Deck 11: Body Defences

Question 1

Which cell type in the epidermis produces a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light

A)keratinocyte
B)melanocyte
C)Langerhans cell
D)Granstein cell

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these statements applies to chemotaxins

A)They are specialized antibodies.
B)They attract migrating phagocytic cells.
C)They destroy histamine and other vasodilators.
D)They engulf foreign particles.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which type of white blood cell secretes chemicals that destroy parasitic worms

A)basophil
B)eosinophil
C)lymphocyte
D)monocyte

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the epidermis

A)It has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof.
B)It contains Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes.
C)It has a richly vascularized inner layer.
D)It contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, and Merkel cells.

Question 5

Which of these statements describes diapedesis

A)It refers to the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying invading organisms.
B)It refers to the process of leukocytes squeezing through pores of the capillary wall into the surrounding interstitial fluid.
C)It refers to the attraction of white blood cells to areas of injury, inflammation, and bacterial invasion.
D)It is a feature exhibited by platelets.

Question 6

Which of these statements applies to sweat glands, which are distributed over most of the body

A)most common in the axilla
B)the same as sebaceous glands that produce sebum
C)respond to elevated body temperature
D)usually attached to hair follicles

Question 7

Which of these statements does NOT apply to endogenous pyrogen

A)It is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver.
B)It is secreted by phagocytes at a site of inflammation.
C)It induces the development of fever.
D)It is the same as or closely related to leukocyte endogenous mediator and interleukin 1.

Question 8

Which of these statements applies to leukocytes

A)They are responsible for the body's various immune defence strategies.
B)They spend most of their time in the body tissues.
C)They are all produced in the lymph nodes.
D)They are all matured in the bone marrow.

Question 9

Which occurrence is NOT characteristic of the inflammation response

A)increased capillary permeability
B)increased macrophage activity
C)localized vasodilation
D)decreased phagocytic activity

Question 10

Which of these statements applies to monocytes

A)They are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area.
B)They swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood.
C)They act as opsonins.
D)They may differentiate into plasma cells.

Question 11

By which process do neutrophils engulf foreign particles

A)opsonization
B)diapedesis
C)chemotaxis
D)phagocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity

A)inflammation
B)antibody production
C)interferon
D)natural killer cells

Question 13

What do mast cells release that brings about localized vasodilation in an inflamed area

A)histamine
B)opsonin
C)interleukin 1
D)leukocyte mediator

Question 14

Which of these statements does NOT describe keratinocytes

A)They form the outer protective layer of the skin.
B)They secrete interleukin 1.
C)They present antigen to helper T cells.
D)They assist in maturation of T cells.

Question 15

Which of the following must be available in high concentrations for bacterial multiplication to occur

A)potassium
B)calcium
C)iron
D)glucose

Question 16

What is the primary purpose of the vascular changes that occur in an invaded or injured area

A)to produce swelling, redness, heat, and pain
B)to bring to the affected area phagocytes and plasma proteins that defend against the offending agent
C)to exert an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against damage by potentially overreactive defence mechanisms
D)to produce pus

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT part of the inflammatory response

A)localized vasodilation
B)migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury
C)kinin activation
D)interferon inhibition of viral replication

Question 18

Which of these cells are NOT found in the epidermis

A)red blood cells
B)keratinocytes
C)melanocytes
D)Langerhans cells

Question 19

All these statements apply to neutrophils EXCEPT which one

A)They are produced only in lymph nodes.
B)They can perform phagocytosis.
C)They can perform diapedesis.
D)They can exhibit amoeboid movement.

Question 20

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to defence of the respiratory system

A)coughs and sneezes
B)cilia-propelled mucus escalator
C)alveolar macrophages
D)normal microbial population of the lungs

Question 21

Which of these statements describes natural killer (NK) cells

A)They are large, specialized monocytes.
B)They ingest bacteria.
C)They nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells.
D)They constitute 50 to 70 percent of all monocytes in the blood.

Question 22

Which of these statements describes interferon

A)a family of proteins that defends against viruses
B)a natural killer cell
C)a specific bacterial surface receptor
D)a specialized type of white blood cell

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT attributable to complement activity

A)acting as opsonins
B)walling off the inflamed area
C)serving as chemotaxins
D)stimulating the release of histamine

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT accomplished by a chemical released from activated phagocytes

A)decreasing plasma iron so that it is unavailable for bacterial multiplication
B)stimulating histamine release from mast cells
C)stimulating the synthesis of virus-blocking enzymes
D)inducing the development of fever

Question 25

Which of these statements describes the immunoglobulin IgM

A)It serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment.
B)It is found in milk and tears.
C)It mediates common allergic reactions such as hay fever, asthma, and hives.
D)It is the most abundant antibody produced by plasma cells.

Question 26

Which of these statements describes interferon

A)It is released from bacteria-infected cells.
B)It triggers the production of virus-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses.
C)It directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication.
D)Its secretion is decreased during exercise.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT attributable to the immune defence system

A)It defends against pathogenic microorganisms.
B)It converts foreign chemicals into compounds that can be more readily eliminated in the urine.
C)It removes worn-out cells and tissue debris.
D)It identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells.

Question 28

Which of these statements applies to plasma cells

A)They are derived from T cells.
B)They are derived from T cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C)They do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen.
D)They have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation

A)promotion of localized vasodilation
B)formation of a membrane-attack complex
C)activation of kinins
D)stimulation of interferon production

Question 30

Which of these statements does NOT apply to glucocorticoids

A)They include cortisol.
B)They are used to treat undesirable immune responses.
C)They stimulate lymphocyte production.
D)They reduce the body's ability to resist infection.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT attributable to components of the complement system

A)forming a membrane-attack complex
B)walling off of an inflamed area
C)serving as chemotaxins
D)acting as opsonins

Question 32

Passive immunity is NOT accomplished by transfer of which of the following

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a means by which viruses can lead to cellular damage or death

A)release by the virus of enzymes or toxins that physically injure or disrupt affected cells
B)depletion of essential cellular components by the virus
C)cellular production of substances toxic to the cell under the dictatorship of the virus
D)incorporation of the virus into the cell so that the body's own defence mechanisms no longer recognize the cell as part of "normal self" and destroy it

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT accomplished by interferon

A)direct breakdown of viral messenger RNA and inhibition of protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
B)enhancement of macrophage phagocytic activity
C)stimulation of antibody production
D)stimulation of the activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 35

Which of the following is a large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body

A)interferon
B)opsonin
C)complement
D)antigen

Question 36

Which type of cells do natural killer cells destroy

A)antibody-marked cells
B)bacteria and virus-infected cells
C)bacteria and cancerous cells
D)cancerous cells and virus-infected cells

Question 37

Which of these statements describes viruses

A)They are single-celled microorganisms.
B)They consist only of amino acids enclosed by a protein coat.
C)They are single-celled microorganisms and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce.
D)They consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat, and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce.

Question 38

Which of these statements describes interferon

A)It forms a membrane-attack complex.
B)It causes lysis of invading microbes.
C)It defends against viruses nonspecifically.
D)It stimulates histamine release from mast cells.

Question 39

Which of these molecules can invoke immunogenicity

A)compliments
B)antibodies
C)antigens
D)haptens

Question 40

Which of the following does NOT apply to macrophages

A)They participate in inflammation.
B)They process and present antigen to lymphocytes.
C)They secrete antibodies.
D)They participate in immune surveillance against cancer.

Question 41

Which of these statements does NOT describe self-antigens

A)They are plasma membrane-bound glycoproteins.
B)They are coded for by the major histocompatibility complex.
C)They are present only on the surface of leukocytes.
D)They have the same molecular structure in identical twins.

Question 42

Which of these statements does NOT apply to antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies

A)They are located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule.
B)They are located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule.
C)They are unique for each different antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it.
D)Unique antibodies bind specifically with millions of antigens.

Question 43

Lymphocytes respond only to antigens that have been processed and presented to them by which one of the following cell types

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)macrophages
D)helper T cells

Question 44

Which part of the antibody is Y-shaped

A)antigen-binding fragments
B)tail portion
C)light chains
D)arm regions

Question 45

Which of these statements applies to active immunity

A)It is self-generated upon exposure to antigen.
B)It can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease.
C)It involves administration of preformed antibodies.
D)It is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine development.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a way by which antibodies exert their protective influence

A)neutralization
B)agglutination
C)direct destruction of foreign organisms
D)activation of the complement system

Question 47

What type of T cells release perforin

A)cytotoxic
B)helper
C)suppressor
D)regulatory

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT accomplished by antibodies

A)neutralization of bacterial toxins
B)enhancement of phagocytosis
C)activation of the complement system
D)direct destruction of foreign body cells

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of autoimmune disease

A)reduction in suppressor T-cell activity
B)prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs
C)exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens
D)exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen

Question 50

Which of these statements does NOT describe T cells

A)When cytotoxic, they release chemicals that destroy targeted cells.
B)As helpers, they enhance the activity of other T cells and B cells.
C)As suppressors, they are believed to play an important role in tolerance to self-antigens.
D)As helpers, they can combine only with host cells bearing both foreign antigen and class I, MHC-encoded self-antigens on their surface.

Question 51

Which of these substances is NOT secreted by helper T cells

A)B-cell growth factor
B)T-cell growth factor
C)interleukin 1
D)macrophage migration inhibition factor

Question 52

What type of immune defence cell is invaded selectively by the AIDS virus

A)cytotoxic T cells
B)helper T cells
C)suppressor T cells
D)macrophages

Question 53

The first human vaccination developed by Jenner used inoculum from cows and was against _______________________.

A)smallpox
B)anthrax
C)the plague
D)tuberculosis

Question 54

Which of these statements describes cytotoxic T cells

A)They can cause death of an infected host cell by releasing granzymes.
B)They secrete B-cell growth factor and T-cell growth factor.
C)They confer greater phagocytic properties on macrophages, converting them into angry macrophages.
D)They bind with class II MHC glycoproteins.

Question 55

Which of these statements applies to B lymphocytes

A)They are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.
B)They are activated by thymosin.
C)They mature and differentiate into macrophages.
D)They bind with foreign antigen in association with self-antigen.

Question 56

Which of these statements does NOT describe T cells

A)They bind with free extracellular antigen.
B)They bind with HLA self-antigens only when they are in association with a foreign antigen.
C)They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
D)They form a memory pool for both primary and secondary responses.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT secreted by helper T cells

A)interleukin 2
B)perforin
C)macrophage-migration inhibition factor
D)B-cell growth factor

Question 58

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood

A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgE
D)IgG

Question 59

Which of these statements applies to T lymphocytes

A)They produce thymosin.
B)They secrete antibodies.
C)They are converted into plasma cells.
D)They mature and differentiate within the thymus gland.

Question 60

Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell

A)neutrophil
B)B lymphocyte
C)T lymphocyte
D)macrophage

Question 61

Chemotaxis refers to the ability of leukocytes to squeeze through small capillary pores.

Question 62

What is the term for the body's failure to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens

A)delayed hypersensitivity
B)autoimmune disease
C)immune-complex disease
D)immediate hypersensitivity

Question 63

Which of these chemicals induces prolonged contraction of smooth muscle during allergic reactions

A)basophil chemotactic factor
B)eosinophil chemotactic factor
C)histamine
D)SRS-A

Question 64

Specific immune responses are selectively targeted against particular foreign material to which the body has previously been exposed.

Question 65

Immune surveillance refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign invaders.

Question 66

Lactoferrin is a protein that binds with iron.

Question 67

Which of these statements applies to autoimmune diseases

A)They produce large numbers of abnormal leukocytes.
B)They are more common in men than in women.
C)They are caused by lack of recognition of self-antigen by the immune system.
D)They are associated with overexposure to self-antigens.

Question 68

Fever results from neurological activity in the cerebellum.

Question 69

Pathogenic bacteria induce tissue damage and produce disease by invading host cells and taking over the cellular biochemical facilities for their own purposes.

Question 70

Vasodilation of the blood vessels supplying a tissue increases the flow of blood to that area.

Question 71

Neutrophils are the first phagocytes to leave the blood and arrive at a site of bacterial invasion or tissue damage.

Question 72

Which of these statements does NOT apply to cancer cells

A)They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell.
B)They lack the ability to perform the specialized functions of the normal cell type from which they mutated.
C)The body has no means by which to defend against them.
D)They usually do not adhere well to neighbouring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumour.

Question 73

Which of the following does NOT help defend against cancer

A)interferon
B)macrophages
C)natural killer cells
D)natural antibodies

Question 74

Which of these cells do NOT play a direct role in immune surveillance against cancer

A)B cells
B)natural killer cells
C)macrophages
D)cytotoxic T cells

Question 75

Diapedesis is the means by which a leukocyte reproduces.

Question 76

Neutrophils swell and mature into macrophages after they enter the tissues.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of immediate hypersensitivity

A)mediated by T cells
B)involves IgE antibodies
C)occurs within 20 minutes of exposure to the allergen
D)usually involves allergic responses to inhaled or ingested allergens

Question 78

A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

Question 79

Peyer's patches are located in the kidney.

Question 80

The spleen clears the lymph that passes through it of bacteria and other foreign matter.