Deck 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Question 1

What is the role of glutamate in the pain pathways

A)binds to AMPA receptors on dorsal horn cells
B)results in numbness of damaged tissue
C)causes P-substance release
D)major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement applies to tonic receptors

A)They adapt rapidly.
B)They frequently exhibit an "off-response."
C)They can measure the degree of joint flexion.
D)They signal a change in stimulus intensity.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these situations can activate the slow pain pathway

A)stimulation of mechanical or thermal nociceptors
B)stimulation of polymodal nociceptors
C)the absence of tissue injury
D)large and myelinated fibres

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement applies to receptor potentials

A)They are usually repolarizations of receptors.
B)They are graded potentials.
C)They occur in neuronal cell bodies upon summation of presynaptic input.
D)They self-propagate along the efferent fibres.

Question 5

Which statement applies to receptors

A)They are present for every modality in the environment.
B)When stimulated, they bring about opening of K⁺ channels in the efferent neuron membrane.
C)When mechanical, they are sensitive to varying amounts of heat.
D)They may be either a specialized ending of an afferent neuron or a special cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron.

Question 6

Which of the following are NOT correctly paired

A)chemoreceptor and oxygen concentration
B)mechanoreceptor and skeletal muscle stretch
C)nociceptor and light touch
D)photoreceptor and light

Question 7

Which statement describes Pacinian corpuscles

A)They adapt rapidly as the pressure energy is dissipated.
B)They can detect temperature changes.
C)They are tonic receptors.
D)They do not display an "off-response."

Question 8

Which statement applies to phasic receptors

A)They respond to pain stimulus.
B)They signal a change in stimulus intensity.
C)They are slowly adapting receptors.
D)An example is a muscle stretch receptor.

Question 9

Which of the following is a conscious interpretation of external stimuli

A)proprioceptive sensation
B)rising blood pressure
C)sensory perception
D)dilation of pupils

Question 10

What nerve fibres constitute the fast pain pathway

A)A-alpha fibres
B)A-delta fibres
C)A-beta fibres
D)C fibres

Question 11

Which afferent input does NOT reach the conscious level

A)somatic sense
B)proprioceptive sense
C)visceral sense
D)a special sense

Question 12

Which of these neuromodulators is NOT capable of binding to opiate receptors in the analgesic pathways

A)dynorphin
B)endogenous opiate
C)endorphin
D)bradykinin

Question 13

Which statement applies to polymodal nociceptors

A)They respond only to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching.
B)They transmit impulses along A-delta fibres.
C)They activate the slow pain pathway on stimulation.
D)They release prostaglandins.

Question 14

The smaller the receptive fields in a region ______________

A)the smaller the density of receptors in the region.
B)the greater the acuity in the region.
C)the less cortical space allotted for sensory reception from the region.
D)the less the sensitivity to stimuli.

Question 15

Which of these statements describes receptors

A)They respond to various physical or chemical changes in their environment.
B)They carry impulses from the CNS.
C)They are found at the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.
D)They are found only in the somatic nervous system.

Question 16

Which of the following statements applies to fast pain

A)poorly localized
B)occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors
C)impulses carried along myelinated A-delta fibres
D)produces dull aching sensation

Question 17

Which of these statements accurately describes receptors

A)The larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in the afferent neuron.
B)Tonic receptors often exhibit an "off-response."
C)Phasic receptors are important in situations where maintained information about a stimulus is valuable.
D)Receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue.

Question 18

Coding of sensory information may result from which one of these factors

A)frequency of the stimuli
B)location of the stimuli
C)graded potential
D)spatial pattern coding

Question 19

Which of these receptors is rapidly adapting

A)muscle stretch receptor
B)tonic receptor
C)phasic receptor
D)Ruffini nerve ending

Question 20

In somatosensory pathways, where do first-order neurons usually synapse with second-order neurons

A)dorsal root ganglia
B)anterior root ganglion
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus

Question 21

Which of the following best describes endorphins and enkephalins

A)They activate ascending pathways.
B)They stimulate the release of substance P by binding with opiate receptors.
C)They stimulate the release of bradykinin.
D)They are endogenous morphine-like substances.

Question 22

Which one of these structures is an anterior specialization of the choroid layer

A)aqueous humour
B)ciliary body
C)cornea
D)lens

Question 23

Which of these structures normally controls the amount of light entering the eye

A)ciliary muscle
B)suspensory ligaments
C)iris
D)cornea

Question 24

Which statement applies to myopia

A)The curvature of the lens is uneven.
B)A near source of light is focused on the retina without accommodation.
C)A convex lens is used to correct the condition.
D)The images from the two eyes are not fused within the cortex.

Question 25

Which of these statements describes the circular muscle of the iris

A)It contracts in response to bright light to produce pupillary constriction.
B)It is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.
C)It contracts to slacken the suspensory ligaments and increase the strength of the lens during accommodation.
D)It is under voluntary control.

Question 26

Which is the first structure to intercept light as it enters the eye

A)aqueous humour
B)retina
C)lens
D)cornea

Question 27

Which statement does NOT apply to slow pain

A)It is carried by large, myelinated, A-delta fibres.
B)It is poorly localized.
C)It occurs by stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
D)It occurs for a longer time than fast pain.

Question 28

Which statement describes hyperopia

A)A near object is focused in front of the retina, even with accommodation.
B)A far source of light is focused on the surface of the retina.
C)The eyeball is too rounded.
D)The eyeball is too short or the lens is too weak.

Question 29

Which of the following is characteristic of presbyopia

A)the lack of a cone type
B)pronounced visual difficulty in the early teenage years
C)reduction in accommodative ability due to a loss of lens elasticity
D)retinal damage

Question 30

Which of these statements describes astigmatism

A)the bending of light at angulated surfaces
B)a disorder of accommodation in which the lens cannot bring far objects into focus
C)a disorder of accommodation in which the lens cannot bring near objects into focus
D)the nonuniform (uneven) curvature of the cornea, lens, or retina

Question 31

Which statement applies to the choroid

A)It contains rods and cones.
B)It is a fluid within the eye.
C)It is also known as the blind spot.
D)It is the middle layer of the eyeball.

Question 32

Which of the following happens during accommodation for near vision

A)The ciliary muscle relaxes.
B)The lens becomes more concave.
C)The suspensory ligaments become less taut.
D)The lens is flattened.

Question 33

Which of the following helps reduce internal reflection (scattering of light within the eye)

A)sclera
B)lens
C)blind spot
D)choroid

Question 34

Which of these statements describes the lens of the eye

A)It has convex surfaces.
B)It is stronger when it is flatter.
C)It contributes most extensively to the eye's total refractive ability.
D)The stronger lens must be used for distant sources.

Question 35

Under which of these conditions does natural analgesia occur

A)when endogenous opiates bind to P-substance
B)when endogenous opiates bind to receptors on afferent pain fibres
C)when the anterior grey horn is stimulated
D)when C fibres are stimulated

Question 36

What happens when light passes from one medium to a medium of a different density

A)The light travels faster.
B)The light changes wavelengths.
C)The light gradually disappears.
D)The light is refracted and bends at specific angles.

Question 37

Which of the following must happen for accommodation to occur

A)The shape of the cornea must change.
B)The shape of the lens must change.
C)The ciliary muscle must relax for near vision.
D)The ciliary muscle must contract for distant vision.

Question 38

Which of these conditions is caused by uneven curvatures in the lens

A)astigmatism
B)myopia
C)presbyopia
D)hyperopia

Question 39

What painkilling and mood enhancing compounds are released during prolonged exercise, such as jogging

A)endorphins
B)enkephalins
C)dynorphins
D)substance Ps

Question 40

Which structure contributes the most to the total refractive ability of the eye

A)lens
B)retina
C)ciliary muscle
D)cornea

Question 41

Which of the following structures are located in the middle layer of the retina

A)bipolar neurons
B)convex cells
C)ganglion cells
D)rods and cones

Question 42

Within the eye, what is the innermost pigment layer that contains nervous tissue

A)choroid
B)retina
C)sclera
D)cornea

Question 43

Which of the following is characteristic of presbyopia

A)the lack of a cone type
B)pronounced visual difficulty in the early teenage years
C)a reduction in accommodative ability due to loss of lens elasticity
D)retinal damage

Question 44

Which of these activities happens in light adaptation

A)Rhodopsin levels increase in rods.
B)Rhodopsin levels decrease in rods.
C)Cones become inactive.
D)Rods become active.

Question 45

What is the sequence of retinal processing

A)rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
B)rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
C)ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones
D)ganglion cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells

Question 46

Which activity occurs in the presence of light within the phototransduction pathway

A)Ganglion cells produce action potentials.
B)Potassium channels close in receptors.
C)Bipolar cells produce graded potentials.
D)Sodium channels open in receptors.

Question 47

Why do cones have higher acuity than rods

A)because cones respond more to dim light
B)because there are three types of cones
C)because there is little convergence in the cone pathways within the retina
D)because there are more cones than rods

Question 48

Which of these statements describes the retina

A)It is the middle layer of the eye.
B)It contains the photoreceptors.
C)It becomes specialized anteriorly to form the cornea.
D)It secretes the aqueous humour.

Question 49

Which statement describes rhodopsin

A)It is the photopigment found in the red cones.
B)It consists of an opsin and retinene.
C)It is most highly concentrated in the fovea.
D)It is slowly broken down in the absence of light.

Question 50

Which of the following conditions is caused by vitamin A deficiency

A)poor night vision
B)astigmatism
C)presbyopia
D)colour blindness

Question 51

Which of these statements applies to colour vision

A)It is accomplished by rods at night and by cones during the day.
B)It depends on the three cone types' various ratios of stimulation in response to different wavelengths of light.
C)It is usually lost in vitamin A deficiency.
D)Same types of cones may use different neural pathways for comparing their outputs.

Question 52

Which of the following does NOT occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light

A)membrane hyperpolarization
B)closure of Na⁺ channels in the outer segment
C)increased transmitter release from the synaptic terminal
D)decrease in cyclic GMP in the outer segment

Question 53

Which of these statements describes what must happen in order for accommodation to occur

A)The shape of the cornea must change.
B)The shape of the lens must change.
C)The ciliary muscle must relax for near vision.
D)The ciliary muscle must contract for distant vision.

Question 54

Which statement describes rods

A)They are less sensitive to light than cones.
B)They have high acuity.
C)They provide vision in shades of bright colour.
D)They provide vision in shades of grey.

Question 55

What are the three types of cones

A)black, red, and white
B)blue, green, and red
C)blue, green, and white
D)green, orange, and yellow

Question 56

Which statement applies to the fovea

A)It contains more rods than cones.
B)It is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
C)It has fairly high acuity.
D)It is located in the exact centre of the retina.

Question 57

Which statement describes the blind spot

A)It is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
B)It contains high concentrations of rods or cones.
C)It is in the exact centre of the retina.
D)It contains a high concentration of cones but no rods.

Question 58

Which of these activities happens during dark adaptation

A)Rhodopsin is rapidly broken down.
B)The cones for grey vision are stimulated more than the cones for colour vision.
C)The sensitivity of the photoreceptors is reduced so that the image appears dim.
D)Photopigments are gradually regenerated.

Question 59

Which statement describes cones

A)They are most abundant in the periphery of the retina.
B)They are more numerous than rods.
C)They have high sensitivity to light.
D)They are responsible for colour vision.

Question 60

Which statement does NOT describe cones

A)They are used for day vision.
B)They are very sensitive to light.
C)They exhibit high acuity.
D)They are concentrated in the fovea.

Question 61

Which of the following is caused by fluid movement in the cochlea

A)displacement of the oval window, which dissipates pressure
B)deflection of the tympanic membrane
C)bending of the hairs of the receptor cells of the organ of Corti
D)displacement of the ear tube

Question 62

Destruction of which of the following can cause instant blindness in one eye

A)the optic nerve
B)the optic tract
C)the right half of the optic chiasm
D)the temporal lobe

Question 63

Which of these structures is NOT involved in sending a vibrational signal to the inner ear

A)external auditory meatus
B)eustachian tube
C)malleus
D)stapes

Question 64

Which of these statements does NOT apply to vision

A)Axons from the temporal half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm.
B)Axons from the nasal half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm.
C)Optic tracts consist of both crossed and uncrossed axons.
D)Some retinal ganglionic axon collaterals terminate in the midbrain and hypothalamus.

Question 65

Which of the following happens in response to movement of the oval window

A)Pressure waves occur in the scala vestibuli.
B)A portion of the oval window vibrates.
C)Certain hair cell receptors in the ossicles become excited.
D)The eardrum vibrates.

Question 66

Which of these statements applies to the oval window

A)It attaches to the malleus.
B)It transfers the sound wave from the external ear to the middle ear.
C)It is reflexively tightened in response to loud sounds to diminish transmission of these sounds to the inner ear.
D)It attaches to the stapes and transfers the sound wave from the middle ear to the inner ear.

Question 67

Which statement describes the tympanic membrane

A)It vibrates when struck by sound waves.
B)It contains the organ of Corti.
C)It produces earwax.
D)It is connected to the stapes.

Question 68

Which of these statements applies to the ossicular system of the ear

A)It serves to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.
B)It increases the pressure of vibration as it transfers the sound wave from air in the outer ear to fluid in the inner ear.
C)It assists in determining whether a sound comes from the front or the rear.
D)It is part of the vestibular apparatus.

Question 69

Which of these structures relay(s) incoming visual information to the appropriate cortical tissue

A)colliculi
B)lateral geniculate nuclei
C)hypothalamus only
D)thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 70

How are high- and low-frequency sounds discriminated

A)Low frequencies produce stronger vibrations.
B)High frequencies produce larger action potentials.
C)The middle ear bones vibrate more vigorously for low frequencies.
D)Low frequencies deflect the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval window.

Question 71

Which of the following statements describes the semicircular canals

A)They detect the position of the head relative to gravity.
B)They detect rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration of the head.
C)They contain otoliths.
D)They are responsible for static equilibrium.

Question 72

In which of these structures are the hair cells for hearing located

A)cochlea
B)eustachian tube
C)saccule
D)utricle

Question 73

Where does the actual conversion of sound vibrations to nerve impulses occur

A)eardrum
B)eustachian tube
C)cochlea
D)oval window

Question 74

The pitch of a sound is based on which of the following

A)the frequency of vibrations of air molecules
B)the amplitude of the waves
C)units of decibels
D)the shapes of the ossicles

Question 75

Which of the following best describes the visual pathway

A)The fibres from the lateral halves of both retinas cross at the optic chiasm.
B)The optic nerve carries information from the lateral half of one retina and the medial half of the other retina.
C)The optic nerve carries information from both the lateral half and the medial half of the retina of the same eye.
D)The optic nerve carries information from the medial half of one retina and the lateral half of the other retina.

Question 76

Which of these structures is associated with hearing

A)ampulla
B)cochlea
C)cupula
D)cristae

Question 77

Which of these statements applies to the optic tracts

A)They carry information from the lateral halves of both retinas.
B)They carry information from the medial halves of both retinas.
C)They carry information from the lateral half of the retina on the opposite side, and the medial half of the retina on the same side.
D)They carry information from the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and the medial half of the retina on the opposite side.

Question 78

Where is the optic chiasm located

A)underneath the hypothalamus
B)underneath the pons
C)underneath the brain stem
D)in the occipital lobe

Question 79

Which of these structures is NOT found inside the cochlear duct

A)basilar membrane
B)endolymph
C)oval window
D)organ of Corti

Question 80

Sound waves pass through which one of these structures first

A)cochlear duct
B)scala media
C)scala tympani
D)scala vestibuli