Deck 4: The Biological Mind the Physical Basis of Behavior

Question 1

Marguerite,a first-year doctoral student,scrutinizes the neural tissue that she prepared for study under her microscope.She knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies,while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____.

A)axons
B)dendrites
C)soma
D)nuclei

Answer 1

axons

Question 2

The relationship between neurons and glia is similar to the relationship between ____.

A)plumbers and electricians
B)baseball players and their coaches
C)ballerinas and their audience members
D)dentists and their patients' teeth

Answer 2

baseball players and their coaches

Question 3

Professor Kingston is interested in understanding the origins of gambling addictions.To study the brain activity of gambling addicts,Professor Kingston tracks oxygen flow in their brains while they engage in online gambling.What method is he most likely using?

A)Single cell recording
B)Transcranial magnetic stimulation
C)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Magnetoencephalography

Answer 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 4

Which statement is consistent with a monistic philosophy?

A)The soul is the essence of the self and the brain is its vessel.
B)The mind and the brain are one.
C)The mind controls our emotions and the brain controls our bodies.
D)The brain is too rudimentary to explain complex human behavior.

Question 5

Mariah is a neuroscience graduate student interested in understanding how the human brain processes early childhood memories.What technique should Mariah use to determine which brain regions are activated when someone recalls their first memory?

A)Single cell recording
B)Positron emission tomography
C)Evoked potential
D)Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 6

Before contemporary research methods were available,____ provided significant advancements in our understanding of the nervous system.

A)animal research
B)clinical observations of injured or mentally ill individuals
C)X-rays
D)phrenology

Question 7

Professor Laurent wants to understand how violence in the media affects arousal in adolescents.What method should she use to monitor the arousal state of adolescents while they view a news report of a violent crime?

A)Single cell recording
B)Magnetoencephalography
C)Skin conductance response
D)Electrical stimulation

Question 8

Enclosed within axons are ____,which are hollow spheres containing ____.

A)peroxisomes;myelin
B)chemical messages;synaptic vesicles
C)peroxisomes;chemical messengers
D)synaptic vesicles;chemical messengers

Question 9

Maxwell is a participant in a research study aimed at understanding how the brain responds to prolonged periods of isolation.After spending several hours in a room alone,Maxwell undergoes a(n)____ procedure;a method that measures the brain's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp.

A)skin conductance response
B)electroencephalogram
C)magnetoencephalography
D)electrical stimulation

Question 10

Abby,a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab,grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication.During one of Abby's experiments,she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron.What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap?

A)The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells.
B)The neuron will not be able to translate proteins.
C)The neuron will not be able to receive inputs from other cells.
D)The neuron's other axons will have to take over the function of the damaged axon.

Question 11

How do dendrites facilitate neuronal communication?

A)They provide structural support for the neuron.
B)They select the type of neurotransmitter that is released.
C)They allow a neuron to receive multiple inputs from other neurons.
D)They increase the speed of action potentials.

Question 12

During the 20th century,which method led to a burst of knowledge about the nervous system?

A)Radiography
B)Phrenography
C)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Cranial formation diagnostic imaging

Question 13

Dr.Benson discovers a new hormone,"hormone X," which becomes elevated when people experience extreme anxiety.To establish a reciprocal relationship,Dr.Benson needs to show that ____.

A)blocking the binding sites of "hormone X" leads to feelings of euphoria
B)feelings of euphoria decrease "hormone X" levels
C)people experience anxiety when injected with "hormone X"
D)levels of anxiety correlate with levels of "hormone X"

Question 14

The scientist attributed with discovering that the nervous system is made up of cells is

A)Ramon y Cajal.
B)Hughlings Jackson.
C)Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
D)Camillo Golgi.

Question 15

What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types?

A)It can translate proteins.
B)It contains DNA.
C)Its nucleus is contained within the cell body.
D)It has specialized features for sending and receiving messages.

Question 16

In hopes of better understanding how glia affect brain repair,Dr.Jennings develops a special mouse lacking specific types of glia.In her experimental design,Dr.Jennings injures the brain of this special mouse and monitors neuronal repair.What is Dr.Jennings likely to observe?

A)Action potentials can no longer propagate in unmyelinated nerves.
B)Cell debris from damaged neurons is not cleared.
C)A blood-brain barrier is formed in response to the injury.
D)Neurons undergo hypermyelination.

Question 17

Hal meets some friends at a local sports bar.After drinking several beers,Hal picks a fight with someone that he thinks is giving him "dirty" looks.Normally very mellow and calm,the alcohol has interfered with Hal's judgment,causing him to lose control.Which theory best explains Hal's behavior?

A)Dawson's theory that people use alcohol as an excuse to act in ways they truly desire
B)Jackson's theory that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy
C)Anderson's theory that our behavior is linked more to physiological cues than environmental cues
D)Friedrich's theory that the brain behaves differently when people are in groups versus isolation

Question 18

Before contemporary research methods were available,____ provided significant advancements in our understanding of the nervous system.

A)autopsies
B)clinical observations of healthy individuals
C)X-rays
D)phrenology

Question 19

Giacomo Rizzolatti and a team of Italian scientists conducted research that led to the discovery of "mirror neurons" in monkeys.Subsequent research using __________________ has indicated "mirror systems" in human

A)positron emission tomography
B)functional magnetic resonance imaging
C)electroencephalography
D)single cell recording

Question 20

If channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked,what would be the consequence?

A)Membrane fluidity would be impaired and the neuron would undergo apoptosis.
B)Osmosis would be disrupted and the neuron would be unable to communicate.
C)Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out of the neuron,disrupting communication.
D)The neuron would be deprived of oxygen and would undergo necrotic death.

Question 21

Marcus is excited to be working in the laboratory of Dr.Flores,an expert on electrical signaling in neurons.However,he is surprised to learn that the research is done on squid axons placed in sea water.He asks Dr.Flores the reasons for this.Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Dr.Flores provides?

A)A recording electrode can be inserted into a squid axon without disrupting its function.
B)The readings from inside the axon can be compared to the readings from the surrounding seawater.
C)Squid axons are myelinated,increasing the speed of propagation of an action potential.
D)Squid axons can be as great as 1 millimeter in diameter and are visible to the naked eye.

Question 22

The arrival of a(n)____ causes synaptic vesicles to be released from their protein anchors,allowing the vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and release ____ into the synaptic cleft.

A)action potential;neurotransmitters
B)neurotransmitter;an electrical charge
C)action potential;an electrical charge
D)neurotransmitter;more neurotransmitters

Question 23

Juan,a graduate student in an electrophysiology lab,stimulates an isolated neuron grown in a petri dish and measures its action potential.How will the neuron respond to the firing of the action potential?

A)Its dendrites will retract.
B)Its dendrites will extend.
C)It will take up chemical messengers.
D)It will release chemical messengers.

Question 24

Elaine,a graduate student in a neuroscience department,is interested in understanding the effects of popular herbal remedies on neuronal communication.After growing neurons in a petri dish,she exposes the neurons to several common herbal supplements.After performing a series of electrophysiology experiments,she notes that one class of herbal supplements caused the neurons to become depolarized.What does this mean?

A)The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased,increasing the chances of an action potential.
B)The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased,decreasing the chances of an action potential.
C)The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased,increasing the chances of an action potential.
D)The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased,decreasing the chances of an action potential.

Question 25

Once the "threshold" for an action potential is reached what is the sequence of events that occur?
1)Potassium channels are activated and potassium ions move out of the neuron.
2)Sodium channels are activated and sodium ions move into the neuron.
3)The interior of the neuron becomes more negatively charged than the exterior.
4)The interior of the neuron becomes more positively charged than the exterior.

A)1,3,4,2
B)2,4,1,3
C)4,1,2,3
D)3,2,1,4

Question 26

Following a spinal cord injury,formation of the ____ prevents neuronal regeneration in the ____.

A)blood-brain barrier;central nervous system
B)blood-brain barrier;peripheral nervous system
C)scar tissue from glia;central nervous system
D)scar tissue from glia;peripheral nervous system

Question 27

Synaptic vesicles have been released from their protein anchors.What happens next?

A)The vesicles cross the synaptic gap,deliver their contents to the receptors,and dissolve into the fluid.
B)The vesicles migrate to the cell membrane,spill their contents into the synaptic gap,and complete their life cycle.
C)The vesicles cross the synaptic gap,enter the receiving neuron and deliver their contents to the receptors.
D)The vesicles migrate to the cell membrane,spill their contents into the synaptic gap,and are refilled for later use.

Question 28

Marcus works in the laboratory of Dr.Flores,an expert in the electrophysiology of squid axons.After taking a reading from a recording electrode placed within a squid axon,Marcus comments to Dr.Flores that the squid axon is at its resting potential.What measurement did Marcus take with the recording electrode?

A)−70 mV
B)−40 mV
C)0 mV
D)+40 mV

Question 29

Marcus is conducting a squid axon electrophysiology experiment with Dr.Flores.While monitoring a recording electrode placed within a squid axon,Marcus reports to Dr.Flores that the neuron is in a refractory period.What does this mean?

A)The cell is hyperpolarized and another action potential is unlikely or impossible.
B)The cell is depolarized and cannot fire another action potential.
C)The cell is hyperpolarized and is getting ready to fire a larger action potential.
D)The cell is depolarized and is getting ready to fire a larger action potential.

Question 30

Marcus,who works in the laboratory of Dr.Flores,a prominent electrophysiologist,takes readings with a recording electrode placed within a squid axon.He reports to Dr.Flores that the cell is firing an action potential.What measurement did Marcus take with the recording electrode?

A)−70 mV
B)0 mV
C)+40 mV
D)+70 mV

Question 31

Chemical messengers used in neuronal communication are referred to as ____.

A)neuroregulators
B)neuromolecules
C)neuromodulators
D)neurotransmitters

Question 32

A squid axon is large enough to be visible to the naked eye,while a human axon can only be viewed with a microscopic.Compared with an action potential for a human axon,the size of an action potential for a squid axon will be ____.

A)the same
B)smaller
C)larger
D)smaller or larger depending on the length of the axon

Question 33

Myelin,which insulates many neuronal axons,is formed by ____.

A)synaptic coatings
B)blood vessel extensions
C)dendritic ensheathings
D)glial membranes

Question 34

Neuronal communication is a two-step process.In the second step,which takes place between two neurons,what does the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal of the first neuron signal?

A)The synthesis of neurotransmitters by specialized enzymes
B)The uptake of neurotransmitters from the extracellular space
C)The enzymatic breakdown of residual neurotransmitters
D)The release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid

Question 35

Georgio is jogging barefoot along the beach when he suddenly steps on the sharp edge of a broken shell.He instantly feels pain due to the message carried to his brain by ____.He then slowly walks home with an achy foot.The message of the ache is carried by ____.

A)myelinated axons;unmyelinated axons
B)myelinated dendrites;unmyelinated axons
C)unmyelinated dendrites;myelinated axons
D)unmyelinated axons;myelinated axons

Question 36

Which is an accurate statement regarding the generation of an action potential?

A)If a neuron becomes hyperpolarized to the threshold level,an action potential is inevitable.
B)Small hyperpolarizations lead to small action potentials and large hyperpolarizations lead to large action potentials.
C)If a neuron becomes depolarized to the threshold level,an action potential is inevitable.
D)Small depolarizations lead to small action potentials and large depolarizations lead to large action potentials.

Question 37

Professor Freeman calls on his student Maya to describe how the presence of myelin affects an action potential.Maya should respond with which of the following statements?

A)Current flows along the unmyelinated segments and action potentials propagate along the myelinated portions of the axon,decreasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.
B)Current flows under the myelin and action potentials propagate along the unmyelinated segments of the axon,decreasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.
C)Current flows along the unmyelinated segments and action potentials propagate along the myelinated portions of the axon,increasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.
D)Current flows under the myelin and action potentials propagate along the unmyelinated segments of the axon,increasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.

Question 38

How does myelination affect the signal transmission of a neuron?

A)It slows the transmission of a signal.
B)It speeds the transmission of a signal.
C)It filters the signals so that only the "correct" signals are sent.
D)It allows two or more signals to be transmitted simultaneously.

Question 39

Denise,a first-year graduate student,is getting ready to begin a lab rotation with Dr.Hudson,an expert on the nodes of Ranvier.What should Denise know about the nodes of Ranvier before beginning her lab rotation?

A)Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons.
B)Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.
C)Action potentials "skip" over the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons.
D)Action potentials "skip" over the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.

Question 40

Synaptic communication between two neurons usually occurs via ____.

A)direct contact
B)molecular transduction
C)chemical messengers
D)electrical signaling

Question 41

John reports to his doctor that he has been experiencing changes in his appetite.This suggests that John is experiencing fluctuations in which neurotransmitter?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Histamine
C)Glutamate
D)Serotonin

Question 42

How does the brain control human behavior?

A)Specific brain regions control specific behaviors.
B)Simple behaviors are controlled by specific brain regions;complex behaviors are controlled by the interaction of multiple brain regions.
C)It has intricate and overlapping patterns of activity that involve networks made up of many different connected structures.
D)Conscious behaviors are controlled by specific brain regions;subconscious behaviors are controlled by the interaction of multiple brain regions.

Question 43

The depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current that results from neurotransmitter activity at the synapses of the receiving neuron drifts to the junction of the ____.

A)dendrites and cell body
B)glia and dendrites
C)cell body and axon
D)axon and nucleus

Question 44

Which of the following is the strongest analogy to explain the relationship between receptors and neurotransmitters?

A)Needle and thread
B)Bat and ball
C)Lock and key
D)Boat and sail

Question 45

Among the many drugs that act on Ach is the ________ found in _____________.

A)opium;coca leaves
B)nicotine;tobacco
C)THC;poppy seeds
D)cocaine;cannabis

Question 46

Rodney,who has ____,takes medication to help offset the depletion of ____ in his brain.

A)Parkinson's disease;dopamine
B)posttraumatic stress disorder;serotonin
C)bipolar disorder;norepinephrine
D)Alzheimer's disease;acetylcholine

Question 47

The nervous system is divided into two major components: the ____ and the ____.

A)autonomic nervous system;somatic nervous system
B)central nervous system;somatic nervous system
C)central nervous system;peripheral nervous system
D)peripheral nervous system;autonomic nervous system

Question 48

Officers of the federal Drug Enforcement Administration recently broke up a ring of drug traffickers involved in dealing oxycodone,a prescription pain killer that mimics the action of ____ at the synapse.

A)acetylcholine
B)endorphins
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 49

____ is a neurotransmitter that participates in movement,planning,and reward.

A)Serotonin
B)Acetylcholine
C)Dopamine
D)Glutamate

Question 50

Dr.Pohler is a neurobiologist studying ways to enhance the perception of sound in people with hearing difficulties.He discovers a natural neurotransmitter that increases the chance a neuron will fire an action potential,increasing sensitivity to sound.What is the effect of this neurotransmitter on the receiving neuron?

A)Inhibitory,causing hyperpolarization
B)Inhibitory,causing depolarization
C)Excitatory,causing hyperpolarization
D)Excitatory,causing depolarization

Question 51

Elsie,an 85-year-old woman,has been diagnosed with early-stage Alzheimer's disease.Her doctor has prescribed the medication that will help prevent deterioration of brain circuits and slow the progression of her illness.Which neurotransmitter does this medication directly impact?

A)GABA
B)Epinephrine
C)Glutamate
D)Acetylcholine

Question 52

Joan,a neuroscience graduate student,is asked by her laboratory mentor to study the communication of two neurons grown in a petri dish.She is asked to stimulate an action potential in the first neuron,which will send a depolarizing stimulus to the second,"receiving" neuron.However,her mentor would also like her to block the receiving neuron from generating an action potential.How can Joan accomplish this?

A)She must cause the depolarization current in the receiving neuron to drift to the junction where the cell body and the axon meet.
B)She must block the process of summation in the receiving neuron.
C)She must cause the first neuron to release excitatory neurotransmitters.
D)She must remove the myelin from the receiving neuron.

Question 53

____ is a neurotransmitter that participates in the processing of mood,appetite,and sleep.

A)Epinephrine
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Acetylcholine

Question 54

Endorphin,short for "endogenous morphine," is a neurotransmitter involved in ____.

A)schizophrenia
B)Parkinson's disease
C)the perception of pain
D)muscle paralysis

Question 55

How do drugs classified as "SSRIs," such as Prozac,alter neuronal communication?

A)They increase the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin by stopping its diffusion from the synaptic cleft.
B)They decrease the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin by returning it to the axon terminal for recycling.
C)They increase the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking its reuptake into the axon terminal.
D)They decrease the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin by facilitating its metabolism by neuronal enzymes.

Question 56

____ is a neurotransmitter that is found at the neuromuscular junction,in the autonomic nervous system,and in the central nervous system.

A)Dopamine
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)Glutamate

Question 57

Molly,a second-year neuroscience graduate student,treats neurons grown in a petri dish with drugs that "block" the function of neuronal receptors.What is a consequence of the drug treatment?

A)The neurons will become depolarized,initiating a refractory period.
B)The neurons will become hyperpolarized and less likely to initiate another action potential.
C)The synaptic vesicles will be void of neurotransmitters,blocking neuronal communication.
D)Action potentials will fire immediately,enhancing neuronal communication.

Question 58

____ is a neurotransmitter that contributes to arousal and vigilance.

A)GABA
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 59

A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain.This portrayal reflects GABA's ____.

A)inhibitory effect on brain activity
B)depolarizing properties
C)lack of hyperpolarization
D)excitatory effect on brain activity

Question 60

Donny's heart suddenly races as he turns the corner while walking through the office at work and sees his boss Pat unexpectedly.Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response?

A)Epinephrine
B)GABA
C)Serotonin
D)Dopamine

Question 61

Which of the following is an accurate match between a division of the autonomic nervous system and a bodily function or state?

A)Sympathetic;constricts pupils
B)Parasympathetic;stimulates digestion
C)Sympathetic;stimulates immune response
D)Parasympathetic;induces rapid heart beat

Question 62

What is an accurate statement regarding interneurons found in the central nervous system?

A)They form bridges between sensory and motor neurons.
B)They block motor output to allow for sensory input.
C)They block sensory input to allow for motor output.
D)They act as either sensory or motor neurons.

Question 63

When do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions cooperate,rather than antagonize one another?

A)During sexual activity
B)At times of relative calm
C)When a fight-or-flight response is required
D)Following the ingestion of a meal

Question 64

The ____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and transmits commands to the muscles.

A)somatic nervous system
B)endocrine system
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 65

Which statement best describes the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A)The central nervous system carries out the commands;the peripheral nervous system is the command center.
B)The central nervous system is the command center;the peripheral nervous system carries out the commands.
C)The central nervous system consumes the fuel;the peripheral nervous system is the fuel station.
D)The central nervous system is the fuel station;the peripheral nervous system consumes the fuel.

Question 66

The ____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of glands,organs,and smooth muscles.

A)somatic nervous system
B)endocrine system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)central nervous system

Question 67

What is the major function of the spinal cord?

A)It provides structural support for the trunk of the body.
B)It serves as a major conduit for information flowing to and from the brain.
C)It sends sensory information from the brain to the peripheral nervous system.
D)It serves as a centralized muscle mass that coordinates intricate muscle movements.

Question 68

What system transmits commands for voluntary movement from the central nervous system to the muscles and brings sensory input back to the CNS for further processing?

A)Autonomic
B)Somatic
C)Parasympathetic
D)Sympathetic

Question 69

Human beings possess mirror systems that help us understand not just the actions and emotions of other,but their ___________ as well.

A)motivation
B)personal interests
C)physical status
D)intentions

Question 70

A(n)____ is a neuron that carries information from the external environment,or from the body,back to the central nervous system.

A)sensory neuron
B)interneuron
C)cerebellar neuron
D)motor neuron

Question 71

The ____ is the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal and involves the expenditure of energy.

A)endocrine system
B)sympathetic nervous system
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)somatic nervous system

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?

A)Axel enjoys listening to bird songs early in the morning.
B)Steve's fingers flick back and forth when he watches his daughter make an exciting play during a soccer game.
C)Brett struggles to scratch an itch in the middle of his back.
D)Vince salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in his grandmother's kitchen.

Question 73

The brain and the spinal cord

A)form one continuous unit of tissue.
B)are made of white matter.
C)can heal neural connections after injury.
D)make up the peripheral nervous system.

Question 74

A(n)____ is a neuron that carries commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

A)interneuron
B)cerebellar neuron
C)sensory neuron
D)motor neuron

Question 75

The ____ is the division of the autonomic nervous system associated with rest,repair,and energy storage.

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)endocrine system
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 76

The brain and the spinal cord form the ____.

A)autonomic nervous system.
B)central nervous system.
C)peripheral nervous system.
D)somatic nervous system.

Question 77

The ________ is sometimes referred to as a "second brain," because it has as many neurons in it as the spinal cord.

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)endocrine system
D)enteric nervous system

Question 78

Which of the following is an accurate match between a division of the autonomic nervous system and a bodily function or state?

A)Sympathetic;slows heart rate
B)Parasympathetic;induces sweaty palms
C)Sympathetic;dilates pupils
D)Parasympathetic;induces rapid breathing

Question 79

Which of the following does NOT protect the brain at the physical level?

A)Meninges
B)Cerebrospinal fluid
C)Blood-brain barrier
D)Skull

Question 80

While working on getting her 10,000 steps on her fitness monitor,Gina accidently steps on a piece of broken glass and injures her foot.What causes Gina to immediately lift her foot in response to the cut from the piece of broken glass?

A)Sensory neurons relay information directly to the spinal cord and motor neurons in the spinal cord send information to muscles in the foot.
B)Sensory neurons relay information directly to the brain and motor neurons in the brain send information to muscles in the foot.
C)Motor neurons relay information directly to the spinal cord and sensory neurons in the spinal cord send information to muscles in the foot.
D)Motor neurons relay information directly to the brain and sensory neurons in the brain send information to muscles in the foot.