Deck 2: The Causes of Childhood Disorders: A Levels of Analysis Approach

Question 1

If we found that children were more similar to their adoptive parents than their biological parents in rule-following behavior,what could we conclude?

A) Genes are irrelevant for rule-following behavior.
B) Genetic factors play a larger role in rule-following behavior than environmental factors do.
C) Environmental factors play a larger role in rule-following behavior than genetic factors do.
D) There must be a gene for rule-following behavior.

Answer 1

Environmental factors play a larger role in rule-following behavior than genetic factors do.

Question 2

What is a trinucleotide?

A) the combination of a base pair, deoxyribose, and a phosphate
B) the combination of three amino acids
C) Three genes
D) three nucleotides arranged together in the ladder

Answer 2

three nucleotides arranged together in the ladder

Question 3

Martina and Zenia are siblings who grew up in Illinois.Martina,2 years older,loved to dance and play dress-up,while Zenia liked to bike and pick flowers.Which of the following would be considered a nonshared environmental factor for Martina and Zenia?

A) growing up in Illinois
B) having a sister
C) having an interest in activities
D) the particular activities they most enjoyed

Answer 3

the particular activities they most enjoyed

Question 4

Which of the following is true of genes?

A) Genes determine our behavior.
B) Genes determine all of our physical traits but not our behavior.
C) Genes form a blueprint for the body's creation of proteins.
D) Genes form a blueprint for the body's creation of amino acids.

Question 5

Imagine that Dr.Alvarez and Dr.Chao find that some individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)have a particular allele that those without OCD do not.Which of the following conclusions would be most warranted?

A) that the allele is partially responsible for the disorder
B) that individuals without the allele cannot have OCD
C) that identical twins who both have the allele would both have OCD
D) that if we could modify this allele, we could cure OCD

Question 6

Mitosis ______.

A) forms autosomes
B) involves recombination of genetic material
C) is not the most common way in which cells form
D) lends genetic diversity to a population

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT part of DNA?

A) sugars
B) phosphates
C) pairs of bases
D) histones

Question 8

Which of the following best describes an allele?

A) a gene
B) a slight variation in a gene that can influence the development of different traits
C) a malformed chromosome
D) a nucleotide

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true of histones?

A) They are proteins.
B) They can have genes inside them.
C) They have genes wrapped around them.
D) They can turn genes on and off by binding to them in particular ways.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the point of the blind men and the elephant story in the text,as it pertains to mental disorders?

A) Different perspectives on mental illness work for different disorders.
B) No particular approach to understanding mental disorders is best overall.
C) Using only one approach to understanding mental disorders will yield an understanding that does not reflect the disorder at all.
D) Children's disorders are complex and multiply determined; they can be most fully understood using multiple perspectives.

Question 11

What is the logic behind a twin study?

A) If monozygotic twins, who show 100% genetic similarity, have greater behavioral concordance on a given trait than dizygotic twins do, that trait is at least partially genetically determined.
B) If dizygotic twins, who show 100% genetic similarity, have greater behavioral concordance on a given trait than monozygotic twins do, that trait is at least partially genetically determined.
C) If monozygotic twins, who show 100% genetic similarity, have greater behavioral concordance on a given trait than dizygotic twins do there is a gene for the trait that these twins share.
D) If dizygotic twins, who show 100% genetic similarity, have greater behavioral concordance on a given trait than monozygotic twins do there is a gene for the trait that these twins share.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true of the chronosystem?

A) It describes how influences vary across a child's development.
B) It describes how influences have changed across generations.
C) It describes how our perception of the passage of time changes as we age.
D) It was considered a fifth system by Bronfenbrenner.

Question 13

What is the logic behind family studies?

A) Families share a culture and customs and hence are likely to be behaviorally similar with respect to disorders.
B) Some siblings in a family have stronger emotional relationships with one another which will lead these individuals to be more similar in their development and expression of disorders.
C) If the disorder is partially determined by genetics, biologically related individuals will be affected by the same psychological disorder at a higher rate.
D) If the disorder is partially determined by genetics, siblings will be more likely to share the disorder than parents and their children will.

Question 14

Distal factors on development are represented in which system of Bronfenbrenner's model?

A) exosystem
B) microsystem
C) mesosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 15

In what way is an adoption study different than a family study?

A) Adoption studies better dissociate genetic and environmental effects.
B) Adoption studies better investigate the changes in behavior over time.
C) Adoption studies tend to have a broader number of potential participants.
D) Adoption studies are more representative of the general population than family studies are.

Question 16

In what ways do adoptive parents tend to differ from biological parents?

A) Adoptive parents are more likely to have mental health problems.
B) Adoptive parents are less likely to have high income.
C) Adoptive parents are more likely to have higher educational backgrounds.
D) Adoptive parents are more likely to have multiple other children.

Question 17

Autosomes ______.

A) look the same in both males and females
B) differ in males and females
C) form 2 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes
D) contain exactly half of an individual's genetic material

Question 18

The mesosystem ______.

A) includes influences that are neither proximal nor distal
B) does not include family
C) refers to the connections between microsystems
D) refers to changes that affect microsystems but do not impact children

Question 19

How does a linkage study differ from an association study?

A) A linkage study starts by examining a specific gene, while an association study starts by studying the entire genome.
B) An association study starts by examining a specific gene, while a linkage study starts by studying the entire genome.
C) A linkage study examines multiple individuals of different families, while an association study examines only individuals in a single family.
D) An association study examines multiple individuals of different families, while a linkage study examines only individuals in a single family.

Question 20

Researchers hypothesized that a particular gene that affects the neurotransmitter dopamine was involved in schizophrenia and then identified one group of subjects with schizophrenia and another without and examined whether the two groups had different alleles for the candidate gene.This is a(n) ______.

A) family study
B) linkage study
C) association study
D) behavioral study

Question 21

The diathesis-stress model is especially helpful in explaining which of the following?

A) multifinality
B) equifinality
C) homotypic continuity
D) genetic determination

Question 22

Low-income parents may have less access to quality medical care,less access to nutritious foods,and a lack of time and other resources to take children on educational outings,such as to the zoo or a museum.This is an example of which type of gene-environment correlation for lower intelligence?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) epigenetic

Question 23

The major difference between MRI and fMRI is that ______.

A) in MRI, only one picture of the brain is taken, while in fMRI multiple pictures are
B) fMRI measures activity in the brain while tasks are performed, not just the structure of the brain
C) fMRI uses X-rays, while MRI does not
D) MRI involves oxygenated hemoglobin concentration, while fMRI involves voxels

Question 24

Which of the following best describes the results of a recent epigenetic study of children with behavior problems (Dadds et al,2016),as discussed in the text?

A) There was no relationship between epigenetic structures and disruptive behavior problems.
B) There were changes in epigenetic structures in boys with disruptive behavior problems, but not in girls with the same problems.
C) Children's levels of stress hormones and their severity of behavior problems were associated with changes in their epigenetic structure.
D) Children with disruptive behavior problems who were under the age of 8 saw changes in their epigenetic structure, but children older than 8 did not.

Question 25

The main idea of the gene-environment correlation model is ______.

A) we sometimes select environments that complement our genotypes
B) gene linkages mean some family environments are more similar than others
C) when stressful life circumstances occur, we see the effects of our genes more than in nonstressful circumstances
D) genes and environment are independent

Question 26

Your text describes a study by Avshalom Caspi and colleagues investigating the relationship between child maltreatment and later depression.Which of the following best describes the results?

A) Maltreated children were at higher risk of depression than nonmaltreated children, irrespective of genes.
B) Children who had one or two short alleles of the serotonin transporter gene were likely to develop depression in adulthood, even without maltreatment.
C) Children with two long alleles of the serotonin transporter gene were not likely to develop depression even if they experienced maltreatment.
D) Children with two short alleles were more likely to experience maltreatment than other children.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of gene-environment correlations?

A) passive
B) active
C) epigenetic
D) evocative

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a distal factor directly influencing child development?

A) Exposure to asbestos is detrimental to child development and asbestos is more commonly found in older homes, which are more likely to be lived in by low-income individuals.
B) Parents arguing over childcare issues are engaged in more hostile-coercive parenting, which in turn predicts the development of children's behavior problems.
C) Parents with a genetic predisposition toward low empathy often pass this tendency on to their kids.
D) The effects of parental psychotherapy on children's behavior depends on parents' socioeconomic status (SES).

Question 29

Recent epigenetic research in humans discussed in the text found which of the following?

A) Intrusive or anxious parenting led to higher stress responses in children. This was reflected in the epigenetic structures of the children.
B) Infants of depressed mothers showed different epigenetic structures than infants of nondepressed mothers, suggesting that these early caregiving experiences might affect epigenetic activity.
C) Infants of neglectful parents showed epigenetic structures that suggested these early experiences did not affect epigenetic activity in children.
D) No epigenetic effects have yet been found in humans.

Question 30

Niche-picking is most consistent with ______.

A) the diathesis-stress model
B) active gene-environment correlation
C) passive gene-environment correlation
D) evocative gene-environment correlation

Question 31

Which of the following types of studies would a behavioral geneticist NOT conduct?

A) family
B) adoption
C) twin
D) linkage

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of epigenetics?

A) It indicates that environmental factors can affect a person's genotype in a way that can be inherited by the person's children.
B) It involves the histone.
C) It changes the DNA sequences a person has.
D) Epigenetic structures can turn genes "on"  and "off."

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a primary advantage of MRI over CT,as described in your text?

A) MRI does not subject individuals to radiation.
B) MRI is safe enough to be used repeatedly with healthy children.
C) MRI yields clearer and more precise pictures of the brain.
D) MRI scans take much less time than CT scans do.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the social systems Bronfenbrenner proposed?

A) microsystem
B) interosystem
C) mesosystem
D) exosystem

Question 35

Which of the following environmental factors has NOT been proven to alter genetic structures through epigenetics,according to the text?

A) diet
B) smoking
C) exposure to disease
D) overcrowding

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a true way in which computed tomography (CT)differs from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A) CT scanning involves taking multiple images of the brain, while MRI takes only a single 3D image.
B) CT scanning involves X-rays, while MRI involves radiofrequency energy.
C) CT scanning is not considered safe for children, while MRI is.
D) CT scanning was developed earlier than MRI was.

Question 37

Your text describes a study (Castellanos et al.,2002)in which MRI was used to scan the brains of children with and without ADHD.Which of the following was true of this study?

A) It was a functional MRI study.
B) The authors compared the volumes of the motor cortices in the two groups.
C) The authors found that children with ADHD showed a reduction in frontal cortex volume compared to children without ADHD.
D) Researchers found no differences in the size of brain regions between the groups, lending more support for an environmental theory of the disorder.

Question 38

Evocative gene-environment correlations are ______.

A) those in which the child's phenotype influences the reactions of others
B) those that emphasize the role of memory in child behavior training
C) ways in which anecdotes about the child lead others to form hypotheses about the child's future behavior
D) the ways in which children are genetically similar to their parents

Question 39

Which of the following was the first demonstration of epigenetics?

A) Rats whose mothers were nurturing by licking and grooming their pups was associated with a gene that regulates stress response unwinding from a histone, allowing it to become active. This was associated with better coping with stress in adulthood and affected the way they nurtured their pups.
B) Humans whose background included physical abuse were likely to have a gene that regulates stress response wind more tightly on a histone, preventing it from becoming active. This was associated with withdrawal from social interactions and with more neglectful parenting of their own children.
C) Rats who were shocked the first four times they saw their mother had a gene that regulates stress response wind more tightly on a histone, preventing it from becoming active. This was associated with a lack of exploratory behavior and an overprotective relationship with their own pups.
D) Mice who were raised in the absence of other mice had a gene that regulated sociability wind from a histone, allowing it to become active. This was associated with abnormal later interactions with other mice and an inability to pass on normal socialization to their own pups.

Question 40

Which is true of twins?

A) Monozygotic twins always share a genotype but may have different phenotypes.
B) Dizygotic twins always share a genotype but may have different phenotypes.
C) Monozygotic twins always share a phenotype but may have different genotypes.
D) Dizygotic twins always share a phenotype but may have different genotypes.

Question 41

Which of the following lobes of the brain is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

A) occipital lobe; vision
B) temporal lobe; hearing, language
C) parietal lobe; expression and regulation of emotion
D) frontal lobe; problem-solving and memory

Question 42

If neuronal communication were like a telephone communication,the ______ would be the caller.

A) cell body
B) axon
C) dendrites
D) myelin

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true of the cerebellum?

A) It is responsible for balance.
B) It is thought to play a role in neural gracefulness and efficiency.
C) It develops rapidly between the ages of 3 and 5.
D) It is located near the back of the brain.

Question 44

In what ways are the amygdala and hippocampus different?

A) only the amygdala is part of the limbic system
B) only the amygdala plays a role in emotional processing
C) only the amygdala is located deep inside the brain
D) only the hippocampus plays a role in the formation of emotion-laden memories.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?

A) medulla
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) midbrain

Question 46

If you patted the top of a brain,which lobe would you touch?

A) parietal
B) temporal
C) frontal
D) occipital

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A) planning
B) remembering
C) organizing
D) prioritizing activity

Question 48

Which part of the brain discussed in your text most aids in our understanding of fear?

A) basal ganglia
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 49

Your text describes a study by Dunn,Menon,and Reiss (2006)that used fMRI to measure brain response while adolescents with ADHD and those without were asked to respond differentially to different shapes on a screen.The results of this study indicated that ______.

A) though performance on the task was impaired for the adolescents with ADHD, the brain responses of the two groups were indistinguishable
B) performance on the task was impaired for the adolescents with ADHD, and those with ADHD showed more activity in certain brain regions, including the motor cortex, than their healthy peers
C) there was no difference in performance between groups, but there was greater activity in the motor cortex in those with ADHD
D) those with ADHD showed significantly less activity in certain brain areas (i.e., their parietal lobes) compared to their healthy peers

Question 50

Myelination ______.

A) slows down neural activity to make it more precise
B) only occurs during the teenage years
C) continues at a rapid rate until age 10
D) dramatically increases in the third trimester of gestation

Question 51

As described in your textbook,which of the following deficits that would influence interpersonal relationships is INCORRECTLY paired with the disorder in which it can occur?

A) The ability to imitate others' actions may be impaired in children with learning disorders.
B) The ability to empathize with others may be impaired in children with ASD.
C) The ability to regulate their own behavior may be impaired in children with ADHD.
D) Basic social communication skills may be impaired in children with OCD.

Question 52

Which of the following regions of the brain develops first?

A) brainstem
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) limbic system

Question 53

Which is true of neurotransmitters?

A) They increase the negative charge of the neuron, making it more likely for the neuron to become active.
B) GABA is a major excitatory neurotransmitter.
C) Only excitatory neurotransmitters can be affected by psychotropic medications.
D) Inhibitory neurotransmitters make it less likely that the neuron will become active.

Question 54

Problems with emotion regulation are associated with ______.

A) ADHD
B) learning disabilities
C) depressive disorders
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 55

The brainstem is responsible for ______.

A) balance
B) concentration
C) anxiety
D) basic metabolic functions

Question 56

Which of the following is true of synaptic pruning?

A) After birth, the biggest period of synaptic pruning happens around age 10.
B) It is a waste of neural connections.
C) It allows the brain to process information more efficiently.
D) It is always associated with psychopathology.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

A) movement control
B) regulating sleep and alertness
C) filtering incoming information from the senses and relaying it for processing to other brain regions
D) attention and emotion

Question 58

The brain's capacity to change its structure and/or functioning in response to environmental experiences is called ______.

A) canalization
B) apotosis
C) plasticity
D) sensitive period

Question 59

Canalization refers to ______.

A) the interaction of genes and environment in brain development
B) the importance of the embryonic environment in development
C) the migration of neurons form the center of the brain during development
D) the importance of genes over experience in embryonic development

Question 60

Apoptosis ______.

A) is a rapid neuronal death associated with severe childhood disorders
B) is death of almost 100% of previously developed neurons
C) is a necessary period of rapid cell death thought to make way for more important neural connections
D) occurs at about 8 months gestation

Question 61

There is a theory that children sometimes act out to gain attention.Under this theory,if parents scold children when they act out,children will do so more often.In this case,the scolding is ______.

A) positively reinforcing
B) negatively reinforcing
C) positively punishing
D) negatively punishing

Question 62

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired with the stage in which it occurs?

A) object permanence; sensorimotor
B) theory of mind; preoperational
C) egocentrism; concrete operations
D) logical/deductive reasoning; formal operations

Question 63

What is the difference between brain development being experience-expectant versus being experience-dependent?

A) Experience-expectant refers mostly to infancy and early life while experience-dependent refers mostly to late life.
B) Experience-dependent refers mostly to infancy and early life while experience-expectant refers mostly to late life
C) Experience-expectant refers to sensory experiences whereas experience-dependent refers to motor experiences
D) Experience-dependent refers to sensory experiences whereas experience-expectant refers to motor experiences

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental ability upon which young children's friendships are based?

A) imitating others' actions
B) having basic competence with language
C) understanding the self as an autonomous agent
D) understanding cause-and-effect relationships

Question 65

Which of the following do the results of hemispherectomy (the removal of the parietal lobe of one hemisphere)support?

A) biological influences on brain development
B) the scope of neural plasticity
C) the sensitive period for language and motor development
D) the inflexibility of most brain functions

Question 66

Object permanence is associated with which of Piaget's stages?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 67

When do intimate relationships first develop?

A) 2-4 years
B) 4-6 years
C) 6-9 years
D) 9-12 years

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) It holds that there are five stages of cognitive development.
B) The stages are in a fixed order.
C) The stages increase in complexity.
D) Not all individuals reach the final stage.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of flooding?

A) It is usually more effective than graded exposure.
B) It is usually more rapid than graded exposure.
C) It is more commonly used with kids than graded exposure is.
D) It typically elicits less distress than graded exposure does.

Question 70

Which of the following examples of synaptogenesis was NOT discussed in the text?

A) Rats living in enriched living environments show differences in brain structure and functioning compared to rats in typical cages.
B) Humans who receive extensive training in Braille show increases in the size of brain regions responsible for processing the sense of touch.
C) Humans who are pastry chefs can distinguish more sweet flavors than other kinds of chefs can.
D) Skilled musicians show a reorganization of brain regions responsible for controlling the finger positions of their instruments.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT true of modeling?

A) It is a primary mechanism of behavior acquisition.
B) It is especially likely to result in learning when the model is reinforced.
C) It is especially likely to result in learning if the model is similar in age to the observing child.
D) It is especially likely to result in learning if the model is a boy, irrespective of the gender of the observing child.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the three principal ways in which learning occurs,according to learning theory?

A) through classical conditioning
B) through operant conditioning
C) through social imitation or modeling
D) through studying

Question 73

Which is true of punishment?

A) It tends to be more effective than reinforcement.
B) It is preferred by clinicians to correct a child's behavior problems.
C) It can be used therapeutically in some instances.
D) It is never recommended by therapists.

Question 74

The primary shift toward intimate romantic relationships entails ______.

A) developing vulnerability
B) developing love
C) viewing partners as autonomous and with intrinsic worth
D) viewing rejection as a part of relationships

Question 75

Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?

A) a parent praising a child for her excellent sharing behavior
B) a parent scolding a child for her excellent sharing behavior
C) a parent telling a child that because she shared so nicely, she doesn't have to wash the dishes that night
D) a parent telling a child that because she shared so nicely, she gets to wash the dishes that night

Question 76

Huynh has an intense fear of flying.If his therapist were to use flooding,______.

A) he might have Huynh take a cross-country flight, likely with the therapist along
B) he might first show Huynh a picture of an airplane, then take him to the airport to watch planes taking off, then sit inside a nonmoving airplane
C) he might put Huynh's favorite foods and people on an airplane
D) he might tell Huynh to think about as many things other than airplanes as possible

Question 77

Which of the following is the best example of how social information processing can influence psychological disorders?

A) A child is bullied and stops interacting with his bullies.
B) A child is bullied and begins to bully others.
C) A child is bullied and believes that others have aggressive intentions toward him as well.
D) A child is bullied and believes himself to be worthy of the bullying.

Question 78

Andrea spits her food out all over the floor.Andrea's mother asks Andrea to pick it up.But instead,Andrea runs away to play with her dolls.Which of the following would be an example of negative reinforcement in this case?

A) Mom says, "your dolls wouldn't leave food on the floor!"
B) The mom, exasperated, cleans the floor herself.
C) The mom takes away the dolls because Andrea didn't listen.
D) The mom says in a threatening manner, "I'll tell your dad about this when he gets home."

Question 79

Which of the following is true of conservation?

A) It is acquired during formal operations.
B) It concerns the world of abstraction and ideas.
C) It refers to the idea that though objects may change in appearance, their amount or quantity remains constant.
D) It cannot be acquired before age 7.

Question 80

Yesenia was listening to the Beatles on her phone while walking home from school when a rabbit darted out into the street and was hit by a car.The rabbit flew through the air and landed right in front of her,where it died.After this,Yesenia can no longer hear the Beatles without bursting into tears and visibly shaking.Which of the following best describes the onset of Yesenia's problem?

A) The Beatles were the unconditioned stimulus and seeing the rabbit die was the conditioned stimulus.
B) The Beatles were the conditioned stimulus and seeing the rabbit die was the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The Beatles were the conditioned response and seeing the rabbit die was the unconditioned response.
D) Bursting into tears and visibly shaking is the conditioned response and seeing the rabbit die was the conditioned stimulus.