities.