Deck 5: Drugs of Abuse

Question 1

All of the following are features of models of drug addiction except:

A) they are based on scientific research.
B) they attempt to characterize compulsive drug use.
C) they allow identifying the type of disorder a person has.
D) they can be used to form hypotheses and further drug addiction research.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Early clinical definitions of addiction focused on the development of tolerance,physical dependence,and:

A) years of substance use.
B) physical withdrawal symptoms.
C) medical uses of the substance.
D) craving.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All of the following were implications of the Harrison Narcotics Act except:

A) labeled drugs as controlled substances.
B) restricted sale of narcotics.
C) hampered prescribing narcotics for opioid withdrawal symptoms.
D) allowed narcotic sales for only medical purposes.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Harrison Narcotics Act:

A) allowed prescribing opioids for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms.
B) ranked narcotics by their abuse potential.
C) listed drugs as controlled substances.
D) restricted the sale of opioids to only medical uses.

Question 5

A new drug was given a schedule V classification.This indicates:

A) the drug has no abuse potential and has medical uses.
B) the drug has high abuse potential and does not have medical uses.
C) the drug has relatively low abuse potential and has medical uses.
D) the drug has no abuse potential and does not have medical uses.

Question 6

The disease model of drug addiction:

A) states that drugs elicit powerful reinforcing effects.
B) enhances the reinforcing effects of associated stimuli.
C) states that drug addiction fits the medical definition of a disease.
D) provides a basis for diagnosing drug addiction.

Question 7

A researcher that finds considering a drug as an interruption or disorder of physiological functions as most useful for understanding drug addiction likely would prefer:

A) using drive theory to understand drug addiction.
B) the latent inhibition model of drug addiction.
C) using associative learning principles for modeling drug addiction.
D) the disease model of drug addiction.

Question 8

A return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use disorder is called:

A) craving.
B) dependence.
C) relapse.
D) early remission.

Question 9

The U.S.federal law that regulates sale and possession of drugs identified as controlled substances is called the:

A) 21st Amendment.
B) Drug Enforcement Act.
C) Controlled Substances Act.
D) Harrison Narcotics Act.

Question 10

A long-time user of a substance who is experience an intense desire to seek and use the substance is likely experiencing:

A) drug cravings.
B) physical drug dependence.
C) relapse.
D) significant social and occupational difficulties.

Question 11

A patient identified as in the type of remission called "maintenance therapy" suggests:

A) a strong likelihood of long-term cessation from drug use.
B) the patient no longer uses the substance as long as the patient is living in a controlled environment.
C) the patient did not meet the criteria for a substance use disorder upon a follow up from the physician's office a few months later.
D) that the patient may not be able withhold from using a drug without participating in an active treatment program.

Question 12

Which of the following suggests that a person has a substance use disorder?

A) A person was introduced to a drug at a party last night and can't wait to try it again.
B) A person continues using a drug with abuse potential for treating a particular disorder.
C) Drug use continues despite a person knowing about all of the problems it is causing in his life.
D) A person experienced severe physiological effect after taking a substance.

Question 13

A new drug given a schedule I classification suggests:

A) the drug is too new to know about its medical uses.
B) the drug is only used as a drug of abuse.
C) the drug produces a high similar to other schedule I substances.
D) its adverse effects outweigh its potential medical uses.

Question 14

The law that restricted the sale of opioids for only medical uses was called:

A) the Harrison Narcotics Act.
B) the Controlled Substance Act.
C) the Drug Enforcement Act.
D) the 21st Amendment.

Question 15

A strong urge to use a drug is called:

A) a drug high.
B) preference.
C) craving.
D) physical dependence.

Question 16

The occurrence of urges to use a drug after a history of using the drug suggests that:

A) urges entirely account for continued use of a substance.
B) urges are an important component of habitual drug use.
C) a person had used a substance for a long time.
D) the drug was likely a schedule I controlled substance.

Question 17

For a substance use disorder,successfully discontinuing drug use for an entire month would be noted as:

A) maintenance therapy.
B) early remission.
C) controlled environment.
D) sustained remission.

Question 18

Having scientific models of drug addiction in addition to having diagnostic criteria suggests that:

A) scientifically determined features of drug addiction may differ from diagnostic criteria for drug addiction.
B) both can be used for determining if a client has a substance use disorder.
C) neither is sufficient for understanding drug addiction.
D) diagnostic criteria are supported by scientific-validated models.

Question 19

A new drug given a schedule II classification indicates:

A) the drug has high abuse potential and few medical uses.
B) the drug has high abuse potential and legitimate medical uses.
C) the drug has low abuse potential and legitimate medical uses.
D) the drug has low abuse potential and few medical uses.

Question 20

A model of drug addiction:

A) characterizes and explains compulsive drug use.
B) is used to diagnose a drug addiction.
C) is used to determine a treatment for a substance use disorder.
D) is developed from the opinions of clinicians.

Question 21

A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug addiction as mediated by drugs canceling out withdrawal effects would likely prefer the:

A) disease model of drug addiction.
B) the drive theory of drug action.
C) incentive salience model of drug addiction.
D) the opponent-process theory of drug addiction.

Question 22

All of the following are features of incentive salience in drug addiction except:

A) previously neutral stimuli come to elicit a motivation to a particular substance.
B) incentivized stimuli command an individual's attention when they are encountered.
C) the presence of incentivized stimuli means that a drug is available to use.
D) encountering incentivized stimuli can cause drug seeking.

Question 23

__________________ consists of a resistant or slower conditioning process that occurs from using a familiar stimulus as the neutral stimulus.

A) Incentive salience
B) Classical conditioning
C) Latent inhibition
D) Stimulus discrimination

Question 24

The incentive-salience model suggests that:

A) drugs become more rewarding the more they are used.
B) trying a drug one time is unlikely to cause an addiction to the drug.
C) relapse is unlikely to occur after quitting a drug.
D) craving is an important motivating feature of drug addiction.

Question 25

How might a discriminative stimulus be described?

A) An organism learns that a stimulus is similar to another stimulus.
B) An organism knows that responding is only rewarded when a particular stimulus is present.
C) An organism likes the stimulus and works harder to earn the stimulus.
D) An organism automatically responds when the stimulus is presented.

Question 26

A drug user finding that he couldn't achieve the same rush from a drug after using it for some weeks is an example of:

A) craving.
B) goal-directed behavior.
C) wanting the drug more.
D) the development of opponent processes.

Question 27

A ________________ may develop from presenting stimuli in the presence of a stimulus involved in an associative learning process.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) discriminative stimulus
C) reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 28

A stimulus that,when present,signals the availability of reinforcement is referred to as a:

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) discriminative stimulus.
C) negative reinforcer.
D) positive reinforcer.

Question 29

Wanting a drug more while liking a drug less may be an indication of:

A) opposing processes.
B) craving
C) liking.
D) tolerance.

Question 30

How might an unconditioned stimulus be described?

A) A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects.
B) A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response.
C) A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward.
D) An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented.

Question 31

A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug withdrawal as enhancing the rewarding value of a drug would likely be most in favor of which drug addiction model?

A) Opponent-process theory of drug addiction
B) Drive theory of drug addiction
C) Incentive-salience theory of drug addiction.
D) Disease model of drug addiction.

Question 32

______________ occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve a desired goal.

A) Latent Inhibition
B) Incentive salience
C) Goal-directed behavior
D) Classical conditioning

Question 33

Finding that certain things can serve as a reminder of an interest in using a drug is a way of describing:

A) incentive salience.
B) goal-directed behavior.
C) a discriminative stimulus.
D) opponent-process theory.

Question 34

The _________________ model states that drug addiction occurs after a shift from liking the effects of a drug to wanting the effects of a drug.

A) disease
B) opponent-process
C) drive theory
D) incentive-salience

Question 35

According to the ____________________ of drug addiction,the effects of a drug are automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body.

A) incentive salience model
B) drive theory
C) disease model
D) opponent-process theory

Question 36

A teacher stated "good job!" after a student gave an answer to her question in class.Later,the student provided more answers in class."Good job" served as a(n):

A) positive reinforcer.
B) negative reinforcer.
C) discriminative stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 37

During drug addiction,a user must take higher amounts of a drug to overcome:

A) incentivized stimuli.
B) drug liking.
C) opponent processes.
D) latent inhibition effects.

Question 38

A stimulus that occurred after a behavior and increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is called:

A) extinction.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an operant stimulus.
D) a reinforcer.

Question 39

All of the following are features of a conditioned stimulus (CS)except:

A) Normally developed from pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
B) The presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases the future frequency of the response.
C) Produces a response similar to the one produced by the unconditioned stimulus.
D) The conditioned stimulus did not produce the response before pairing with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 40

The main features of the drive theory of drug addiction suggest that:

A) a drug becomes more rewarding as a person becomes physically or psychologically uncomfortable without it.
B) the drug causes physiological changes that are similar to a disease.
C) the aversive experience of withdrawal effects causes the drug to become a negative reinforcer.
D) the drive to use a drug becomes paired with stimuli that promote drug seeking when the drug is absent.

Question 41

Where are the somas for mesolimbic dopamine neurons found?

A) Hypothalamus.
B) Nucleus accumbens.
C) Substantia Nigra.
D) Ventral tegmental area.

Question 42

Otto Loewi's experiment involving transferring fluid from around the heart of one frog to around the heart of another frog demonstrated that:

A) acetylcholinestase catabolizes acetylcholine.
B) that the mesolimbic dopamine pathway affects heart rate.
C) that neuronal communication can occur outside of the brain.
D) that communication between neurons involves a chemical means of transmission.

Question 43

An animal that presses a lever in order to intracranial self-stimulation is likely:

A) engaging in goal-directed behavior.
B) demonstrating latent inhibition.
C) exhibiting tolerance.
D) using the stimulant as a discriminative stimulus.

Question 44

Many of the symptoms of physical withdrawal from a drug are due to changes in:

A) pairing of stimuli in the amygdala.
B) nucleus accumbens activity.
C) autonomic nervous system function.
D) the integration of sensory information in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Question 45

During chronic drug abuse,which structure forms associations between stimuli commonly present during drug use and the reinforcing effects of the drug?

A) Nucleus accumbens
B) Amygdala
C) Thalamus
D) Dorsal striatum

Question 46

All of the following are likely associated with increased levels of dopamine except:

A) when going to a familiar place.
B) when presented with stimuli that predict positive outcomes.
C) while experiencing reinforcing effects.
D) when encountering something new.

Question 47

According to the incentive-salience model,the process of stimuli associated with drug use commanding attention and eliciting a motivational state to use a drug is called:

A) wanting.
B) craving.
C) liking.
D) reinforcement.

Question 48

If someone is planning out a series of steps,such as getting money and driving to meet a dealer,to obtain a drug of abuse,which structure is likely mediating these plans?

A) Nucleus accumbens
B) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C) Amygdala
D) Hypothalamus

Question 49

A reduced firing rate of mesolimbic neurons would likely cause:

A) reduce control of movement.
B) an inhibited ability to feel rewarding effects.
C) an increased sensitivity to pain.
D) an increase in heart rate.

Question 50

According to the opponent-process model,greater effects from opposing processes than effects produced by a drug would likely result in:

A) greater incentive salience of paired stimuli.
B) an increase in the rewarding effects of a drug.
C) withdrawal effects.
D) drug sensitization.

Question 51

The _____________ elicits autonomic system effects associated with physiological withdrawal symptoms.

A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) medula
D) amygdala

Question 52

The involvement of the hippocampus,amygdala,orbitofrontal cortex,and dorsolateral cortex as a drug addiction develops suggests that:

A) drugs spread to damage many structures in the brain.
B) drug addiction involves more than simply enjoying the effects of a drug.
C) drugs produce stronger effects than natural rewards.
D) drugs have a clear affect on one's movement.

Question 53

While the amygdala pairs stimuli associated with the reinforcing effects of a drug,the orbitofrontal cortex:

A) weakens conditioning by inhibiting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
B) produces reinforcing effects.
C) assigns value to stimuli paired with a drug's reinforcing effects.
D) stores contextual information about this stimulus.

Question 54

A study in rats finding that greater concentrations of sucrose,an enjoyable taste for rats,led to greater concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens suggests that:

A) sucrose serves as an agonist for dopamine neurons.
B) dopamine levels increase as the value of reward increases.
C) an increased firing rate of GABA neurons occurred in the ventral tegmental area.
D) sucrose was likely a novel stimulus.

Question 55

Habits learned while using a drug are mediated by the:

A) amygdala.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
C) dorsal striatum.
D) thalamus.

Question 56

Which structure stores contextual information related to recreational drug taking?

A) Amygdala
B) Hippocampus
C) Orbitofrontal cortex
D) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 57

Olds found that electrodes placed near the __________________ produced greater reinforcing effects than other places in the brain that he inserted the electrode.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) nucleus accumbens
D) medial forebrain bundle

Question 58

All of the following are features of the incentive-salience model except:

A) stimuli associated with drug use come to elicit a motivational state for seeking a drug.
B) liking a drug's effects accounts for addictive drug use.
C) users may like a drug less while wanting it more.
D) relapse may occur when a former user encounters stimuli associated with past drug use.

Question 59

The primary reason for Otto Loewi conducting his experiment was:

A) to determine if electrical stimulation could be used to reinforce behavior.
B) to determine if stimulation of the vagus nerve could affect heart rate.
C) to determine if neurotransmission was electrical or chemical.
D) to determine if acetylcholine was a neurotransmitter.

Question 60

Inhibiting the activity of GABA neurons that make synaptic contact with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area would likely:

A) increase dopamine release in the basal ganglia.
B) increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
C) increase GABA release in the nucleus accumbens.
D) decrease GABA release in the ventral tegmental area.

Question 61

The use of applied behavior analysis principles to analyze and develop strategies to treat drug addiction is called:

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) a 12-step anonymous program.
D) drug-replacement therapy.

Question 62

A person prescribed a drug in order to avoid using an addictive substance is likely undergoing:

A) behavioral therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) drug-replacement therapy.
D) a 12-step anonymous program.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of dorsal striatum functioning when using a drug?

A) A person experiences physical withdrawal symptoms after time has passed since using a drug.
B) A person injects a drug and experiences an intense rush.
C) A person develops an intense motivation to use drug after encountering something associated with prior use.
D) After taking a bottle, a person twist-opens the cap, taps out the usual three pills, and swallows the pills.

Question 64

Gary feels physically sick and has sense of dread after having not taken heroin since the previous day.Based on this description alone,which stage of the addiction cycle is Gary most likely in?

A) Withdrawal
B) Intoxication
C) Preoccupation and anticipation
D) Relapse

Question 65

If a person is given a medication to weaken the short-term withdrawal effects from an addictive substance,the person is likely:

A) in a detoxification step of a treatment program.
B) undergoing behavioral therapy.
C) in a 12-step anonymous program.
D) being treated for the preoccupation and anticipation phase of drug addiction.

Question 66

________________ is a process aimed at ceasing drug intoxication and reducing withdrawal symptoms.

A) Behavioral therapy
B) Detoxification
C) Maintenance therapy
D) Reinstatement

Question 67

Providing vouchers for meals at a local restaurant when a person remained abstinent from drug use would be an example of a(n):

A) contingency-based strategy.
B) cognitive-behavioral strategy.
C) one of the steps in a 12-step anonymous program.
D) incentive-salience treatment approach.

Question 68

All of the following structures are involved in the preoccupation and anticipation stage of drug addiction except:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) dorsal striatum.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 69

All of the following are features of food addiction except:

A) large amounts of a food are consumed on a regular basis.
B) a person unsuccessfully attempts to reduce overeating.
C) individuals become obese.
D) overeating continues despite knowing the harm it is causing.

Question 70

All of the following are features of twelve-step anonymous programs except:

A) members are known on a first-name basis.
B) uses a support group structure to encourage adherence to the program.
C) the goal is to reduce drug use to a manageable, socially acceptable level.
D) promotes acceptance of a higher greater moral purpose or power.

Question 71

Since she became hooked on a drug some months ago,Leah seems to think about nothing except when she can use again and about ways she can get more the of drug.Based on this description alone,which stage of addiction is Leah most likely in?

A) Withdrawal
B) Preoccupation and anticipation
C) Relapse
D) Intoxication

Question 72

High mortality rates with drug addiction due to factors other than drug overdose tend to be related to all of the following except:

A) risky decision making.
B) drug use causing physiological disorders, such as heart disease.
C) a genetic predisposition for health problems.
D) unhealthly lifestyle.

Question 73

A person who engages in a self-calming technique and then thinks of enjoyable healthy activities that he enjoys is likely undergoing:

A) a behavioral therapy.
B) a 12-step anonymous program.
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
D) a drug-replacement therapy.

Question 74

The absence of a chronically use drug failing to compensate for opposing effects,according to the Opponent Process theory of drug addiction,would correspond best with the ______________ stage of the drug addiction cycle.

A) relapse
B) preoccupation and anticipation
C) intoxication
D) withdrawal

Question 75

If a person didn't want to eliminate drug use,but wanted to reduce use to a manageable level,she would likely prefer:

A) a twelve-step anonymous program.
B) a drug-replacement therapy.
C) a detoxification program.
D) a cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 76

All of the following are features of behavioral therapy except:

A) uses behavior analytic principles to characterize drug addiction.
B) may use community reinforcers to compete with drug reinforcers.
C) attempts to alter one's decision making during drug cravings.
D) uses contingency management approaches.

Question 77

Describing someone as intoxicated implies:

A) the person is engaging in drug seeking behavior.
B) the person is experience withdrawal effects from a drug.
C) the person currently appears to be impaired by a drug's effects.
D) the person is unresponsive due to a drug overdose.

Question 78

The neurobiological systems most closely linked to intoxication for an addictive substance are:

A) connections between the amygdala and hippocampus.
B) reward circuitry.
C) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus.
D) the orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex.

Question 79

What role does ghrelin play in enjoying highly palatable foods?

A) reduces likelihood of continuing to eat.
B) reduces hunger through acting in the hypothalamus.
C) increases levels of leptin.
D) stimulates mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

Question 80

During the stages of drug addiction,the first stage of addiction is:

A) intoxication.
B) dependence.
C) preoccupation and anticipation.
D) novelty seeking.