Deck 7: Communication and Learning Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following has NOT been supported as a theory to explain language disorder?

A) genes and brain structure
B) deficits in auditory perception
C) deficits in rapid temporal processing
D) bilingualism

Answer 1

bilingualism

Question 2

Which of the following best predicts children's likelihood of developing math disability?

A) intelligence
B) performance on a number skills test
C) memory
D) baseline knowledge of math

Answer 2

performance on a number skills test

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence discussed in the text for the genetic influence of language disorder?

A) Specific genes on the 7th chromosome have been linked to language disorder.
B) The prevalence of language disorder increases more than five times for kids who have at least one family member with the disorder.
C) Siblings of those with language disorder, even when not diagnosed, often show subtle difficulties with phonemic awareness and grammar.
D) Heritability estimates range from 0.5 to 0.75.

Answer 3

Specific genes on the 7th chromosome have been linked to language disorder.

Question 4

Donald,who has language disorder,tries to follow his mom's directions.When she slowly speaks to him,he almost always does what she says,but when they are in a rush and she quickly tells him what to do,sometimes he can't quite understand.This indicates that Donald might have which of the following?

A) problems with auditory perception, for instance in discriminating between phonemes
B) deficits in rapid temporal processing
C) delays in short-term memory
D) impoverished parent-child communication

Question 5

Which treatment seems to be most effective for improving higher-order math problem-solving for children with math disabilities?

A) direct instruction
B) self-instruction
C) mediated/assisted instruction
D) communication training

Question 6

Devina is getting tested for language disorder.The clinician asks her to repeat back the following words,nonderstonker, tumtasnium,and billybumpkins.What is the clinician likely assessing?

A) auditory perception problems
B) problems with phonological short-term memory
C) deficits in rapid temporal processing
D) deficits in grammar

Question 7

A 36-month-old of normal intelligence who produces only one-word phrases would be most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following?

A) specific language impairment
B) late language emergence
C) speech sound disorder
D) specific learning disorder

Question 8

Tina calls anything with writing on it (e.g.,a book,label,billboard,etc.)a "sign." This is an example of ______.

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) problem with grammar
D) problem with morphemes

Question 9

Norman is counting rubber ducks in the bath.He points to the first rubber duck and says,"one two." Then he points to the second rubber duck and says,"three four." Finally,he points to the third rubber duck and says,"five." He says,"there are five ducks." Norman is expressing difficulty with which of the following?

A) one-to-one correspondence
B) stable order
C) cardinality
D) animacy

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the lateral sulcus and language disorder?

A) Those with language disorder have a larger left lateral sulcus than right one.
B) Those with language disorder have a smaller left lateral sulcus than right one.
C) The size of the lateral sulcus is diagnostic-those who are right-handed and show no asymmetry almost always have language disorder.
D) Many children with language disorder show no asymmetry in their lateral sulci.

Question 11

Deficits in short-term memory may contribute to language problems in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______.

A) Children who can't remember what was said may not be able to attend to all of the morphological features of a sentence.
B) Children with phonological short-term memory deficits may have underdeveloped vocabularies because they can't process as many items in a list as those with typically functioning phonological short-term memories.
C) Children with phonological short-term memory deficits always have poor phonological awareness.
D) Children with phonological short-term memory deficits have difficulty determining which sentences are equivalent in meaning because it is challenging for them to maintain both sentences in mind at the same time.

Question 12

Margie's mother asks her to pick up the red cup and bring it to the table.Margie does.This shows Margie's skills in ______.

A) receptive language
B) expressive language
C) receptive and expressive language
D) compliance only; this does not assess language

Question 13

What is a tact?

A) a pragmatic approach designed to make the child sensitive to the interlocutor's feelings
B) a touch cue to remind individuals with speech sound disorder how to articulate particular phonemes
C) a command or description
D) a request or question

Question 14

Which of the following is the least advanced strategy for producing the answer to 7 + 4 = 11?

A) counting-all
B) counting-on
C) direct retrieval
D) decomposition

Question 15

Dolores is 4 and still has not acquired language.Which of the following is NOT a reason to consider an alternative to a language disorder diagnosis?

A) We don't know whether Dolores has intellectual disability.
B) We don't know whether Dolores has hearing loss.
C) Dolores is too young to be diagnosed.
D) We don't know if she appears healthy.

Question 16

Children with specific language impairment (SLI)are typically diagnosed ______.

A) in the first year of life
B) in the second year of life
C) in preschool or kindergarten
D) in high school

Question 17

What is the prognosis for individuals with late language emergence?

A) Most will not develop any functional language.
B) Most will remain significantly behind their peers in language skills.
C) Most eventually develop language skills similar to their peers.
D) Paradoxically, most of those who have received treatment outperform typically developing children by age 10.

Question 18

Marlene says,"I see two bike." This is an example of an error in ______.

A) phonology
B) morphology
C) semantics
D) pragmatics

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of language given in your text?

A) It must be spoken or written.
B) It involves a system of rules.
C) It involves the organization of auditory or visual symbols.
D) It is a way in which knowledge can be expressed and shared.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true of the verbal relationships between parents and their children with learning disorder?

A) These parents tend to interact with their children less.
B) These parents only begin to show impoverished communication toward their children after the children's communication problems have been expressed for years.
C) These parents tend to respond less often to what their children say.
D) These parents tend to ask their children fewer questions.

Question 21

A child who says,"Than-kuh you" instead of "Thank you" is demonstrating which of the following?

A) an omission error
B) a substitution error
C) a sound distortion
D) an addition error

Question 22

The benefits of self-regulated strategy development are ______.

A) specific to those with writing disabilities
B) specific to expository writing
C) attributed to the model planning and active engagement of students
D) not maintained over time

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the comorbidity of speech sound disorder and language disorder?

A) DSM-5 prohibits these disorders from being comorbid.
B) Speech sound disorder is almost always a precursor to language disorder, but is almost never comorbid with language disorder.
C) Language disorder is almost always a precursor to speech sound disorder, but is almost never comorbid with speech sound disorder.
D) Most estimates show that the majority of children with speech sound disorder may also have language disorder.

Question 24

Which is true of neurological studies of stuttering?

A) They tend to show large differences in brain structure and function between groups.
B) They are nearly unanimous and have been replicated many times.
C) There are not many studies investigating preschoolers who stutter.
D) We know that the neurological differences are causes rather than effects because of longitudinal studies.

Question 25

Speech sound disorder is usually diagnosed ______.

A) when one speech sound is produced incorrectly more than 50% of the time
B) when a child's speech skills fall more than one standard deviation behind age-matched peers
C) when a child consistently mispronounces at least three phonemes
D) when the child is at least 6 years old

Question 26

Which of the following spelling errors for the word dolphin most likely reflects underlying phonological processing problems?

A) dolfin
B) dollfin
C) dofnil
D) doffin

Question 27

Which of the following is true of conversational recast training?

A) Mistakes must be corrected immediately.
B) Reinforcement works best when it occurs every third or fourth trial.
C) It works best for correcting problems with phonology.
D) It involves tangible reinforcement, such as candy.

Question 28

Which of the following sentences would likely be least difficult for an older child with language disorder to produce?

A) The puppy's ears were long, shaggy, and brown.
B) The puppy climbed into the crate and the cat climbed out.
C) After the puppy rolled over, the cat climbed back in.
D) The crate, which was gray and long, made a comfy nook for the puppy.

Question 29

Which is NOT true of speech therapy in helping young school-age children overcome speech sound disorder?

A) It typically entails a combination of modeling and reinforcement.
B) Therapy is not particularly effortful; most children respond almost immediately without substantial work.
C) It relies on direct instruction.
D) It is very effective, particularly for those with articulation impairments.

Question 30

What is the importance of modeling the strategy in the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD)program?

A) It helps the child memorize the strategy.
B) It illustrates the importance of the strategy.
C) It makes the normally covert process overt and accessible.
D) It prevents the student from skipping steps.

Question 31

In which milieu training technique does the therapist wait for the child to request a desired object?

A) mand-model
B) delay
C) incidental teaching
D) silent

Question 32

According to psycholinguistic theory,most stuttering results from problems during ______.

A) conceptualization
B) formulation
C) articulation
D) cooperation

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the five sound problems common in kids with speech sound disorder?

A) sound reversal
B) lisp
C) sound omission
D) sound distortion

Question 34

The identification component of therapy for older children who stutter entails which of the following?

A) self-identifying as a "stutterer"
B) distinguishing between fluent and disfluent utterances of others
C) identifying and describing their own instances of stuttering
D) identifying a goal for speech fluency.

Question 35

The primary feature that distinguishes milieu training from other treatments for language disorder is ______.

A) it involves substantially more repetition
B) it is presented to the child only by his or her caregiver, and not by a therapist
C) it occurs in natural contexts
D) it is used primarily with older children, and is not appropriate for children under the age of 6

Question 36

According to the covert-repair hypothesis stuttering is associated with which of the following?

A) lower self-monitoring of speech
B) higher self-monitoring of speech
C) nonexistent self-monitoring of speech
D) intermittent self-monitoring of speech

Question 37

Which of the following is typically a component to modify children's speech motor behaviors?

A) instructing children to yell
B) instructing children to speak quickly
C) reminding children of the importance of speaking fluently
D) teaching children to whisper when speaking

Question 38

A child is asked to write an essay about his summer vacation.He writes,"Summer was very fun.I went in the pool every day.I went in the pool in the night.I went in the pool in the morning.I went in the pool in the afternoon.The pool was very,very,very,fun." This child is displaying problems with all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) lexical diversity
B) grammar
C) sentence complexity
D) story content

Question 39

Maria always substitutes the /y/ sound for the /j/ sound.Which of the following is NOT true regarding her diagnosis?

A) We need to know how old Maria is before determining whether Maria could meet criteria for a diagnosis.
B) We need to know Maria's dialect before determining whether Maria could meet criteria for a diagnosis.
C) We need to know whether Maria speaks any other language before determining whether Maria could meet criteria for a diagnosis.
D) We need to know whether the problem has persisted for at least 1 year before determining whether Maria could meet criteria for a diagnosis.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT part of the translation process in writing?

A) phoneme awareness
B) vocabulary
C) how to hold a pencil
D) identifying mistakes

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a component of speech fluency?

A) rate
B) complexity
C) rhythm
D) sequence

Question 42

Stuttering typically begins ______.

A) gradually
B) after age 6
C) slowly, but then speeds up
D) in 2 weeks or less

Question 43

A teacher draws pictures of the three bears,their porridge,chairs,and beds,when reading "Goldilocks and the Three Bears." This approach is likely designed to reinforce which of the following?

A) story grammar
B) grammar
C) productive narrative
D) self-questioning

Question 44

A therapist who told her client with social (pragmatic)communication disorder,"Stop ! I liked how you were talking about the zoo.Tell me more about what you like about it," would likely be trying to teach what skill?

A) initiating conversation
B) maintaining conversation
C) turn taking
D) conversational repair

Question 45

Which is NOT a component of the RAVE-O intervention?

A) rapidity
B) vocabulary
C) elaboration
D) orthography

Question 46

Explicit instruction in phonics ______.

A) has not been effective in improving the whole-word reading of those with reading problems
B) produces gains, though smaller gains, than other types of reading instruction
C) encourages grapheme/phoneme mapping and is associated with greatest reading improvement
D) is most effective when provided for large groups where students can learn from each other

Question 47

IDEIA guarantees which of the following?

A) the right to a free education, if the parent and child are insured
B) the right for all children to be educated alongside students without disabilities
C) the right to an Individualized Education Plan
D) the right for teachers to make decisions about how best to educate the student

Question 48

Children who seem to talk at others rather than talk with others and seem to have a limited awareness for others' feelings have symptoms most consistent with which of the following disorders?

A) social (pragmatic) communication disorder
B) speech sound disorder
C) language disorder
D) childhood-onset fluency disorder

Question 49

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to rely on the definition of specific learning disorder as outlined in the DSM-5?

A) teachers
B) clinical psychologists
C) social workers
D) school psychologists

Question 50

Which is true of prevalence of childhood-onset fluency disorder?

A) It is more common in boys than in girls in early childhood, but equal between genders by kindergarten.
B) The majority of those with childhood-onset fluency disorder also have a learning disability.
C) Approximately 5% of children have problems with stuttering at some point in their early development.
D) Boys are more likely to naturally recover from stuttering than girls are.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a main reason conversational repair is a challenge for individuals with social (pragmatic)communication disorder?

A) Those with social (pragmatic) communication disorder often talk to themselves in social contexts; the comprehension of the listener is therefore not a concern.
B) Those with social (pragmatic) communication disorder are reluctant to interrupt and ask for more information when they don't understand something.
C) Those with social (pragmatic) communication disorder may have trouble understanding slang or figures of speech used in conversation.
D) The more global deficits in the social domain for those with social (pragmatic) communication disorder impair conversational repair skills as well.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a problem kids with social (pragmatic)communication disorder may have with narratives?

A) omitting important information
B) using vague or imprecise language
C) never telling stories about individuals other than themselves
D) presenting information out of order

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a component of the definition of specific learning disorder?

A) Skills in one academic domain must be lower than skills in another academic domain (for instance, they must score lower in reading than in math).
B) The child diagnosed must have a history of academic problems.
C) The deficits must interfere with academic achievement, work functioning, or everyday life activities.
D) The deficits must not be due to sociodemographic factors, such as inadequate instruction in school.

Question 54

Prognosis for childhood-onset fluency disorder is ______.

A) poor; most do not recover without treatment
B) poor; most do not recover even with treatment
C) good; most recover, but it can take 4 to 5 years
D) good; most recover within the first year of intervention

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT considered a text enhancement?

A) mnemonics
B) large print
C) cognitive maps
D) computer-assisted instruction

Question 56

As described in the textbook,therapists treating the social and emotional consequences of stutterers might use all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) martial arts training for mindfulness and to provide physical retaliation strategies against bullies
B) working with teachers to identify and help with situations in which the child is most often teased
C) teaching children to deal with teasing using humor in certain situations
D) providing children problem-solving skills, such as how to avoid fights with peers

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a broad area of deficit in those with social (pragmatic)communication disorder?

A) having challenges using communication for social purposes
B) not understanding what is implied
C) knowing the right word to express an idea
D) experiencing problems carrying on conversations

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary steps of the writing process?

A) planning
B) translating
C) tailoring
D) reviewing

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a component of conversational repair skill training?

A) teaching the child to interrupt to ask for clarification from other speakers
B) deliberately giving ambiguous commands
C) showing pictures of people who look confused
D) practicing responses to people who are angry

Question 60

Which is true of videotaped modeling as a form of social skills training?

A) It is not effective.
B) It involves recording the child so the child's behavior can be broken down and understood later.
C) It allows the child to review social skills outside of therapy using a tablet or other device.
D) The evidence so far suggests that any gains in social skills it provides are present only in the setting modeled and do not generalize to other settings.

Question 61

Describe how a therapist who is using discrete trial training to enhance verbal production might prompt a child to ask a question.

Question 62

One benefit of the response to intervention approach to defining a learning disability is that only children who fail to respond to lower level interventions are referred for more intensive (and costly)special education services.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of learning disabilities?

A) The rate of learning disabilities is approximately 10% of children in U.S. schools.
B) The percentage of children with learning disabilities has increased steadily over the last 10 years.
C) The percentage likely overestimates the actual number of children with learning disabilities because some children who don't meet criteria seek access to services.
D) The percentage of parents who report that their child has a learning disability is higher than the number of children classified as having learning disabilities.

Question 64

Mary's toddler says,"pea-tut butter" for "peanut butter" and makes other similar errors.Should the toddler be diagnosed with speech sound disorder? Why or why not?

Question 65

Based on the double-deficit model,if you knew that a child could read words accurately but her reading was slow and laborious,what other deficit might you expect?

A) poor reading comprehension
B) deficits in phonological processing
C) deficits in phonetic mediation
D) poor narratives

Question 66

Self-instruction involves a series of hints instead of a formal series of steps or a script.

Question 67

Supplemental,small-group instruction in an academic domain in which a child has exhibited low performance in curriculum-based assessment would be considered ______.

A) Tier I
B) Tier II
C) Tier III
D) Tier IV

Question 68

Which of the following is one benefit of comprehensive assessment in determining the existence of learning disabilities?

A) It doesn't involve norm-referenced tests, which may be culturally biased.
B) It can better rule out alternative reasons for lack of response to intervention.
C) It doesn't involve multiple tiers, so treatment can begin more quickly.
D) It is more cost-effective because substantially fewer children are referred for treatment under this approach.

Question 69

Most children with speech sound disorder have phonological processing problems.

Question 70

It is recommended that kids with social (pragmatic)communication disorder avoid conversations with others until they develop the skills necessary to engage in the conversations more productively.

Question 71

According to the response to intervention approach, ______.

A) a learning disability can be identified when providing evidence-based interventions to the child that do not result in academic progress
B) measuring the degree of improvement with intervention helps clinicians specify the severity of the child's condition
C) trying different interventions provides important information about the underlying cause of the learning disability
D) gauging the child's emotional reactions to intervention is important in determining the best treatment for learning disabilities

Question 72

Grammar is relatively unimpaired in kids with specific language impairment.

Question 73

You know that your friend suffered a traumatic brain injury.You write her a card,and when she reads it,you notice her sounding out even the most simple words (such as the )within it.Given this,which section of the brain do you think the traumatic brain injury most likely affected?

A) the left back part.
B) the right back part.
C) the left front part.
D) the right front part.

Question 74

According to a comprehensive assessment approach,a child must show a cognitive processing problem to be determined to have a learning disability; documentation of a deficit in an academic skill is not sufficient.

Question 75

White children are most likely to be classified with learning disabilities.

Question 76

The ability to sound out novel words is called ______.

A) letter recognition
B) phonemic awareness
C) phonemic mediation
D) phonemic segmentation

Question 77

Reading comprehension problems might be related to all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) slow processing speed
B) poor verbal working memory
C) poor attention
D) underactive right hemisphere

Question 78

As with other disorders,childhood-onset fluency disorder is diagnosed only when the extent of the problems exceeds what would be expected based on the child's age and gender.

Question 79

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of learning disabilities in different ethnic groups?

A) Those of African descent are most commonly classified with learning disabilities in the majority of countries that have been studied so far.
B) Those of European descent are most commonly classified with learning disabilities in the majority of countries that have been studied so far.
C) Low SES is almost entirely responsible for the differences in the prevalence of learning disabilities across ethnicities in the United States.
D) A higher rate of learning disability appears in African American, Latino, and American Indian children even when controlling for SES.

Question 80

Which of the following best describes differences in brain functioning between children with reading problems and children with typical reading?

A) When reading, children with reading problems show greater left hemisphere activation in Broca's and Wernicke's area than typically developing readers do.
B) When reading, children with reading problems show greater right hemisphere activation than typically developing readers do.
C) When reading, children with reading problems who receive instruction in phonics show more bilateral activation than typically developing readers.
D) When reading, children with reading problems who receive instruction in phonics show less bilateral activation than typically developing readers.