Deck 15: Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy

Question 1

Compared with Europe,how is psychotherapy regulated in the United States?

A)The United States has more stringent licensing requirements than Europe.
B)In the United States,psychotherapists must provide confidential client records to the federal government.
C)Unlike the United States,in Europe,assessments of psychotherapeutic treatment outcomes are regularly conducted by the government.
D)In most of Europe,psychotherapists must hold a medical degree before being licensed in psychotherapy.

Answer 1

The United States has more stringent licensing requirements than Europe.

Question 2

Jermaine has battled moderate anxiety for most of his life.He seeks out the help of a mental health professional,who recommends a form of psychotherapy known as brief therapy.What can Jermaine expect from this type of therapy?

A)The therapy will be based on solution-building rather than on problem-solving.
B)Jermaine will be given the tools to reflect on his problems at home and will report back to his therapist periodically.
C)Instead of hour-long sessions four to five times per week,the sessions will be restricted to 15-minute sessions over the course of several years.
D)Jermaine will spend brief periods of time with his therapist and then meet in longer group sessions with other clients experiencing similar problems.

Answer 2

The therapy will be based on solution-building rather than on problem-solving.

Question 3

Emily is studying to be a religious leader in her faith and would also like to work as a family counselor.What type of degree would be best for Emily to pursue?

A)Doctor of theology
B)Doctor of social work
C)Master of divinity
D)Master of philosophy

Answer 3

Master of divinity

Question 4

As medical knowledge improved beginning in the 18th century,psychological disorders became ____.

A)less prevalent
B)more cloistered
C)less mysterious
D)further stigmatized

Question 5

Diane is trying to decide between pursuing a Ph.D.or Psy.D.degree in psychology.As her friend,you tell Diane that a major critique of the Psy.D.degree is that it ____.

A)focuses on the medical etiology of psychological disorders
B)concentrates on research and not on the practical applications of psychology
C)centers on the use of alternative,nonmainstream treatment approaches
D)lacks an emphasis on research and the scientific evaluation of data

Question 6

Dr.Michaels meets with a new client,Tori,who is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.Assuming that Dr.Michaels uses EBP,what is the first step that she will likely take in treating Tori?

A)Integrate well-established treatment paradigms for generalized anxiety disorder with Tori's values and circumstances.
B)Evaluate literature relevant to generalized anxiety disorder that is well established and has lasted the test of time.
C)Search the most current literature regarding treatments for generalized anxiety disorder.
D)Construct an answerable question with the aim of finding the best treatment for generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 7

Rory seeks the help of a mental health professional because she just hasn't felt like herself lately;she is unusually sad,sleeps late,avoids her friends,and eats excessively.During her appointments,Rory and her therapist engage in conversation as a way to help Rory understand her feelings.This type of conversation is termed ____.

A)psychodrama
B)biofeedback
C)dialectical therapy
D)psychotherapy

Question 8

During the 20th century,psychological approaches to treatment reflected the rise of the ____ perspectives.

A)psychodynamic and cognitive
B)functionalist and Gestaltist
C)structuralist and empiricist
D)behavioral and humanist

Question 9

According to research by Baker,McFall,and Shoham (2008),which psychologist is taking the most typical approach for treating clients?

A)Dr.Researcho,who scours the literature before implementing a treatment strategy
B)Dr.Persono,who heavily weighs the personal circumstances of each client when considering the best treatment
C)Dr.Experto,who draws from "clinical expertise" when carrying out a treatment plan
D)Dr.Skeptico,who conducts independent research to confirm established theories before utilizing a specific treatment plan

Question 10

Early examination of the biological roots of psychological illnesses included the discovery that _____,a common type of sexually transmitted disease,could produce abnormal behaviors.These included hallucinations,delusions,and changes in mood and personality.

A)chlamydia
B)syphilis
C)herpes
D)HPV

Question 11

In addition to research evidence,what does evidence-based practice (EBP)utilize to provide the best outcome for a client?

A)Clinical expertise and client values
B)Clinical expertise and bioinformatics
C)Medication and client values
D)Medication and bioinformatics

Question 12

Jack worries constantly about being poisoned by carbon monoxide.Because of this,he checks the carbon monoxide detector repeatedly throughout the day to make sure it is working.Assuming that Jack has obsessive-compulsive disorder,what type of medical health professional is most likely to take a biological approach to treatment?

A)A psychiatrist with an M.D.
B)A clinical social worker
C)A psychologist with a Psy.D.
D)A psychologist with a Ph.D.

Question 13

Millie is having a difficult time completing her undergraduate degree in finance and,at the same time,is anxious about her job prospects after graduation.She tells her college adviser,Dr.McGonagall,who is a clinical psychologist,that she is considering seeking the advice of a life coach.Assuming Dr.McGonagall is in agreement with your text and recent studies,what might she tell Millie?

A)"Don't do it;life coaches are nothing more than salesmen or actors."
B)"Give it a try;life coaches seem to perform some of the same duties as psychotherapists."
C)"Be cautious;life coaches have Psy.D. ,not Ph.D. ,degrees."
D)"You might like it;life coaches seem to be particularly appealing to women."

Question 14

Which of the following was discovered first and revolutionized the biological treatment of psychological disorders?

A)Lithium,to treat bipolar disorder
B)SSRIs,to treat major depression
C)Benzodiazepines,to treat anxiety disorders
D)Phenothiazines,to treat schizophrenia

Question 15

Malik seeks the help of a therapist because he experiences difficulty maintaining relationships.At his first visit,Malik's therapist explains that she will focus on Malik's personal strengths and development.What type of psychologist is Malik visiting?

A)A cognitive psychologist
B)A behavioral psychologist
C)A humanistic psychologist
D)A Freudian psychologist

Question 16

Taylor would like to pursue an undergraduate degree in psychology,but is worried that without a graduate degree,his career choices will be limited.What information would you share with Taylor to help him decide whether or not to pursue an undergraduate degree in psychology?

A)Nearly 25% of all psychotherapists hold undergraduate rather than graduate degrees.
B)About one-third of undergraduates in psychology obtain jobs that are closely related to the field.
C)Graduate degrees are necessary if you plan to teach at the college level,but they are not necessary for clinical psychology work.
D)Nearly all undergraduate psychology majors who do not pursue a graduate degree move on to careers unrelated to psychology.

Question 17

George would like to quit his nail-biting habit.He is thinking about seeing a hypnotist to help him.As George's friend,what information would you share to help him make an educated decision?

A)At minimum,hypnotists are required to hold an associate's degree.
B)There is no credible evidence to suggest that hypnotism is effective.
C)There are many legitimate uses of hypnosis in therapy,and there are legitimate therapists who use the technique.
D)Because hypnotists are required to have advanced degrees,their services are very expensive.

Question 18

As the biological approach to treating psychological disorders gathered momentum,what other aspect of psychological treatments was gaining success?

A)Studying heritable links to psychological disorders
B)Understanding the emotional underpinnings of psychological disorders
C)Diminishing social stigmas associated with psychological disorders
D)Creating centralized institutions to treat psychological disorders

Question 19

Which therapist is most likely utilizing brief therapy during a session with a client?

A)Dr.Lightfoot,who states,"Tell me about your mother."
B)Dr.Sujho,who asks,"Do you have any recurrent dreams?"
C)Dr.Kalish,who states,"Let's come up with a plan for the next time you feel anxious."
D)Dr.Martinez,who states,"I will say a word and you respond by saying the first word that comes into your thoughts."

Question 20

Early treatments for hysteria focused on

A)hypnosis.
B)biochemistry.
C)spiritualism.
D)evolutionary adaptation.

Question 21

Dr.Hollitscher feels that she made significant progress with her client,Alyssa,at their last session.This week,Alyssa cancels her appointment at the last minute,stating that she needs to catch up on household chores.Dr.Hollitscher suspects that Alyssa is showing signs of ____.

A)transference
B)discordance
C)avoidance
D)resistance

Question 22

Dr.Zhang notices that his client,Lucian,becomes very defensive when asked to elaborate on his financial difficulties.Dr.Zhang infers that Lucian has likely been defensive with his parents and supervisors at work as well.What technique is Dr.Zhang using to make his inference?

A)Transference
B)Discordance
C)Conformance
D)Resistance

Question 23

What is the primary disadvantage of using computerized therapeutic tools,such as Wiley's TheraScribe,when treating clients?

A)There is no scientific data to support their effectiveness.
B)They often disseminate inaccurate information.
C)They can seem highly impersonal.
D)They compromise client confidentiality.

Question 24

What is a major assumption of insight therapy?

A)Most people are unable to truly understand their feelings without professional guidance.
B)Providing too much insight into a client's problems ultimately slows down progress.
C)Clients will improve when they come to realize the root of their problems.
D)Taking responsibility for one's own actions is the first step in the healing process.

Question 25

Dr.Bernays asks his client to say whatever comes to mind about his mother without attempting to censor the content.This technique is referred to as ____.

A)mind release
B)free association
C)introspective guidance
D)cognitive liberation

Question 26

What is an example of a significant challenge faced by family therapists?

A)The family member who seems to need treatment the most refuses to participate
B)Not showing favoritism
C)Keeping the peace
D)Juggling different personalities

Question 27

In psychoanalysis,how is the client-therapist relationship structured?

A)The client controls the sessions.
B)The therapist is in charge of the sessions.
C)The client and therapist have equal control.
D)The therapist gradually hands over control to the client.

Question 28

From the following list,which client is the least ideal for group therapy?

A)Anderson,who suffers from a specific phobia
B)Armundo,who suffers from bipolar disorder
C)Cizhen,who is somewhat shy and self-conscious
D)Martin,who is psychotic

Question 29

How has managed care affected contemporary treatments for psychological disorders?

A)Psychological treatments are less stigmatized today because of managed care.
B)Decisions about treatment strategies are often made by untrained insurance company personnel.
C)More people have access to psychological treatments because of managed care.
D)Psychologists are able to develop more effective and evidence-based psychological treatments because of managed care.

Question 30

Which word best describes the role of the therapist in the humanistic approach to psychotherapy?

A)Controlling
B)Nondirective
C)Challenging
D)Suggestive

Question 31

Lately,Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays.He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house,gift shopping,and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives.Jameson and his therapist discuss how he feels when he is in his home environment.Jameson states that he is overwhelmed by guilt that he doesn't feel that he loves his parents and prefers to live his life without much connection to them.His therapist states that it must be difficult for Jameson,because we live in a society where we are expected to maintain connections with parents.What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A)Psychoanalytical therapy
B)Cognitive therapy
C)Humanistic therapy
D)Behavioral therapy

Question 32

When it comes to the use of scientifically valid psychological treatments,what can we assume?

A)As required by law,a licensed therapist can only engage in scientifically valid treatment strategies.
B)A lack of scientific support does not always prevent an approach from being widely used.
C)Psychologists with Ph.D.degrees are required to use evidence-based treatments,but not those with Psy.D.degrees.
D)If a therapist uses a nonscientifically validated treatment,he or she is required by law to notify their clients.

Question 33

Who is credited with being the first person to use talking therapy?

A)Aaron Beck
B)Leonard Krasner
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 34

Lately,Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays.He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans,gift shopping,and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives.Jameson's therapist asks him a series of questions about his childhood,such as his relationship with his parents.He is asked to recall,in depth,his interactions with his parents,particularly during holiday events.The therapist tells Jameson that his conflictive relationship with his parents may be a source of the problem with his emotional struggles during the holidays.What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A)Psychoanalytical therapy
B)Cognitive therapy
C)Humanistic therapy
D)Behavioral therapy

Question 35

Dr.Cohen uses techniques of empathy and unconditional positive regard when treating his clients.What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

A)Personal views on extrinsic circumstances drive behavior.
B)Maladaptive behaviors arise from associating negative outcomes with certain events.
C)The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D)Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 36

What is a major benefit of group therapy?

A)It can have longer lasting effects than individual therapy.
B)It can help to decrease the sense of isolation that can accompany a mental health struggle.
C)It provides the opportunity to let others watch your own individual therapy taking place.
D)It generally allows for faster progress.

Question 37

Psychoanalysis falls under which class of psychological theory?

A)Action
B)Behavioral
C)Humanistic
D)Insight

Question 38

Dr.Schlomo uses a psychoanalytical approach when treating her clients.What underlying ideology influences her therapeutic style?

A)Personal views on extrinsic circumstances drive behavior.
B)Maladaptive behaviors arise from associating negative outcomes with certain events.
C)The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D)Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 39

Shaunice recently began cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),via online live video sessions with a therapist.Because you are familiar with the research on this approach,you would be likely to advise Shaunice that ____.

A)studies show that this method of communication is not effective
B)online CBT therapy is just as effective as face-to-face therapy
C)most online therapists are not certified
D)this method of providing therapy is highly controversial and rarely used

Question 40

Although the American Psychological Association (APA)has the primary responsibility for accrediting Ph.D.or Psy.D.psychology degree programs,the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS)was recently formed to increase ____.

A)the scientific basis of clinical treatment and research literacy among clinical psychologists
B)the appreciation of medicine-centered and biology-focused treatment strategies among clinical psychologists
C)the emphasis on practicum-based training in clinical psychology rather than research-based training
D)awareness among clinical psychologists of alternative and holistic treatment paradigms for psychological disorders

Question 41

Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success,particularly in the treatment of ____.

A)bipolar disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)major depressive disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 42

Dr.Cooper uses a cognitive approach when treating her clients.What underlying ideology influences her therapeutic style?

A)The way we think about circumstances is crucial to our health and adjustment.
B)Learning can be used to increase adaptive and decrease maladaptive behaviors.
C)The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D)Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 43

Behavioral therapies use applications of ____.

A)direct intentionalism
B)modified gestalt therapy
C)structured functionalism
D)classical and operant conditioning

Question 44

According to humanistic theories,much of human unhappiness results from ____.

A)an inability to reach self-actualization
B)the denial of feelings
C)conditional regard
D)egocentricity

Question 45

One of the earliest examples of cognitive therapy was developed by ____.

A)Aaron Beck
B)Alfred Adler
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 46

Lately,Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays.He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house,gift shopping,and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives.Jameson's therapist challenges him to think about his past visits home,during which Jameson experienced positive emotions.She asks whether Jameson's "all-or-nothing" view of holiday visits as happy or unhappy is a rational approach: "Is it realistic to think that a holiday visit home should be 100% positive"? What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A)Psychoanalytical
B)Cognitive
C)Humanistic
D)Behavioral

Question 47

Which psychologist is using a biopsychosocial approach to psychotherapy?

A)Dr.A,who creates a unique therapeutic strategy for each of his clients without adopting a single theoretical orientation
B)Dr.B,who requires her clients to have a complete blood workup before initiating therapy
C)Dr.C,who shadows his clients in their daily lives to gain a better understanding of their stressors
D)Dr.D,who monitors her clients' physiological parameters (e.g. ,heart rate,perspiration)to get a better read on their feelings

Question 48

Jameson tells his therapist,"I start to feel my blood pressure rise when my wife belittles me," to which his therapist replies,"I sense that you become very frustrated when you feel like your wife is attacking your character." Assuming a humanistic approach to psychotherapy,why does the therapist respond in this way?

A)Reflection contributes to Jameson's sense of being fully understood.
B)To point out Jameson's important insight
C)To encourage Jameson to talk more about her feelings
D)To help bring unconscious feelings to the surface

Question 49

Dr.Estevez uses a behavioral approach when treating his clients.What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

A)The way we think about circumstances is crucial to our health and adjustment.
B)Learning can be used to increase adaptive and decrease maladaptive behaviors.
C)The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D)Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 50

Analia is training to be a clinical psychologist.She is interested in using a cognitive approach when dealing with patients;however,she knows that for cognitive therapy to be most successful,it should be combined with ____ techniques.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)functionalist

Question 51

In what ways is rational emotive behavioral therapy confrontational?

A)The therapy does not hold clients accountable for their actions.
B)The therapists do not provide input or insight for their clients.
C)The therapists openly criticize their clients' thinking.
D)The therapists are encouraged to form close bonds with their clients.

Question 52

The public initially distrusted behavioral treatment methods because they were ____.

A)ineffective and time consuming
B)not scientifically validated
C)based on animal research
D)overly complex and impractical

Question 53

According to the cognitive therapeutic perspective,people run into psychological trouble when they adopt ____ ways of thinking.

A)egotistical
B)irrational
C)manic
D)sadistic

Question 54

Lately,Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays.He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house,gift shopping,and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives.Jameson's therapist suggests that he find an alternative behavior to engage in,such as making three positive comments to each dinner guest.The therapist also encourages Jameson to reward himself with a second vacation to a destination he enjoys when he meets his goals.What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A)Psychoanalytical therapy
B)Cognitive therapy
C)Humanistic therapy
D)Behavioral therapy

Question 55

Person-centered therapy was developed by ____.

A)Aaron Beck
B)Leonard Krasner
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 56

Behavior modification focuses on ____.

A)observable actions
B)internal drives
C)client directives
D)family relationships

Question 57

A psychologist using a humanistic approach views society as a ____.

A)bridge between isolation and belongingness
B)resource for support and empathy
C)tool to help guide behavior
D)source of psychological discontent

Question 58

The most commonly used medical therapy is ____.

A)neurofeedback
B)psychosurgery
C)deep brain stimulation
D)medication

Question 59

Jasper attends a conference on medical treatments for psychological disorders.While at the conference,he is surprised to find out that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)is an effective treatment for severe cases of ____.

A)bipolar disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)depression
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 60

Deborah is terrified of driving over bridges,but when her daughter moved to a new house across a major river,she is determined to get in her car and drive over the bridge to visit her daughter.Her therapist uses a technique in which Deborah's old irrational fears of bridges are replaced with rational thoughts about the safety of bridge construction.This technique is referred to as ____.

A)logical awareness
B)self-rationality
C)assisted lucidity
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 61

What is a major advantage of deep brain stimulation over psychosurgery?

A)It does not require surgery.
B)It is reversible.
C)It is more cost effective.
D)It is nearly always effective.

Question 62

Neurofeedback appears to be promising in the treatment of ____.

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder and epilepsy
C)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
D)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy

Question 63

While working on her family history,Angelique is surprised to find out that her great uncle was treated for a mental disorder with a frontal lobotomy well into the 1960s.Since that time in her family's history

A)laws were passed banning the procedure.
B)victims' advocate groups brought national attention to the issue.
C)the use of medications for psychological disorders became an established practice.
D)numerous malpractice suits deterred doctors from performing the procedure.

Question 64

Although the exact mode of action of ECT is currently unknown,most patients experience an increase in responsiveness to ____.

A)serotonin and acetylcholine
B)dopamine and acetylcholine
C)serotonin and norepinephrine
D)dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 65

Recent medical school graduate Dr.Boykin is undertaking his psychiatry residency with Dr.Stone,an expert in repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)on the possible placebo effects associated with rTMS.If the research results indicate the same findings as Figure 15.8 they it could be concluded that

A)there is a strong placebo affect associated with rTMS in the late phases of treatment.
B)rTMS did not result in any changes associated with treatment.
C)there are no placebo effects associated with rTMS.
D)there is a strong placebo affect associated with rTMS in the early phases of treatment.

Question 66

The Food and Drug Administration has approved which class of drugs for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder?

A)Anticonvulsant
B)Stimulants
C)Antipsychotics
D)Antidepressants

Question 67

ECT results in the induction of ____.

A)seizures
B)transient ischemic attacks
C)dystonia
D)cataplexy

Question 68

The use of stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)was discovered by Charles Bradley,who initially used the drugs to treat a group of children hospitalized for _______.

A)major depressive disorder
B)learning and behavior problems
C)sleep disturbances
D)somatic symptom disorders

Question 69

Following observations of mood changes in people undergoing deep brain stimulation through surgically implanted electrodes for the relief of ______,physicians attempted to use that procedure for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.

A)autism spectrum disorder
B)Huntington's disease
C)Lou Gehrig's disease
D)Parkinson's disease

Question 70

Dr.Shariff meets with a new patient,Dalia,to discuss performing deep brain stimulation for the treatment of her severe depression.He describes the technique to Dalia and explains that microelectrodes will be placed in Dalia's ____.

A)nucleus accumbens
B)basal ganglia
C)hippocampus
D)substantia nigra

Question 71

Because of the severity and lifelong nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD),parents of children with ASD are especially vulnerable to cures that have little support in the research.What is an example of one of these so-called cures?

A)Fish oil supplements
B)Hypothermic exposure
C)Hyperbaric oxygen treatment
D)Nitric oxide infusions

Question 72

A nonsurgical alternative to deep brain stimulation is repeated ____.

A)ionic pulse stimulation
B)cerebral current stimulation
C)transcranial magnetic stimulation
D)neuropenetrative laser stimulation

Question 73

What is the goal of neurofeedback?

A)To train the brain to react automatically to specific external cues
B)To have internal emotional states match external physiological cues
C)To ignite instinctive impulses that have been repressed by societal norms
D)To help keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

Question 74

Frontal lobotomies were performed well into the 1960s,despite the fact that damage to the frontal lobe can severely impair a person's ____.

A)circadian rhythm
B)motor abilities
C)judgment
D)memory

Question 75

After several failed attempts at treating his major depressive episodes over the years,Patrick contemplates undergoing ECT.He discusses this with his doctor,who warns him that ECT can lead to ____,which can last for at least 6 months after the procedure is completed.

A)insomnia
B)memory loss
C)increased anxiety
D)aggressive behavior

Question 76

Who popularized the use of frontal lobotomies in the United States by performing the procedure on thousands of individuals between the 1930s and 1950s?

A)Egas Moniz
B)Ken Kesey
C)Walter Freeman
D)John Fulton

Question 77

Evidence suggests that the earliest attempts at psychosurgery involved ____.

A)lobotomies
B)trepanation
C)canalization
D)cauterization

Question 78

Ritalin and Adderall,two medications prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),act by ____.

A)decreasing norepinephrine and increasing dopamine activity
B)increasing norepinephrine and decreasing dopamine activity
C)decreasing norepinephrine and decreasing dopamine activity
D)increasing norepinephrine and increasing dopamine activity

Question 79

Dr.Tran,a pediatric psychiatrist,cautions his colleagues against prescribing stimulants for long-term use to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder because of the risk of ____.

A)addiction
B)growth suppression
C)suicidal thoughts
D)ataxia

Question 80

Seth and Azura's 2-year-old son,Enos,was recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.They meet with a child psychologist,Dr.Silver,who recommends applied behavior analysis for Enos.Dr.Silver explains that applied behavior analysis is not a quick fix for autism spectrum disorder,but that Enos will likely show the greatest improvement in ____.

A)daily functioning
B)his IQ
C)emotional regulation
D)language acquisition