Deck 2: The Nervous System

Question 1

Which of the following lists the components found in a synapse?

A) Axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic terminal
B) Axon terminal, synaptic space, and postsynaptic terminal
C) Dendritic spine, soma, and synaptic cleft
D) Soma, synaptic cleft, and receptor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The part of a neuron that sends neurotransmitters into a synapse is called a(n):

A) receptor.
B) synapse.
C) axon.
D) dendrite.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If a neuroscientist described a structure as more lateral to a particular area,this means that:

A) the structure is below the area.
B) the structure is closer to the midline of the brain.
C) the structure is further out to the side of the brain.
D) the structure is anterior to the area.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A disease that destroyed astrocytes would be expected to:

A) decrease a neurons's aerobic energy metabolism.
B) prevent electrical impulses from traveling down axons.
C) lead to foreign substances entering the brain from the circulatory system.
D) increase the density of dendritic spines.

Question 5

Specialized cells in the nervous system that control behavior,senses,and movement are called:

A) neurons.
B) glial cells.
C) synapses.
D) endothelial cells.

Question 6

Which of the following are afferent neurons,relative to the central nervous system?

A) Motor neurons
B) Sensory neurons
C) Interneurons
D) Synaptic neurons

Question 7

Oligodendrocytes form:

A) synapses.
B) the blood-brain barrier
C) myelin around axons.
D) spines along dendrites.

Question 8

A toxin that destroyed the presynaptic terminal on an axon would likely:

A) prevent a neuron from receiving information from other neurons.
B) prevent a neuron from sending information to other neurons.
C) cause damage to the postsynaptic terminal.
D) change a neuron's dendritic spine growth.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function or characteristic of neurons?

A) Neurons communicate with other neurons in the central nervous system.
B) Neurons have dendrites and axons.
C) Neurons form myelin sheaths around axons.
D) Neurons control behavior, senses, and movement.

Question 10

A researcher found that a drug increased heart rate.Which nervous system was the drug most likely acting upon?

A) Central Nervous System
B) Somatic Nervous System
C) Extrapyramidal System
D) Autonomic Nervous System

Question 11

The greater the density of spines along dendrites,the greater a neuron's:

A) neurotransmitter system.
B) synaptic zone.
C) firing rate.
D) receptive area.

Question 12

A neuron was found to originate in the hippocampus and terminate in the prefrontal cortex.Relative to the hippocampus,the neuron would be called a(n):

A) afferent neuron.
B) efferent neuron.
C) interneuron.
D) motor neuron.

Question 13

Which type of microglial cells promote inflammation?

A) M4
B) M3
C) M2
D) M1

Question 14

The parts of neurons that receive information from other neurons are called:

A) axons.
B) dendrites.
C) synapses.
D) somas.

Question 15

What effect might a disease that destroyed oligodendrocytes have on neuronal function?

A) Mitochondria in a neuron would no longer function.
B) Neurons would be unable to form the blood-brain barrier.
C) Electrical impulses would be unable to travel down axons.
D) Neurotransmission from the neuron would increase.

Question 16

If a neuroscientist stated that a brain structure had efferent neurons,what can be concluded?

A) The structure must receive information from other neurons.
B) The structure must also have afferent neurons.
C) The structure sends information to other neurons.
D) Interneurons affect the flow of information in the structure.

Question 17

A neuron was found to originate in the hippocampus and terminate in the prefrontal cortex.Relative to the prefrontal cortex,the neuron would be called a(n):

A) interneuron.
B) efferent neuron.
C) afferent neuron.
D) motor neuron.

Question 18

Which cell causes endothelial cells to fit closely together?

A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Microglial cells
C) Astrocytes
D) Interneurons

Question 19

_____________ is a process for responding to brain injury.

A) Microglial cell activation
B) Gliosis
C) Myelination
D) The blood-brain barrier

Question 20

If physicians found that inflammation had caused damage to the blood-brain barrier,which cells would most likely be responsible?

A) Astrocytes
B) Microglial cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Neurons.

Question 21

If a person ingested a substance that temporarily impaired the functioning of the hippocampus,which of the following would most likely be the result?

A) The person would have impaired decision making while the drug's effects were active.
B) The person would have impaired movement while the drug's effects were active.
C) The person would later be unable to recall events that took place for some period of time after taking the substance.
D) The person would have dulled senses for some period of time after taking the substance.

Question 22

The _________________ facilitates balance and the timing of movements.

A) basal ganglia
B) medulla
C) pons
D) cerebellum

Question 23

A drug that caused someone to make a reckless decision might be affecting the:

A) temporal lobe.
B) cingulate cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 24

Which of the following is not true about the cerebral cortex?

A) The cerebral cortex has features called gyri and sulci.
B) The cerebral cortex is located in the forebrain.
C) The cerebral cortex includes the cerebellum.
D) The cerebral cortex is found on the surface of the brain.

Question 25

The autonomic nervous has control centers in the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) cerebellum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) medulla.

Question 26

If a drug severely depressed the functioning of the medulla,which of the following might be likely to occur?

A) The person may have constricted pupils.
B) The person may have an increase in heart rate.
C) The person may stop breathing.
D) The person may have motor tremor.

Question 27

A drug that increases appetite would likely affect:

A) the hippocampus.
B) the medulla.
C) the thalamus.
D) the hypothalamus.

Question 28

The thalamus routes all types of sensory information except:

A) visual information.
B) auditory information.
C) olfactory information.
D) touch information.

Question 29

The point where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber is called the:

A) neuromuscular junction.
B) dorsal horn
C) end terminus.
D) ventral root.

Question 30

A drug that inhibited the reticular activating system would most likely cause:

A) alertness.
B) increased heart rate.
C) sleepiness.
D) tremor.

Question 31

A severe tremor in someone's hands could be caused by abnormal functioning in the:

A) corpus callosum.
B) medulla.
C) basal ganglia.
D) hippocampus.

Question 32

Damage to the ________________ could cause changes to one's motivation to eat,such as having a low appetite.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) pineal gland

Question 33

If a loud noise made you jump,which structure was most likely responsible for this response?

A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus

Question 34

To which part of the spinal cord is sensory information sent?

A) Doral root
B) Ventral root
C) Neuromuscular junction
D) Sympathetic ganglion

Question 35

Many drugs that produce highly enjoyable effects likely do so by affecting the:

A) medulla.
B) thalamus.
C) nucleus accumbens.
D) reticular activating system.

Question 36

A person suffering from an inability to speak the word she intends to say,sometimes described as having a word on the tip of your tongue,might have abnormal functioning in the:

A) parietal lobe.
B) cingulate cortex.
C) occipital lobe.
D) temporal lobe.

Question 37

Which of the following would NOT be an example of having an activated sympathetic nervous system?

A) Pupil dilation
B) Constricted airways
C) Inhibited digestion
D) Inhibited salvation

Question 38

The hypothalamus is located in the:

A) midbrain.
B) forebrain.
C) hindbrain.
D) cingulate cortex.

Question 39

Which nervous sytem is responsible for delivering voluntary motor signals from the CNS to muscles throughout the body?

A) Somatic Nervous System
B) Central Nervous System
C) Autonomic Nervous System
D) Extrapyramidal System

Question 40

While taking notes in class,a student had recall keep in mind what the professor had just stated in order to draw a diagram in her notebook.This is an example of:

A) reference memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) working memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 41

______________ are chemicals that promote the growth and development of neurons.

A) Epigenetic markers
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Proteoglycans
D) Neurotrophins

Question 42

If a physician identified her patient as a low drug metabolizer,which of the following is most likely true?

A) The patient has a polymorphism that slow metabolism of a drug.
B) The patient is noncompliant and needs additional monitoring.
C) The patient has a low level of transcription factors.
D) The patient is at risk of a Mendelian disease.

Question 43

A scientist who wanted to determine how inflammation in the brain was occurring in a certain disorder would most likely investigate which of the following?

A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Reactive astrocytes
C) M2 microglial cells
D) M1 microglial cells

Question 44

Discovering that someone has glial scars means suggests that:

A) the person had neurons that did not form correctly during neural development.
B) the person has a disease that affects myelin around axons.
C) the person had a past traumatic brain injury.
D) the person has a history of drug abuse.

Question 45

All of the following describe functions for cerebrospinal fluid except:

A) it provides a protective cushion for the brain.
B) it provides a medium for nutrients to cells.
C) it increases flow to highly active neurons.
D) it fills spaces in the brain.

Question 46

The cerebellum is located in the:

A) forebrain.
B) hindbrain.
C) midbrain.
D) frontal lobe.

Question 47

Specific instructions that encode for traits are called:

A) polymorphisms.
B) autosomal chromosomes.
C) genes.
D) proteins.

Question 48

Glial scars may impair recovery from brain injury because:

A) regenerating axons may be unable to regain previous connections through the site of injury.
B) they prevent axons from re-growing.
C) interneurons make inhibitory connections with damaged neurons.
D) oligodendrocytes fail to myelinate re-growing axons.

Question 49

Discovering that early life stress may cause polymorphisms that increase the risk of depression would be an example of:

A) epigenetics.
B) transcription factors.
C) a Mendelian disease.
D) ribosome transcription.

Question 50

Which cells in the brain remove normal cellular waste?

A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Microglial cells
C) Astrocytes
D) Neurons

Question 51

The small layer of tissue surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the brain is called:

A) periaqueductal gray.
B) cerebrospinal fluid.
C) a ventricle.
D) gray matter.

Question 52

Which of the following is the study of mechanisms of gene expression not involving alternations to DNA sequences?

A) Neurogenetics
B) Epigenetics
C) Transcription factors
D) Polymorphism

Question 53

An experimental drug that reduces the release of chemicals that inhibit axon growth may:

A) inhibit the production of neurotrophins.
B) increasing glial scarring.
C) enhance the activity of reactive astrocytes.
D) improve recovery from traumatic brain injury.

Question 54

_____________ is the study of how genes support the function of neurons.

A) Functional genomics
B) Somatics
C) Epigenetics
D) Neurogenetics

Question 55

If an experimental drug produced physiological effects similar to nitric oxide,then a researcher would:

A) reduced cerebrospinal fluid.
B) expect to find increased blood flow.
C) reduced oxygen delivery to cells.
D) increased protection of the brain.

Question 56

The nervous system most dominant while relaxing is the:

A) extrapyramidal motor system.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 57

The inhibitory extracelluar matrix consists of chemicals that:

A) increase the activity of reactive astrocytes.
B) inhibit axon growth.
C) cause the release of neurotrophins.
D) act as transcription factors.

Question 58

A substance that directly activates gene transcription is likely acting as a:

A) messenger ribonucleic acid.
B) polymorphism.
C) epigenetic stimulus.
D) transcription factor.

Question 59

The presence of at least one Y chromosome indicates:

A) that a person will have a polymorphism.
B) that a person is genetically female.
C) that a person is genetically male.
D) that a person has autochromosomal traits.

Question 60

All of the following describe the functions of astrocytes except:

A) astrocytes play a role in neurotransmission.
B) astrocytes respond to injury.
C) they form an insulating material around axons.
D) astrocytes form and maintain the blood-brain barrier.

Question 61

When a gene is activated,a specific DNA segment is unraveled and transcribed onto:

A) ribosomes.
B) transcription factors.
C) neurotrophins.
D) RNA.

Question 62

The hills on the surface of the brain are referred to as:

A) meninges.
B) sulci.
C) ventricles.
D) gyri.

Question 63

Diminished release of acetylcholine from preganglionic sympathetic neurons would:

A) increase the activity of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
B) reduce the activity of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
C) decrease the activity of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
D) represent a general decline of autonomic nervous system activity.

Question 64

A drug that reduces the activity of the amygdala would likely:

A) improve working memory.
B) cause aggressive behavior.
C) decrease anxiety.
D) cause a tremor.

Question 65

Extrapyramidal side effects produced by antipsychotic drugs are similar to the symptoms of:

A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) Broca's Aphasia.
C) Myasthenia Gravis.
D) Parkinson's disease.

Question 66

Which of the following would be most likely to increase heart rate?

A) Activation of preganglionic sympathetic neurons
B) Diminished activation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons
C) Activation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
D) Activation of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Question 67

The structure that meets the spinal cord in the hindbrain is the:

A) medulla.
B) cerebellum.
C) pons.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 68

A genetic mutation caused by an error in replicating or repairing a gene is called:

A) cerebellar ataxia.
B) a Mendelian disease.
C) gene duplication.
D) a transcription factor.

Question 69

A substance that inhibits the activity of the cerebellum would be expected to:

A) impair memory.
B) cause inattention.
C) cause imbalance.
D) reduce cortical arousal.

Question 70

Tight junctions along blood vessels in the brain are formed by:

A) microglial cells.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) neurons.
D) astrocytes.

Question 71

___________ are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

A) Basal ganglia
B) Neurotrophins
C) Ganglia
D) Nuclei

Question 72

Which of the following is not found in the limbic system?

A) Amygdala
B) Pons
C) Hippocampus
D) Cingulate cortex

Question 73

The midbrain contains the:

A) corpus callosum.
B) thalamus.
C) medulla.
D) inferior colliculus.

Question 74

Motorneurons release acetylcholine at:

A) postganglionic terminals.
B) basal ganglia synapses.
C) preganglionic terminals.
D) neuromuscular junctions.

Question 75

The reticular activating system includes all of the following structures except:

A) tegmentum.
B) thalamus.
C) reticular formation.
D) hippocampus.

Question 76

What parts of a neuron are completely contained within a ganglion?

A) Dendrites and axon
B) Axon and soma
C) Dendrites and soma
D) None of these are correct.

Question 77

Which cranial nerve receives sensory information from the heart,liver,and intestines?

A) Trigeminal nerve
B) Glossopharyngeal nerve
C) Hypoglossal nerve
D) Vagus nerve

Question 78

Melatonin is released from the:

A) medulla.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pineal gland.
D) pituitary gland.

Question 79

The axon hillock is located:

A) on dendrites.
B) on the soma.
C) in the synapse.
D) at the axon terminal.

Question 80

Cerebrospinal is located in the following structures except:

A) cerebral aqueduct.
B) ventricles.
C) meninges.
D) cerebral blood vessels.