Deck 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following is the best condition to measure BMR

A)three hours after eating
B)soon after jogging or cycling
C)comfortable room temperature and low lighting
D)a few hours after drinking alcohol

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these factors does NOT act as a satiety signal

A)cholecystokinin
B)increased glucose utilization
C)orexin
D)leptin

Answer 2

C

Question 3

About how many kilocalories of energy are liberated by consumption of three litres of oxygen

A)4.8 kcal
B)9.6 kcal
C)14.4 kcal
D)19.2 kcal

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The leading theory for maintenance of body weight as a result of long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure relates to which of the following factors

A)the amount of fat stored in adipose tissue
B)the extent of glucose utilization
C)the magnitude of cellular ATP production
D)the extent of gastrointestinal distention

Question 5

Which of these is a theory of satiety involving the hormone leptin

A)hydrostatic theory
B)glucostatic theory
C)lipostatic theory
D)ischymetric theory

Question 6

Which of the following will happen if more energy is contained in the food eaten than is expended

A)A positive energy balance will return to normal.
B)The excess energy will be stored in muscle tissue.
C)All the excess energy will be liberated.
D)A positive energy balance will exist, and the excess energy will be stored in adipose tissue.

Question 7

Which of the following does NOT happen when a negative energy balance exists

A)The body makes use of stored energy reserves.
B)The caloric content of the food ingested is less than the energy output.
C)The caloric content of the food ingested exceeds the energy lost due to heat or work.
D)The body loses weight to meet energy needs.

Question 8

Which one of these factors increases the metabolic rate to the greatest extent

A)increased skeletal muscle activity
B)increased mental effort
C)increased dietary fibre intake
D)increased brown fat deposition

Question 9

Which of these statements applies to leptin

A)It is absorbed by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.
B)It encourages appetite.
C)It targets the thalamus.
D)It is secreted by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.

Question 10

Which of the following compounds is an important satiety signal

A)ADH
B)leptin
C)glucagon
D)glucose

Question 11

When does the lowest metabolic rate occur

A)during sleep
B)during a basal metabolic rate determination
C)during exercise
D)after a meal

Question 12

Which of these statements pertains to the energy equivalent of oxygen

A)the number of calories contained in every litre of oxygen consumed
B)the value that equates how much energy is liberated from food for every litre of oxygen consumed
C)the oxygen consumption required for the processing and storage of ingested foodstuff
D)the energy required to raise 1 g of H₂Oa. 1°C

Question 13

How many kilocalories is 5300 calories

A)0.053 kcal
B)0.53 kcal
C)5.3 kcal
D)53 kcal

Question 14

Which of these statements describes internal work

A)all the energy-expending activities that must go on all the time to sustain life
B)all energy expenditure by tissues other than skeletal muscles
C)energy expenditure required to move external objects
D)energy expenditure by skeletal muscles

Question 15

A young woman consumes 1200 mL of O₂ during a six-minute, basal metabolic rate test period.What is her estimated basal metabolic rate

A)72 kcal/hour
B)57.6 kcal/hour
C)12 kcal/hour
D)4 kcal/hour

Question 16

Which of these factors does NOT significantly influence the basal metabolic rate

A)thyroid hormone
B)sympathetic stimulation
C)age
D)sleeping

Question 17

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe the control of food intake

A)There are a pair of feeding centres and a pair of satiety centres in the hypothalamus that play a major role in controlling food intake.
B)Stimulation of the feeding centres drives the individual to eat.
C)Stimulation of the satiety centres brings about the feeling of having had enough to eat.
D)Distention of the digestive tract constitutes the major input for regulating food intake.

Question 18

Which one of these factors does NOT increase metabolic rate

A)sleeping
B)diet-induced thermogenesis
C)epinephrine
D)thyroid hormone

Question 19

Where in the brain is the satiety centre located

A)cerebellum
B)hypothalamus
C)medulla
D)thalamus

Question 20

Which of these statements does NOT describe internal work

A)energy required for active transport
B)energy required to pump blood
C)energy required to move the body in relation to the environment
D)energy used during synthetic reactions

Question 21

What is the major means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environmental temperature

A)skin vasoconstriction
B)wearing warm clothing
C)increased muscle activity, such as through shivering and increased voluntary exercise
D)formation of "goose bumps"

Question 22

Radiation and conduction are two types of heat exchange between the body and the environment.What determines the magnitude of heat loss via these two processes

A)the amount of sweating
B)the temperature difference between the body surface and its surroundings
C)the body's absolute core temperature
D)the extent of evaporation from the body surface

Question 23

Upon exposure to cold, which of these conditions does NOT occur

A)skin vasoconstriction
B)decreased muscle tone
C)nonshivering thermogenesis
D)behavioural adaptations

Question 24

What type of heat loss occurs by sitting on a cold car seat

A)radiation
B)convection
C)conduction
D)evaporation

Question 25

Which of these factors does NOT impact the variance of "normal" body temperature

A)exercise
B)the menstrual cycle
C)glucose level in blood
D)extreme environmental temperature

Question 26

Which of these is NOT a means of increasing or conserving heat production

A)shivering
B)skin vasodilation
C)nonshivering thermogenesis
D)increased muscle tone

Question 27

Most people suffer convulsions when their internal body temperature reaches what temperature

A)35°C
B)38.9°C
C)41°C
D)45°C

Question 28

Which of these statements describes obesity

A)The percentage of body fat and the body mass index are two commonly used determinants of obesity.
B)The health risks are the same for a person who is in the obese category and a person who is in the overweight category.
C)Waist circumference (WC) is not a significant measurement in gathering a fat weight distribution picture.
D)A link between obesity and heredity has not yet been scientifically proven.

Question 29

Which receptors relay thermal information to the temperature control centres

A)peripheral warm and cold thermoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
B)central thermoreceptors in the vasoconstrictors
C)central baroreceptors in internal organs
D)central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin

Question 30

Which of these statements describes radiation

A)heat emission from a warm object in the form of electromagnetic waves
B)a source of only heat loss for the body (i.e., the body can lose but cannot gain heat by radiation)
C)the transfer of heat by direct contact between a warmer object and a cooler object
D)the continued cycling of cool air over the body

Question 31

What is the term for the emission of heat energy from the surface of a warm body

A)radiation
B)conduction/convection
C)evaporation
D)shivering

Question 32

Which of these statements applies to core temperature

A)normally maintained relatively constant around 37.0°C
B)temperature of the spine
C)temperature of the skin
D)temperature of subcutaneous fat

Question 33

Which of these statements does NOT describe sweating

A)an active evaporative heat-loss process under sympathetic nervous control
B)the only means of losing heat when the environment's temperature is warmer than body temperature
C)the only means by which evaporative heat loss can take place in the body
D)a conversion from a liquid to a vapour

Question 34

Which of these mechanisms does NOT help to maintain body temperature on hot days

A)decreased muscle tone
B)vasoconstriction of skin vessels
C)sweating
D)vasodilation of skin vessels

Question 35

On average, about half the body heat that is lost is due to which of these factors

A)radiation
B)convection
C)conduction
D)evaporation

Question 36

Heat can be lost directly to the external environment by the vasodilation of blood vessels in which of these body parts

A)hypothalamus
B)skin
C)heart
D)hypothyroid

Question 37

Which of these statements does NOT describe obesity

A)It means having an excess amount of body fat.
B)It tends to run in families, suggesting there is a genetic association.
C)Rates are different for various populations and geographical locations within Canada.
D)In Canadian children, it decreased between 1981 and 2001.

Question 38

How can a person lose heat to an environment warmer than the body

A)by radiation
B)by evaporation
C)by conduction
D)by convection

Question 39

By which of these means is heat NOT lost from the body when the surrounding temperature is low

A)radiation
B)conduction
C)nonshivering thermogenesis
D)convection

Question 40

Which of these statements applies to sweating

A)It is caused by vasoconstriction of the skin vessels.
B)It is the body's only mechanism for gaining heat.
C)It increases the insulative capacity of the skin so that less heat can be gained from the environment.
D)It is one of the heat-loss mechanisms available to the body when the environmental temperature is high.

Question 41

Which of these cells can release an endogenous pyrogen

A)fat cells
B)platelets
C)erythrocytes
D)neutrophils

Question 42

The most dominant factor influencing the BMR is the level of circulating, active thyroid hormone.

Question 43

Which of the following events does NOT characterize heat exhaustion

A)reduced plasma volumeb. rapidly rising body temperature
B)extensive sweatingd. fainting

Question 44

Which of these statements applies to nonshivering thermogenesis

A)It is stimulated by epinephrine and thyroid hormone.
B)It refers to the general increase in muscle tone in response to abrupt exposure to cold.
C)It enhances the insulative capacity of the skin by promoting increased deposition of brown fat under the skin.
D)It refers to the elevation of body temperature in response to pyrogen release.

Question 45

Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.

Question 46

Internal energy expenditure is the energy utilized by the skeletal muscles when external objects are moved.

Question 47

Which of these actions happens during fever

A)Endogenous pyrogen released from neurons of the cerebral cortex in response to an infection elevates the hypothalamic "set point."
B)Cold response mechanisms are initiated by the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature to the new "set point."
C)Heat loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.
D)The hypothalamus promotes skin vasodilation to rapidly increase heat loss.

Question 48

Metabolic rate can be measured indirectly by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 49

There is an obligatory increase in metabolic rate resulting from food intake.

Question 50

Which of these statements applies to the development of fever

A)It results from resetting of the medullary thermoregulatory centre.
B)It may develop when mast cells release pyrogens.
C)It is mediated by prostaglandins.
D)Heat-loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.

Question 51

Internal work includes the expended energy when skeletal muscles are contracted to move external objects.

Question 52

Which of these is NOT a means of generating or holding heat in the body

A)diminished sweating
B)exercising
C)shivering
D)vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin

Question 53

Metabolic rate equals energy expenditure/unit of time.

Question 54

As the level of circulating, active thyroid hormone increases, the BMR increases correspondingly.

Question 55

The basal metabolic rate is the body's lowest metabolic rate.

Question 56

Which of these actions occurs when vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin occurs

A)The skin temperature becomes warmer than the core temperature.
B)The insulative capacity of the skin is increased.
C)Heat is lost from the body when the air temperature is cooler than the skin temperature.
D)The skin becomes pale.

Question 57

Which of these actions is the major means of decreasing heat loss in response to a cold environmental temperature

A)skin vasoconstriction
B)skin vasodilation
C)increasing the temperature gradient between the skin and the environment
D)formation of "goose bumps"

Question 58

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form of energy into another.

Question 59

Which of these statements applies to vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to the skin

A)It is not coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system.
B)It increases heat exchange with the environment.
C)It occurs when core body temperature is elevated.
D)Heat exchange with the environment is lowered and is coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 60

Weight loss occurs when the energy derived from the food consumed is less than the energy expended by the body.

Question 61

Psychosocial influences can lead to obesity.

Question 62

Skin thermoreceptors are capable of regulating core temperature in the absence of the hypothalamic temperature control centres.

Question 63

The transfer of heat between objects by conduction involves direct contact.

Question 64

The feeding and satiety centres are located in the hypothalamus.

Question 65

Fat people tend to eat more on a daily basis than thin people.

Question 66

An animal can be driven to overeat by either selective stimulation of the appetite centres or destruction of the satiety centres.

Question 67

Oral temperature is lower than the core temperature.

Question 68

Skin vasoconstriction increases the skin's insulative capacity.

Question 69

A decrease of insulin in the blood may signal satiety.

Question 70

Leptin stimulates the release of melanocortins.

Question 71

The appetite centres stimulate feeding behaviour, whereas the satiety centres inhibit feeding behaviour.

Question 72

The normal core temperature is 37°C.

Question 73

The core temperature is maintained at a fairly constant level, but skin temperature is quite variable.

Question 74

Upon exposure to heat, skin vasodilation occurs, which increases the temperature gradient between the skin and environment, thus promoting heat loss.

Question 75

The inner core includes the abdominal and thoracic organs.

Question 76

Neuropeptide Y is a strong appetite inhibitor.

Question 77

The temperature control centre in the posterior region of the hypothalamus is activated in response to exposure to cold.

Question 78

Oral temperature is the same as core temperature.

Question 79

Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue.

Question 80

Temperature-regulating mechanisms are NOT 100 percent effective.