Deck 14: Intergroup Relations

Question 1

How do people react,at an emotional level,when they encounter members of the outgroup?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Briefly describe the jigsaw technique.

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Use the concept of reciprocity to explain the conflict between the Eagles and the Rattlers.

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Identify theories of intergroup conflict that suggest disputes between groups are inevitable,and contrast them with theories that are more optimistic.

Question 5

What is the relationship between stereotypes and intergroup conflict? How do stereotypes influence perceptions?

Question 6

Use evolutionary theory to provide a fuller account of the expression,"Humans are,by nature,warlike."

Question 7

What is the minimal intergroup situation and what do studies using this paradigm tell us about the inevitability of intergroup conflict?

Question 8

Compare and contrast these two types of contact situations: extended contact hypothesis and the virtual contact hypothesis.

Question 9

Compare and contrast honor,dignity,and face cultures,and explain how each culture deals with conflict.

Question 10

Describe the procedures used and findings obtained by the Sherifs and their colleagues in the Robbers Cave Experiment.

Question 11

Explain the cognitive bases of each of the following statements: "They all look alike to me;" "You seen one,you seen them all;" "When I look at a person,I see the person: not his or her color."

Question 12

What is "realistic" about conflicts between groups,according to realistic group conflict theory?

Question 13

Interpret the following statement written by Allport in 1954: "The checkerboard of prejudice in the United States is perhaps the most intricate of all.While some of this endless antagonism seems based upon a realistic conflict of interests,most of it,we suspect,is a product of the fears of the imagination" (p.i).

Question 14

Use scapegoat theory to explain racial conflicts.

Question 15

Draw on the Robbers Cave Experiment (Sherif et al. ,1961)to identify the conditions that must be present in desegregated schools before contact between different racial groups will result in reductions in conflict.

Question 16

During intergroup conflict,males are usually treated more negatively by the outgroup than are females.Why?

Question 17

Describe how Insko,Schopler,and their colleagues study intergroup conflict.Summarize their findings in terms of the discontinuity effect.

Question 18

Summarize the basic assumptions of social dominance theory,and use it to explain people's reaction to "Vladimir's Choice."

Question 19

How do perpetrators of great violence against the members of other groups justify their actions?

Question 20

Give examples of the following categorization-based biases: outgroup homogeneity bias,group attribution error,ultimate attribution error,and linguistic intergroup bias.

Question 21

According to the law of small numbers,the bias of a groups is defined the bias of a few individuals within the group who influence the others.

Question 22

High SDO individuals strive to maximize their group's relative gain over other groups.

Question 23

In nearly all societies (91%),warfare with other societies is socially condemned and avoided if possible.

Question 24

Jigsaw learning groups is a form of conflict management that encourages rivals to put a puzzle together and air their differences in the process.

Question 25

Intergroup conflict can escalate to intergroup exploitation as each group attempts to maximize its own rewards regardless of the consequences for the outgroup.

Question 26

The situations studied the Sherifs and Insko and his colleagues all had one thing in common: competition between groups.

Question 27

The most effective way to prevent competition is the appeasement: When one group responds with competitive actions,the other group should respond with cooperative reactions.

Question 28

The ingroup-outgroup bias,at the national scale,is called ethnocentrism.

Question 29

Superordinate goals are goals designed by one group to dominate or exclude an outgroup.

Question 30

The core emotions emphasized in the Stereotype Content Model are contempt,anger,pity,and hate.

Question 31

The extended contact hypothesis argues conflict will be reduced only if the contact conditions last for a prolonged period.

Question 32

Hobbes believed that humans are,by nature,violent,whereas Rousseau believed humans,in their pristine state,are gentle.

Question 33

The ultimate attribution error occurs when positive outgroup behaviors are attributed to internal dispositions and negative outgroup actions are attributed to the environment.

Question 34

Greed,anonymity,and fear contribute to groups being more competitive than individuals.

Question 35

The root of conflict,according to the realistic group conflict theory,is competition for scarce resources.

Question 36

Scapegoat theory provides an answer for one particularly irrational form of intergroup conflict: two minority groups attacking each other instead of the dominant majority group that victimizes them both.

Question 37

The contact hypothesis states that equal status contact between two groups will increase hostility.

Question 38

Evolutionary theory maintains that intergroup conflict leads to increases in intragroup cohesion.

Question 39

Early studies suggested that contact works only under specific circumstances,but more recent work by Pettigrew and Tropp suggests contact works even in relatively adverse circumstances.

Question 40

As the discontinuity effect predicts,the aggressiveness of a group is the sum of the aggressiveness of each individual member.

Question 41

According to studies conducted by Insko and his colleagues,which type of interaction would likely generate the most conflict?

A)one-on-one
B)within-group
C)one-on-group
D)group-on-one
E)group-on-group

Question 42

Insko and his colleagues believe that the discontinuity effect is caused by

A)people's relatively greater distrust of groups.
B)social identity processes.
C)stereotypes that are socially shared among group members.
D)changes in personality processes that occur in group settings.

Question 43

Insko and his colleagues' studies of conflict indicate that

A)groups have a subduing effect on individuals,so they tend to inhibit conflict.
B)intragroup conflict is stronger than intergroup conflict.
C)interacting groups are more competitive than individuals.
D)competition over resources inhibits conflict.
E)pairs are more competitive than triads.

Question 44

At the Robbers Cave,the Sherifs fueled intergroup conflict by

A)manipulating the group leaders.
B)promoting intergroup competition.
C)faking intergroup attacks.
D)giving one group special privileges.
E)promoting intragroup competition.

Question 45

The boys who participated in the Robbers Cave study were

A)from inner city juvenile delinquent gangs.
B)identified by their teachers as very aggressive.
C)normal,well-adjusted 11-year-old boys.
D)repeatedly reminded by the staff that the other group was the "enemy."
E)not permitted to talk to the other group.

Question 46

In the Robbers Cave experiment,the Sherifs formed groups by

A)letting the boys join the team they preferred.
B)assigning the boys to two groups so that friends were clustered together.
C)contacting already existing groups and asking them to participate.
D)picking up the boys on different days and keeping them apart for one week.

Question 47

Insko and his colleagues,in cross-generational studies of social evolutionary processes,found that

A)groups of women were more rebellious than groups of men.
B)groups with coercive power tended to get lazy,preferring to confiscate products rather than work to produce them.
C)military subjugation is superior to economic subjugation.
D)only one group reacted to oppression by sabotaging products and working slowly.

Question 48

Insko and his colleagues call the level of conflict displayed during intergroup conflict the "discontinuity effect" because

A)such conflicts disrupt relationships so substantially.
B)the abrupt increases and decreases in conflict are not continuous.
C)groups are markedly more competitive than individuals.
D)such conflicts spiral upward so rapidly.

Question 49

Sue has hated Eskadors ever since the scholarship to college she sought was given to an Eskadorian rather than her.Her reaction illustrates ___ theory.

A)scapegoat
B)realistic conflict
C)discontinuity
D)evolutionary
E)social categorization

Question 50

In ___ cultures,it is considered unnecessary to react aggressively against others,for that would disrupt social harmony;the group will intervene and deal with the conflict,if necessary.

A)Face
B)Honor
C)Dignity
D)Veritas

Question 51

The tendency for conflict to encourage further conflict is best explained by

A)the norm of reciprocity.
B)a value shaping process.
C)an excitation transfer effect.
D)the inclusive aggression norm.

Question 52

Which is true concerning social dominance orientation (SDO)?

A)High SDO individuals strive to maximize their group's relative gain over other groups.
B)Low SDO individuals focus on individual competition,rather than group-level competition.
C)Those who focus on "equalizing conditions for all groups" are high in SDO.
D)High SDO goes hand in hand with the fundamental attribution error.
E)Those who prefer peaceful solutions to conflict lack a SDO.

Question 53

Which one is a hallmark of a social dominance orientation?

A)Authorities should be respected and obeyed.
B)People cannot be trusted to do the right thing.
C)Might makes right,in most cases.
D)Some groups are inferior to other groups.
E)Social equality will generate fewer problems in the long run.

Question 54

Insko and his colleagues have examined the impact of coercive power on conflict using a cross-generational procedure.These studies suggest that

A)social evolutionary processes cannot be simulated.
B)the use of coercive power disrupts systems of production.
C)economic power is as contentious as coercive power.
D)the "idle rich" hypothesis is not true.

Question 55

The conflict between the Hatfields and the McCoys is best explained in terms of

A)social identity processes.
B)the discontinuity effect.
C)ingroup-outgroup processes.
D)negative reciprocity.
E)stereotyping.

Question 56

Which is one of the factors Insko and his colleagues have identified as a potential cause of the discontinuity effect?

A)Members are embarrassed to be display hostility before other group members.
B)Members of interacting groups support a norm of tolerance for the outgroup.
C)People do not wish to appear greedy,particularly if the rest of the group is willing to share.
D)People expect intergroup relations to be more unfriendly and aggressive.
E)People do not consider the members of the other group to humans.

Question 57

According to the ___ theory of conflict,when a group of people experiences frustration,tensions build up that must eventually be released.The group releases these tensions by attacking an innocent group.

A)scapegoat
B)social identity
C)evolutionary
D)normative
E)realistic group conflict

Question 58

Realistic conflict theory emphasizes the link between conflict and

A)perceptions.
B)competition.
C)aggression.
D)social categorization.

Question 59

According to ___ theory,wariness of outgroup members-and even the propensity to take hostile actions against them-was so essential to human's survival in earlier epochs that nature favored those who engaged in intergroup conflict over those who were pacifistic.

A)scapegoat
B)social identity
C)evolutionary
D)normative
E)realistic group conflict

Question 60

The concept of a conflict spiral describes

A)increased physical arousal that occurs during conflict.
B)increasingly negative exchanges between parties in conflict.
C)reciprocal misperceptions that occur during conflict.
D)the relationship between conflict and intergroup contact.
E)a method for resolving conflict.

Question 61

When categorization occurs,people usually (although not always)assume

A)the ingroup is homogeneous and the outgroup is heterogeneous.
B)the ingroup is heterogeneous and the outgroup is homogeneous.
C)both groups are homogeneous.
D)both groups are heterogeneous.

Question 62

The members of the minimal groups Tajfel and Turner created to study social categorization processes

A)were usually good friends.
B)disliked one another prior to the study's start.
C)interacted intensively before distributing the money.
D)knew practically nothing about of the other members of their group.
E)were told that the members of the outgroup were "bad" and undeserving.

Question 63

Which of the following is more likely?

A)When an outgroup member behaves heroically,Ed says "that is just the kind of people they are."
B)When an outgroup member robs a bank,Eds says "times are hard,aren't they?"
C)When an ingroup member steals,Ed says "He took some money from someone else."
D)When Ed sees an outgroup member sporting an unusual tattoo,Ed says "what a weird dude."
E)When an outgroup member steals,Ed says "I thought those people were honest."

Question 64

The Implicit Association Test (IAT)developed by Greenwald measures ingroup-outgroup bias by

A)asking individuals to report their attitudes toward fictitious groups.
B)watching individuals as they interact with the members of other groups.
C)measuring the tendency to associate the ingroup with positive concepts and the outgroup with negative ones.
D)measuring heart rate and blood pressure when shown images of the outgroup.
E)using fMRI methods that chart the activation of positive and negative areas of the brain.

Question 65

___ theory suggests that prejudice is an instinctive,biologically adaptive aspect of human existence that will be difficult to ever eliminate.

A)Scapegoat
B)Social identity
C)Evolutionary
D)Normative
E)Realistic group conflict

Question 66

Jeremy went on a summer vacation to Europe and stayed in Paris for one night.He took a taxi to his hotel and felt that the driver was extremely rude.Upon his return,a friend of Jeremy's asked him how the people in Europe were,and Jeremy responded that everyone in France is rude.Jeremy has fallen prey to the

A)extremity bias.
B)group attribution error.
C)ingroup differentiation bias.
D)law of small numbers.
E)outgroup heterogeneity bias.

Question 67

The ___ bias is the tendency for us to believe that individuals in another group are very similar to one another.

A)extremity
B)group attribution
C)ingroup differentiation
D)law of small numbers
E)outgroup homogeneity

Question 68

Stereotypes

A)are widely adopted by many people rather than by single individuals.
B)tend to be so exaggerated that they are inaccurate.
C)tend to be negative rather than positive.
D)are resistant to revision when new,disconfirming,evidence is acquired.
E)have all the qualities listed here.

Question 69

Using the minimal group paradigm,Tajfel and Turner concluded that intergroup conflict is caused by ___ itself,rather than competition or other interpersonal processes.

A)categorization
B)prejudice
C)negative norms
D)the ingroup-outgroup bias

Question 70

When Anne,a visitor to the U.S.from Europe,learns that voters elected Donald Trump,she assumes that everyone in the U.S.likes Trump.She has fallen prey to

A)stereotyped thinking.
B)the law of small numbers
C)a group attribution error.
D)double-standard thinking.
E)a prototype.

Question 71

Christopher,who lives in Iowa,is talking about people from Illinois."We are thrifty,but they are miserly.We are cautious,but they are fainthearted.We are slow to change,but they refuse to ever change at all." Christopher's reaction illustrates

A)double-standard thinking.
B)a group attribution error.
C)the ingroup differentiation bias.
D)adherence to the law of small numbers.
E)the outgroup homogeneity bias.

Question 72

Stereotypes,while not intrinsically prejudicial,tend to

A)discourage generalizations about the outgroup.
B)be accurate but too negative.
C)be positively toned.
D)be inflexible and hard to change.

Question 73

While waiting for the bus,you see a 20-year-old man dressed in shorts and football helmet.You say to yourself,"Look,a jock." The process exemplifies

A)competition.
B)social categorization.
C)scapegoating.
D)differentiation

Question 74

Studies of moral exclusion indicate that groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group

A)are inherently evil people,like the Nazis.
B)believe that the outgroup is evil and morally worthless.
C)are in an agentic state where independent action is impossible.
D)are no longer acting on their own morals and instead follow the group's morals.

Question 75

A(n)___ is a socially shared cognitive generalization about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a certain group or social category.

A)stereotype
B)law of small numbers
C)group attribution error
D)extremity bias
E)prototype

Question 76

The stereotype content model recognizes that stereotypes vary in content,but that they share several key dimensions.One dimension is warmth: some groups are viewed positively,others are viewed negatively.The other dimension is

A)similarity to the ingroup.
B)judged competence of the outgroup.
C)competitiveness of the outgroup.
D)size of the outgroup.
E)activity level of members of the other group.

Question 77

Which expression is consistent with the outgroup homogeneity bias?

A)"They all look alike to me."
B)"We are all individuals who can't be easily described."
C)"We are thrifty,but they are miserly."
D)"You got to see 'em to believe 'em"
E)"He is just like all the rest."

Question 78

Frank is from Eskador.Frank thinks Eskadors,as a group,are better than the Uminiacs,even though the two groups are nearly identical in terms of attractiveness and effectiveness.The best term to use to describe Frank's reaction is

A)the social identity error.
B)the ingroup-outgroup bias.
C)an identification outlook.
D)social categorization.

Question 79

I view the outgroup as highly competent,but I remain negative in my overall evaluation of them.According to the stereotype content model I am mostly likely to feel ___ when I interact with that group.

A)pity
B)contempt
C)envy
D)admiration

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Anthropologists have been unable to identify any tribes or societies that do not engage in intergroup conflict.
B)Fossil evidence indicates ancient human groups (tribes)cooperated with each other;conflict between groups was rare.
C)Conflict with outgroups is usually socially condemned,but considered a necessary evil.
D)The Yanomano were a uniquely violent culture.
E)Intergroup conflict,although not a human universal,is common across societies and eras.