Deck 6: The Endocrine Glands

Question 1

What happens to most of the secreted T₄

A)It is phagocytized by target tissues.
B)It is converted into T₃ after being peripherally stripped of one of its I atoms.
C)It becomes the major biologically active form of thyroid hormone at the cellular level.
D)It is split to form two DIT molecules, which are excreted in the urine.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these statements pertains to thyroid hormones

A)They regulate basal metabolic rate.
B)They are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis.
C)They contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors.
D)They are tropic.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of these descriptions applies to the iodide pump

A)a mechanism whereby target cells extract iodine-containing thyroid hormone from the blood
B)an active transport mechanism that concentrates iodine in the thyroid
C)a mechanism whereby T₃ and T₄ are released from thyroglobulin and pumped into the circulation
D)a protein-binding process whereby T₃ and T₄ are pumped throughout the body bound to plasma proteins

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these biochemical events does NOT take place during thyroid hormone synthesis

A)one monoiodotyrosine molecule combining with one diiodotyrosine molecule to form one triiodothyronine molecule
B)two iodine molecules combining with one tyrosine molecule to form one diiodotyrosine molecule
C)two diiodotyrosine molecules combining to form one molecule of thyroxine
D)four iodine molecules combining with one tyrosine molecule to form one tetraiodothyronine molecule

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormone

A)increased metabolic rate
B)increased tissue responsiveness to catecholamines
C)increased absorption of iodine from the digestive tract into the blood
D)normal growth

Question 6

Which of these statements describes thyroxin

A)It is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid.
B)It is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.
C)It exerts a calorigenic effect.
D)It inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in a negative-feedback fashion.

Question 7

Which of the following would NOT decrease thyroid hormone production

A)a decrease in TSH production
B)an iodine-deficient diet
C)inhibition of the iodide pump
D)an increase in TRH production

Question 8

Which of these statements does NOT describe the synthesis or storage of thyroid hormones

A)The iodide pump of the follicular cells is important for their production.
B)They are formed within a much larger molecule called thyroglobulin.
C)Their synthesis is greatly stimulated by the presence of TSH.
D)A one- to two-hour supply of them is stored within the colloid in the lumen of the follicle.

Question 9

Which statement does NOT describe a goitre

A)It may occur with hyper- and hypothyroidism.
B)It refers to an enlarged thyroid gland.
C)It occurs only in the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin.
D)It can be caused by iodine deficiency.

Question 10

Which of these statements does NOT describe TSH

A)It is inhibited by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
B)It is inhibited by T₃ and T₄.
C)It promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells.
D)It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thyroid hormone

A)It increases the overall metabolic rate.
B)It binds to receptors on the surface of all body cells.
C)It exerts a calorigenic effect.
D)It enhances glycogenolysis and lipolysis.

Question 12

Which of these hormones is NOT produced by the thyroid gland

A)calcitonin
B)parathyroid hormone
C)thyroxine
D)triiodothyronine

Question 13

Which of these statements refers to thyroid hormone secretion

A)The anterior pituitary controls daily regulation, while the hypothalamus controls long-term patterns of secretion.
B)TSH causes TRH to be secreted, which in turn stimulates T₃ and T₄ release.
C)It provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus.
D)Its control is primarily neural.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypothyroidism

A)lack of TRH
B)iodine-deficient diet
C)Grave's disease
D)lack of an enzyme necessary for one of the steps in the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone

Question 15

Hyperthyroidism can be due to all of the following EXCEPT which one

A)too much TRH
B)lack of iodine
C)too much TSH
D)too much T₄ or T₃

Question 16

Which of these events does NOT happen during thyroid hormone secretion

A)The follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid.
B)T₄ and T₃ are subsequently diffused out of the cell into the blood.
C)T₄ and T₃ are secreted by exocytosis of the colloid that has been internalized by the follicular cells.
D)A greater amount of T₄ is secreted than T₃.

Question 17

Which of the following is associated with hyperthyroidism

A)poor resistance to cold
B)myxoedema
C)slow speech, poor memory
D)exophthalmos

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT apply to Graves' disease

A)It is a symptom is exophthalmos.
B)It is an autoimmune disease.
C)It is caused by a goitre.
D)There is an elevated basal metabolic rate.

Question 19

Which endocrine gland secretes hormones containing iodine

A)adrenal cortex
B)adrenal medulla
C)pancreas
D)thyroid

Question 20

Which of these statements does NOT describe thyroid hormones

A)They are derivatives of an amino acid.
B)They are produced from tyrosine.
C)They are secreted from parafollicular C cells.
D)They are secreted from follicular cells.

Question 21

What is the most abundant and physiologically important adrenal sex hormone

A)aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)dehydroepiandrosterone
D)estradiol

Question 22

A woman is found to have the following symptoms: a large goitre, muscle weakness, excessively emotional and irritable disposition, extreme weight loss, a constant feeling of being too warm in normal-temperature rooms, and bulging eyes.What is the provisional diagnosis

A)myxoedema
B)Cushing's disease
C)Conn's syndrome
D)Graves' disease

Question 23

Which of the following does NOT regulate aldosterone secretion

A)ACTH
B)the renin-angiotensin system, which is activated by various factors related to a fall in plasma Na⁺ concentration/ECF volume/arterial blood pressure
C)the direct effect of plasma K⁺ on the adrenal cortex

Question 24

Plasma sodium levels are high in a patient, but his plasma potassium levels are low.What might you expect to find as an underlying cause of this condition

A)decreased plasma aldosterone levels
B)decreased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
C)increased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
D)increased plasma aldosterone levels

Question 25

Which of these statements does NOT apply to cortisol

A)It has immunosuppressive effects.
B)It is an anti-inflammatory.
C)It results in facultative potassium resorption.
D)Its excess is responsible for Cushing's syndrome.

Question 26

Which statement provides a characteristic of a goitre

A)It is an enlarged thyroid.
B)It always accompanies hypothyroidism.
C)It is present only with iodine-deficient diets.
D)It occurs only when TSH levels are elevated.

Question 27

Which hormone exhibits a marked diurnal variation in secretion

A)aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)thyroid hormone
D)epinephrine

Question 28

What it the precursor to testosterone

A)aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)dehydroepiandrosterone
D)estradiol

Question 29

Which statement applies to aldosterone

A)It causes conservation of sodium.
B)It facilitates lipolysis.
C)It promotes gluconeogenesis.
D)It is regulated by ACTH.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol

A)increasing the conversion of glycogen to glucose
B)stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver
C)increasing protein degradation
D)mobilizing fat from adipose tissue

Question 31

Which of these symptoms is NOT associated with hyperthyroidism

A)elevated basal metabolic rate
B)myxoedema
C)weakness
D)excessive perspiration

Question 32

Which of these statements applies to mineralocorticoids

A)They stimulate gluconeogenesis.
B)They stimulate protein degradation.
C)They act at the kidneys to promote sodium retention and enhance potassium elimination.
D)They contribute to the pubertal growth spurt.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucocorticoids

A)possess an anti-inflammatory action
B)increase fat mobilization
C)increase breakdown of muscle proteins
D)decrease gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 34

Which of these statements does NOT apply to cortisol

A)It is the primary mineralocorticoid.
B)Its excess is responsible for Cushing's syndrome.
C)It increases blood glucose and blood amino acid levels.
D)It increases blood fatty acid levels.

Question 35

Aldosterone encourages K⁺ secretion into the urine.Which of these situations results from the conditions in which excess aldosterone is secreted

A)hyponatraemia
B)hypokalaemia
C)hypotension
D)idiopathic atrophy

Question 36

An increase in plasma levels of ACTH leads to increased plasma levels of _____.

A)glucagon
B)cortisol
C)vasopressin
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 37

Which of these statements describes aldosterone

A)It enhances the ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess K⁺.
B)It directly promotes H₂Oa. conservation by the kidneys.
C)Its secretion is encouraged by angiotensin II.
D)It is nonsteroidal.

Question 38

Which of these statements does NOT apply to adrenocortical hormones

A)The glucocorticoids are examples.
B)Some are steroids.
C)They are all controlled primarily by TSH.
D)They are secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.

Question 39

Which of these hormones does the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secrete

A)aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)androgens and estrogens
D)epinephrine

Question 40

When a student experiences psychological and emotional stress, which of these hormones will they NOT secrete at higher levels

A)GHRH
B)ACTH
C)cortisol
D)adrenaline

Question 41

Which of these hormones influences increased protein degradation

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)epinephrine
D)cortisol

Question 42

Which of these statements does NOT describe dehydroepiandrosterone

A)It is the most abundant adrenal androgen.
B)It is controlled by the gonadotropic hormones.
C)It is responsible for the development and maintenance of the female sex drive.
D)It is a precursor of testosterone.

Question 43

Which of these hormones secreted by the adrenal gland does NOT promote an increase in the blood glucose level

A)aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)epinephrine
D)DHEA

Question 44

Which of the following is characteristic of Conn's syndrome

A)K⁺ increase in the blood
B)Na⁺ depletion
C)hypertension
D)dehydration

Question 45

Which of these statements applies to the adrenomedullary hormones

A)Epinephrine accounts for 80 percent of adrenomedullary catecholamine output.
B)Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored within chromaffin granules in the adrenomedullary cells.
C)Epinephrine and norepinephrine have about equal affinities for all the adrenergic receptor types.
D)Epinephrine is at least 10 times more potent than norepinephrine at beta-2 receptors.

Question 46

When catecholamines are secreted from the adrenal medulla, what is it a response to

A)increased secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
B)direct stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
C)decreased androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex
D)secretion of a tropic hormone by the pituitary

Question 47

Which of these statements describes adrenocorticotropic hormone

A)It is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B)It stimulates the production of androgens by the testes.
C)It acts on the adrenal medulla.
D)It is controlled in part by CRH from the hypothalamus.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the general adaptation syndrome

A)mobilization of energy reserves
B)conservation of water and sodium
C)increased systemic vasodilation
D)elevation of blood glucose level

Question 49

Which of these statements describes catecholamines

A)They are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B)They reinforce the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)They are important in the maintenance of blood pressure.
D)They promote glycogen storage.

Question 50

Which of these statements does NOT refer to blood sugar levels

A)They must remain within normal range because the brain needs a constant supply of sugar.
B)They increase in response to glucagon secretion.
C)They decrease in response to insulin secretion.
D)They increase in response to glycogenesis.

Question 51

Which of these statements does NOT apply to epinephrine

A)It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B)It is cosecreted with norepinephrine.
C)It reinforces sympathetic nervous system activity.
D)It has sympathomimetic action.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an effect of epinephrine

A)constriction of the respiratory airways
B)elevation of blood sugar concentration
C)stimulation of glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles
D)stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT seen in Addison's disease

A)marked Na⁺ loss in the urine
B)lowered blood glucose levels
C)K⁺ retention
D)protein mobilization

Question 54

Which of these events would be expected from a drop in blood pressure

A)increased plasma aldosterone levels
B)increased glucocorticoid levels
C)decreased plasma aldosterone levels
D)decreased glucocorticoid levels

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT the action of glucocorticoids

A)carbohydrate conservation
B)protein degradation
C)increasing the metabolic rate
D)mobilization of fats for energy

Question 56

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted in response to stress

A)cortisol
B)epinephrine
C)aldosterone
D)insulin

Question 57

Which of these statements does NOT describe adrenal androgens

A)It is normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females.
B)It is normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization.
C)It is responsible for the female sex drive.
D)It is controlled by the gonadotropic hormones.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Cushing's syndrome

A)poor wound healing
B)hyperglycaemia
C)muscle weakness and fatigue
D)hypernatraemia

Question 59

Which of the following is a major factor that promotes increased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

A)low Na⁺ concentration in the extracellular fluid
B)physical and emotional stress
C)angiotensin II
D)increased blood amino acid concentration

Question 60

Where does glycogenesis occur

A)liver
B)brain
C)working muscle
D)nonworking muscle

Question 61

What do the symptoms of insulin excess result from

A)the effects of acidosis on the nervous system
B)excessive glucose utilization by the brain
C)reduced availability of glucose for the brain as a result of hypoglycaemia
D)excessive protein breakdown

Question 62

Which of these statements describes glucagon

A)It is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B)It is secreted in response to a fall in blood glucose.
C)It is, in general, antagonistic to all other hormones in terms of metabolic effects.
D)It increases fat stores by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes triglyceride breakdown.

Question 63

Which of these statements does NOT apply to somatostatin

A)It is produced by the hypothalamus.
B)It is produced by the pancreatic D cells.
C)It inhibits growth hormone secretion.
D)It is released in response to a fall in blood glucose and blood amino acids levels.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of insulin secretion

A)increased GLUT-4 mobilization
B)promotion of glucose uptake by neural tissue
C)inhibition of lipolysis
D)promotion of glycogenesis

Question 65

Which pituitary hormone increases the concentration of blood sugar

A)glucagon
B)insulin
C)cortisol
D)growth hormone

Question 66

Which of these states is NOT a result of untreated diabetes

A)ketoacidosis
B)dehydration
C)inactivation of gluconeogenesis
D)glycosuria

Question 67

Which of these events is an effect of glucagon

A)decreased blood glucose levels
B)increased breakdown of fats
C)increased glycogenesis in the liver
D)increased amino acid uptake by cells

Question 68

Which of these statements does NOT apply to gluconeogenesis

A)It refers to the conversion of amino acids into glucose.
B)It results in an increase in blood glucose.
C)It is stimulated by insulin.
D)It is stimulated by glucagon.

Question 69

Increased levels of which of these hormones would NOT result in increased blood fatty acid levels

A)glucagon
B)growth hormone
C)insulin
D)epinephrine

Question 70

Which of the following characterizes type 1 but not type 2 diabetes mellitus

A)hyperglycaemia
B)lack of insulin
C)polyuria and polydipsia
D)usually manageable by dietary control and weight reduction without the necessity of insulin injections

Question 71

Which statement does NOT apply to glycogenesis

A)It results in a storage form of glucose.
B)It is stimulated by glucagon.
C)It is stimulated by insulin.
D)It is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Question 72

If a patient is hyperventilating and has a blood sugar level of 800 mg/100 mL, what hormone should be injected for treatment

A)aldosterone
B)insulin
C)glucagon
D)somatostatin

Question 73

Which of these hormones does NOT oppose the effects of insulin

A)aldosterone
B)glucagon
C)epinephrine
D)vasopressin

Question 74

Which of these statements does NOT characterize the postabsorptive state

A)There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state.
B)Gluconeogenesis occurs post absorption.
C)Glucose sparing occurs.
D)Insulin secretion is reduced.

Question 75

Which of these factors does NOT stimulate insulin secretion

A)elevated blood amino acid concentration
B)gastrointestinal hormone
C)a fast-food hamburger
D)starvation

Question 76

Which of these states does NOT occur with untreated diabetes mellitus

A)increased urinary excretion of glucose
B)metabolic acidosis
C)dehydration
D)decreased levels of fatty acids in the blood

Question 77

Which of these hormones does NOT increase blood glucose

A)growth hormone
B)cortisol
C)insulin
D)calcitonin

Question 78

Which of these actions is performed by insulin

A)facilitation of the entry of glucose into brain tissue
B)promotion of glucose output by the liver
C)lowering of blood glucose levels
D)facilitation of gluconeogenesis in liver tissues

Question 79

Secretion of which hormone is stimulated by an increase in blood glucose

A)glucagon
B)cortisol
C)growth hormone
D)insulin

Question 80

Which of these conditions is NOT a characteristic of diabetes mellitus

A)increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability
B)polyuria due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine
C)acidosis due to the ketosis accompanying abnormal fat metabolism
D)polydipsia due to dehydration