Deck 5: Intellectual Disability and Developmental

Question 1

Every night,Melinda throws the utensils when asked to set the dinner table.Which of the following is true?

A) Having Melinda pick up the utensils, wash them, and reset the table would be an example of overcorrection.
B) Having Melinda practice setting the table in the morning would be an example of positive practice because it comes before the anticipated unacceptable behavior of that evening.
C) Having Melinda no longer set the table would be an example of negative punishment.
D) Ignoring Melinda's outburst would be a response cost.

Answer 1

Having Melinda pick up the utensils, wash them, and reset the table would be an example of overcorrection.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains of adaptive functioning?

A) conceptual
B) social
C) academic
D) practical

Answer 2

academic

Question 3

Marty has an intellectual disability.He has difficulty in a variety of domains and one of these is when bowling.He doesn't wait his turn and often bowls other bowlers' frames.This reflects difficulties in which domain?

A) conceptual
B) social
C) academic
D) practical

Answer 3

social

Question 4

What is the moral of the broken-pot story in your text?

A) Once a person is broken, he or she cannot be fixed.
B) Sometimes trying to fix something breaks it even more.
C) Every person has dignity and value.
D) The value of a person is in how much he or she can do all the things that other people can do.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of self-injurious behaviors (SIBs)?

A) Almost all children with intellectual disability engage in SIBs.
B) SIBs are most commonly seen in children with severe and profound intellectual and adaptive impairments.
C) SIBs are less common in individuals with comorbid intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
D) Eye gouging is the most common SIB.

Question 6

What is the main difference between response cost and time out?

A) Response cost is positive punishment, while time out is negative punishment.
B) Response cost is implemented by therapists, while time out is implemented by parents or caregivers.
C) Response cost is the withdrawal of a specific quantity of reinforcers, while time out is the withdrawal of reinforcers for a specific amount of time.
D) Response cost has been shown to be effective, while time out has not.

Question 7

Neil has been having tantrums.Neil's behavior analyst tells Neil's mom to ignore Neil's next tantrum.Which of the following is true of this approach?

A) It is negative reinforcement.
B) It is a more aversive approach than positive punishment.
C) It will likely decrease the rate of Neil's tantrums immediately.
D) It will likely be a slow but effective means of reducing Neil's tantrums.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of IQ in individuals with intellectual disability?

A) All those with IQs below 70 qualify for diagnosis of intellectual disability.
B) None of those with IQs above 70 qualify for diagnosis of intellectual disability.
C) About 2% to 3% of the population have IQs in the range recommended as the cutoff for intellectual disability.
D) IQ cutoffs only apply to adults with intellectual disability.

Question 9

The standard test for infants with global developmental delay (GDD)is

A) chromosomal microarray (CMA)
B) G-banded karyotyping
C) fMRI
D) genome hybridization

Question 10

Medications frequently prescribed to reduce challenging behaviors in youths with intellectual disability are ______.

A) antidepressants
B) antipsychotics
C) anxiolytics
D) sedatives

Question 11

Millie has an intellectual disability (ID).She had delays sitting up and walking as an infant and has been diagnosed with a biological anomaly,though now,at age 6,she can use the toilet on her own.Which degree of intellectual disability does Millie most likely have?

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 12

Dylan always moves her fingers in the same pattern.Which of the following is true of Dylan?

A) She is exhibiting a motor stereotypy.
B) She requires behavioral treatment.
C) She can be diagnosed with stereotyped movement disorder.
D) She is almost certainly an infant as it is very rare for children past infancy to engage in these behaviors.

Question 13

What is the main difference between the DSM and AAIDD definitions of intellectual disability?

A) Only the DSM includes intellectual impairment.
B) Only the DSM includes adaptive functioning.
C) Only AAIDD focuses on needed supports.
D) Only AAIDD requires impairment to occur during the developmental period.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a way of describing and categorizing self-injurious behaviors as discussed in the text?

A) by severity
B) by setting
C) by frequency
D) by purpose

Question 15

Which of the following is true of children with global developmental delay (GDD)?

A) All will go on to be diagnosed with intellectual disability.
B) It is called a delay because those with GDD will eventually catch up to their peers.
C) They are usually diagnosed within the first year of life.
D) They almost always have a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome that explains their problem.

Question 16

How is adaptive functioning typically assessed?

A) via the child's self-report
B) via an intelligence test
C) via a checklist that parents fill out
D) via a semistructured interview given to caregivers

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT part of intellectual functioning?

A) processing new information
B) thinking creatively
C) forming and maintaining social relationships
D) responding rapidly and accurately

Question 18

Which of the following levels of intellectual disability (ID)is INCORRECTLY paired with its typical adaptive functioning range?

A) Mild; 55-70
B) Moderate; 40-55
C) Severe; 25-40
D) Intense; <25

Question 19

Which of the following is true of age and intellectual disability (ID)?

A) Only children can be diagnosed with ID.
B) In order to be diagnosed with ID, onset of the intellectual and adaptive functioning problem must be in early childhood.
C) There is no age criterion for ID; anyone could develop difficulties at any age and be diagnosed with the condition.
D) ID is continuous with Alzheimer's dementia; when diagnosed in those above age 18, the diagnosis would be Alzheimer's dementia.

Question 20

Which of the following factors have been found to relate to markedly lower degrees of marital satisfaction and quality of life in parents?

A) severity of the child's disability
B) low support from the spouse
C) lower levels of family-related stress
D) using problem-focused techniques to deal with stress

Question 21

Which of the following is true of conditions that cause intellectual disability (ID)?

A) Over 500 unique causes of ID that have been identified.
B) Genetic mutation is a category of causes that result in ID.
C) Known conditions explain nearly 100% of cases of ID.
D) Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that can cause ID.

Question 22

The similar sequence and similar structure hypothesis ______.

A) posits that children whose brains have the typical structure will proceed through the same stages of cognitive development, while those with brain abnormalities will not
B) holds that children with intellectual disability will proceed through the same stages of cognitive development as typically developing children, but that the children with intellectual disability will proceed through each stage incompletely
C) has been shown by research to apply equally to those with organic intellectual disability as to those with cultural-familial intellectual disability
D) holds for those with cultural-familial intellectual disability, but only the similar sequence component reliably holds for those with organic intellectual disability

Question 23

To determine a behavior's purpose,a behavior analyst places a child in four different conditions.In which condition would the behavior analyst respond,"Stop that," when the child engages in the problem behavior?

A) attention condition
B) demand condition
C) alone condition
D) play condition

Question 24

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome?

A) The most common form of the disorder is also known as trisomy 21.
B) Trisomy 21 is an inherited disorder.
C) It is due to disjunction.
D) It cannot occur due to problems in mitosis.

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT a piece of evidence discussed in the text that provides support for the endorphin hypothesis for self-injurious behaviors (SIBs)?

A) Rats whose endorphin centers were lesioned never engaged in SIBs.
B) People with intellectual disability who show SIBs display a significant endorphin release after engaging in the SIB.
C) Many people with intellectual disability and SIBs have abnormalities in the way opioid receptors work in their brains.
D) Blocking opioid receptors by administering drugs has been shown in some studies to reduce SIBs.

Question 26

For a behavior analyst,duration recording would be most useful ______.

A) in setting an operational definition of the problem behavior
B) for behaviors that occur frequently and have a clear beginning and ending
C) for behaviors that occur frequently without clear beginnings and endings
D) for behaviors that take a long time to resolve

Question 27

Zander is engaging in self-injurious behavior by biting his lips until they bleed.His therapist praises him when he talks,chews gum,or even sticks out his tongue,because when he engages in these behaviors he cannot bite his lips.This approach is ______.

A) differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
B) differential reinforcement of zero behavior
C) punishment by contingent stimulation
D) overcorrection

Question 28

What is the relationship between the cause of Prader-Willi syndrome and the cause of Angelman syndrome?

A) Both involve chromosome 15; Prader-Willi involves a deletion of genetic material on this chromosome, while Angelman Syndrome involves extra material on this chromosome.
B) Both involve chromosome 15; Prader-Willi involves a deletion of genetic material from the father whereas Angelman involves a deletion of genetic material from the mother.
C) Both involve the deletion of genetic material; Prader-Willi from chromosome 15 and Angelman from chromosome 16.
D) Both involve nondisjunction; Prader-Willi on chromosome 15 and Angelman on chromosome 16

Question 29

Towanda is engaging in challenging behaviors,such as tantrumming and throwing objects.A behavior analyst conducts a functional behavior analysis and notices Towanda is most likely to display these behaviors when she's asked to engage in a difficult and undesirable task.Which of the following is likely true?

A) Towanda's challenging behaviors were likely maintained by positive social reinforcement.
B) Towanda's challenging behaviors were likely maintained by negative reinforcement.
C) Towanda's challenging behaviors were likely automatically reinforced.
D) Towanda's challenging behaviors were likely maintained by positive punishment.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID)?

A) Since a person's IQ is stable, someone diagnosed with ID in childhood always continues to qualify for a diagnosis later in life.
B) The prevalence of ID is 2.2% because that is the percentage of individuals who fall 2 standard deviations below the mean on the normal curve of IQ scores.
C) Screening adults for ID results in a much lower prevalence rate than screening school-age children.
D) ID occurs in equal rates in males and females.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT associated with Prader-Willi syndrome?

A) hoarding
B) physical outbursts
C) obsessions and compulsions
D) depression

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding the strengths and weaknesses of children with Down syndrome?

A) Most children with Down syndrome show impairments in the first year of life.
B) Most children with Down syndrome have trouble with articulating speech.
C) Most children with Down syndrome show severely impaired visual-spatial reasoning.
D) Children with Down syndrome are more likely to develop psychiatric disorders than other children with intellectual disabilities are.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a difference between children with organic intellectual disability (ID)and those with cultural-familial ID?

A) Those with organic ID tend to have higher IQ scores.
B) Those with organic ID are less likely to have medical complications.
C) Those with cultural-familial ID tend to have abnormal physical features.
D) Those with cultural-familial ID often have relatives with low intellectual functioning.

Question 34

Hyperphagia is associated with which condition?

A) Down syndrome
B) Angelman syndrome
C) Williams syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 35

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a happy demeanor?

A) Down syndrome
B) Prader-Willi syndrome
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Williams syndrome

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome?

A) Both are genetic disorders.
B) Both relate to missing paternal genetic information.
C) Both result in relative strengths in visual-spatial skills.
D) Both are associated with reduced life expectancy, compared to typically developing individuals.

Question 37

What is the difference between event recording and interval recording?

A) Event recording is used by a behavior analyst, whereas interval recording is used by a teacher.
B) Event recording is a type of observation, whereas interval recording is a type of assessment.
C) Event recording refers to how many times a behavior occurs in an allotted period of time, whereas interval recording refers to whether or not the problem behavior occurs in each brief time segment of analysis.
D) Event recording refers to how often a problem behavior occurs during a particularly salient event (such as a birthday party), whereas interval recording refers to how often a problem behavior occurs during an uneventful interval (such as the month of March).

Question 38

Which interventions tend to be most helpful in reducing aggressive acts in those with intellectual disability ?

A) psychodynamic therapy
B) communication training
C) cognitive skills training
D) social interaction therapy

Question 39

Seizures are most commonly seen in which of the following disorders?

A) Down syndrome
B) Prader-Willi syndrome
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Williams syndrome

Question 40

What particular term is used to refer to the presence of mental disorders among individuals with intellectual disability (ID)?

A) comorbidity
B) dual diagnosis
C) diagnostic overshadowing
D) concomitant disorder

Question 41

What is the difference between instructional technology and assistive technology?

A) Only assistive technology falls under the category of universal design.
B) Only assistive technology is used by all students.
C) Only instructional technology refers to the presentation of ideas.
D) Only instructional technology can take the form of software.

Question 42

Billy,who has intellectual disability,has been "acting out," according to his parents.What is his behavior analyst's first job?

A) to operationally define acting out
B) to determine the antecedents of the acting out
C) to determine the consequences of the acting out
D) to observe the child's behavior

Question 43

Which of the following is true of PKU?

A) It always results in intellectual disability.
B) It is a condition in which intellectual disability can be reversed by adhering to a strict diet.
C) It is a condition in which intellectual disability can be prevented by adhering to a strict diet.
D) It is a condition in which intellectual disability can result if an individual is on a vegetarian diet.

Question 44

Expectant mothers are advised to avoid cleaning cats' litter boxes while pregnant to prevent which condition?

A) toxoplasma
B) rubella
C) cytomegalovirus
D) Zika virus disease

Question 45

Which of the following is the most common cause of severe intellectual disability (ID)in girls?

A) Angelman syndrome
B) Rett syndrome
C) fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for minimizing the risk of lead exposure?

A) Regularly clean floors and other surfaces of the home.
B) Remove shoes before entering the home.
C) Never drink tap water.
D) Limit exposure to toys that may contain lead-based paint.

Question 47

Which of the following conditions is most associated with anxiety?

A) Down syndrome
B) Prader-Willi syndrome
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Williams syndrome

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a way a fetus or child might be exposed to lead in toxic amounts?

A) if a mother is exposed to lead during gestation
B) if a mother was exposed to lead in childhood and adolescence and consumes too much calcium during pregnancy
C) if a mother was exposed to lead in childhood and adolescence and consumes too little calcium during pregnancy
D) if a child ingests lead-based paint

Question 49

Which of the following is a metabolic disorder that can cause intellectual disability?

A) Angelman syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) PKU
D) Rett syndrome

Question 50

Which condition is most likely to lead to microcephaly?

A) toxoplasma
B) rubella
C) cytomegalovirus
D) Zika virus disease

Question 51

An individual has PKU.Which of the following must be true?

A) His biological parents must both have had PKU.
B) At least one of his biological parents must have had PKU.
C) At least one of his biological parents must have been a carrier for PKU.
D) Each of his parents must have either been a carrier for, or had, PKU.

Question 52

Which of the following conditions is associated with schizophrenia?

A) Down syndrome
B) 22q11.2 DS
C) Angelman syndrome
D) Williams syndrome

Question 53

Delivery by Caesarean ______.

A) increases the risk of intellectual disability in the child
B) can minimize the risk of contracting Herpes simplex type 2 or HIV/AIDS from an infected mother
C) can increase the risk of contracting Herpes simplex type 2 or HIV/AIDS from an infected mother
D) decreases the risk of intellectual disability by Down syndrome in the child

Question 54

Cultural-familial intellectual disability (ID)results from which of the following?

A) genes
B) the environment
C) the interaction of genes and the environment
D) the interaction of multiple environments (within the home and outside the home)

Question 55

What is the relationship between a CGG nucleotide sequence on the X chromosome and the development of Fragile X syndrome?

A) Anyone who has a CGG nucleotide sequence repeating more than twice on the X chromosome will show symptoms of Fragile X syndrome.
B) Any male who has a CGG nucleotide sequence repeating more than twice on the X chromosome will show symptoms of Fragile X syndrome.
C) Anyone who has more than 50 repeats of the CGG sequences usually shows symptoms of Fragile X syndrome
D) In general, the more repeats of the CGG nucleotide sequence, the more severe the children's cognitive impairments.

Question 56

In what ways do boys and girls with Fragile X syndrome differ?

A) Boys tend to show a more severe form of the disorder.
B) Girls tend to produce less FMRP because both of their X chromosomes are typically affected, creating a more severe version of the disorder.
C) Physical abnormalities are more common in girls with Fragile X than in boys with Fragile X, while behavioral challenges are more common in boys with Fragile X than in girls with Fragile X.
D) Boys with Fragile X show more problems in simultaneous processing while girls with Fragile X show more problems with sequential processing.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)in children?

A) Mothers with alcohol use disorder almost always have children with FASD.
B) Only women who binge drink during pregnancy have children with FASD.
C) A minimum of 8 oz. of alcohol daily during pregnancy is typically required for the child to develop FASD.
D) The American Academy of Pediatrics states that no amount of alcohol during pregnancy is safe.

Question 58

Which is true of the relationship between gestational age at birth and IQ scores?

A) They are positively correlated.
B) They are negatively correlated.
C) They are only correlated if mother's age and education are controlled for.
D) They are not correlated.

Question 59

What have brain studies shown about the relationship between poverty and children's cognitive development?

A) Poverty causes about a 10% reduction in brain volume.
B) Brain volume reductions of those in poverty were greatest in the problem-solving and memory areas of the brains.
C) Though there were brain volume reductions in those with poverty, they did not confer a behavioral disadvantage in IQ.
D) Brain volume reductions in those with poverty were associated with deficits in both IQ and academic achievement.

Question 60

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act requires that ______.

A) children with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment possible
B) all infants and toddlers be identified and provided an individualized education program
C) all school-aged children with disabilities be provided an individualized family services plan
D) all children with disabilities be educated in the same classes as typically developing children in all circumstances

Question 61

Sattler (2014)identified two broad ways for parents to enrich their children's home environment to help them achieve their intellectual potentials.Which of the following best describes their findings?

A) Provide ample verbal stimulation and interact with children through talking, playing, and reading.
B) Provide ample verbal stimulation and encourage academic achievement and curiosity.
C) Provide significant mathematical concept training and rigorous use of flashcards, even at an early age.
D) Provide ample verbal stimulation and discourage creative play and arts and crafts in favor of academically oriented tasks.

Question 62

Now that lead-based paint has been outlawed,lead poisoning from paint is no longer a concern in the United States.

Question 63

How have the relative strengths of those with Down syndrome been capitalized on in teaching them to read?

Question 64

Because IQ is normally distributed in the population and 2.2% of individuals would be expected to earn IQ scores less than 70,the prevalence of intellectual disability is 2.2%.

Question 65

Heroin use in a pregnant mother is much more likely to result in intellectual disability in the child than alcohol use by a pregnant mother is.

Question 66

Provide an example of the use of positive punishment to correct behavior.Under what conditions would such an approach be used?

Question 67

Which of the following best describes results from studies on the effectiveness of Head Start and other preschool prevention programs?

A) Overall, these programs have had no consistent measurable benefit on children's IQ or other outcomes.
B) Youths who participate in preschool programs are approximately an academic year ahead of kindergarten classmates who did not attend these programs.
C) The benefits of preschool are generally lasting, continuing throughout elementary school.
D) The benefits of preschool are greatest for minority children, youths from low-SES backgrounds, and youths at risk for developmental disability.

Question 68

Punishment is typically the first type of treatment that is used to correct behavior.

Question 69

The label Intellectual Disability tells us about a person's etiology,symptoms,and likely outcome.

Question 70

To determine whether early education programs can prevent intellectual disability,the Infant Health and Development Program assigned half of a group of premature,low-birth weight infants to an early intervention group with a program that lasted until age 3 and compared their outcomes to those of the infants in the control group.Which of the following best describes the findings of the study?

A) Children who participated in the program had much higher IQs at 3, 5, and 8 years old than did children in the control group.
B) Children who participated in the program had slightly higher IQs at 3, 5, and 8 years old than did children in the control group.
C) Children who participated in the program had much higher IQs at age 3 and 5 than those in the control group but these differences disappeared by age 8.
D) Children who participated in the program had slightly higher IQs at age 3 than those in the control group, but these differences disappeared by age 5.

Question 71

What is the importance of the finding that different types of organic intellectual disability (ID)show particular characteristic patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics?

Question 72

If we know the cause of a child's ID it would be classified as organic,even if the cause were environmental,such as the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 73

Stimulant medications have been shown to reduce self-injurious behaviors in youths with intellectual disability because these medications increase the dopamine in the system.

Question 74

In what ways might the characteristics of Williams syndrome (WS)predispose those with the condition toward anxiety problems?

Question 75

What is the difference between mainstreaming and inclusion?

Question 76

Studies on mainstreaming have shown that children with intellectual disability who spent most of the school day with their typically-developing peers ______.

A) had lower achievement scores and lower adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
B) had lower achievement scores but higher adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
C) had higher achievement scores and higher adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes
D) had higher achievement scores but lower adaptive functioning than children assigned to special education classes

Question 77

Provide an example of universal design in the classroom.

Question 78

In what ways can challenging behavior adversely affect children?

Question 79

Those with cultural-familial intellectual disability (ID)are believed to have developed ID due to genetic predisposition toward the condition in combination with their environment.