Deck 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Question 1

In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to

A)an inherited disorder.
B)conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder.
C)an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
D)the inheritance of a single gene that makes on susceptible to a psychological disorder.

Answer 1

an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.

Question 2

Your uncle has been diagnosed with social phobia, and you believe that it is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is

A)multidimensional.
B)integrative.
C)one-dimensional.
D)biological.

Answer 2

one-dimensional.

Question 3

In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to

A)life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger the onset of a disorder.
B)Internal conflicts that trigger the onset of a disorder.
C)The expression of defective genes.
D)exposure to unusual and extreme situations that often lead to psychological disorders.

Answer 3

life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger the onset of a disorder.

Question 4

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a type of influence referred to as

A)systemic.
B)polygenic.
C)unigenic.
D)morphogenic.

Question 5

___________ is an excitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, leading to action.

A)Serotonin
B)Gamma-aminobutyric acid
C)Glutamate
D)Norepinephrine

Question 6

The study of twins has shown us that

A)The influence of genes can be dramatically affected by various environmental factors.
B)The influence of genes is almost entirely overridden by biological environmental factors like nutrition.
C)The influence of genes is almost entirely overridden by social environmental factors like parenting.
D)The influence of genes cannot be changed by environmental factors.

Question 7

The multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology is based on understanding of

A)Biological causes.
B)Psychological causes.
C)Emotional, social and developmental influences.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 8

Shanlee inherited a physiological trait that makes her more prone to anxiety. When she was 9, she was riding in car that was involved in a serious accident. If Shanlee were to develop a phobia of driving a car, the model that would probably best explain the cause of her phobia is the ________ model

A)diathesis-stress
B)biological
C)gene-environment correlation
D)interpersonal

Question 9

The most accurate way to think of genes is that they

A)provide some boundaries for our development.
B)determine both our physical and psychological characteristics.
C)determine physical but not psychological characteristics.
D)actually have very little to do with any of the characteristics that we display.

Question 10

According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the

A)interaction between normal and defective or damaged genes.
B)An individual's level of daily stress levels.
C)An individual's psychological and medical history.
D)interaction of an inherited tendency and events in an individual's life.

Question 11

The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the

A)diathesis-stress model.
B)gene-environment correlation model.
C)genetic model.
D)psycho-social model.

Question 12

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is the ________ model.

A)diathesis-stress
B)genetic
C)bio-behavioral
D)psychoanalytic

Question 13

According to the diathesis-stress model, identical twins raised in the same household will

A)not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis.
B)have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same.
C)not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.
D)have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two individuals randomly selected from the population.

Question 14

Many factors determine whether genes are "turned on," including

A)Social influences.
B)biological influences.
C)cultural influences.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 15

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic versus environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

A)genetic influences are greater for animals than for humans because humans learn more from their environments.
B)genetics and the environment share equal roles in the development of all psychological traits.
C)genetic influences may have been understated by previous.
D)genetic influences may have been overstated by previous studies.

Question 16

The basis of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that each dimension (psychological, biological, emotional, etc.)

A)operates independently.
B)is sufficient to cause pathology.
C)builds on the dimension that precedes it.
D)is influenced by the other dimensions.

Question 17

Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five. Their parents are raising them in a traditional family home. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to

A)biological differences.
B)developmental differences.
C)psychological differences.
D)sociocultural differences.

Question 18

Recent evidence regarding genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

A)single culprit genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
B)genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
C)there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology.
D)multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.

Question 19

Mary Sue inherited a personality trait that makes her more likely to be aggressive. As a result, she does not have many friends and has not had much success in long-term relationships. If Mary Sue were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain the cause of her depression is the ________ model.

A)diathesis-stress
B)biological
C)gene-environment correlation
D)interpersonal

Question 20

The process known as ______ is when a neurotransmitter is released, then quickly broken down and brought back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that originally released it.

A)reuptake
B)cognitive
C)neurobiological
D)None of these are correct.

Question 21

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are segments of the

A)peripheral nervous system.
B)somatic nervous system.
C)parasympathetic nervous system.
D)central nervous system.

Question 22

Neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire are known as ______.

A)action potentials
B)terminal button
C)inhibitory
D)excitatory

Question 23

The chemicals that allow the transmission of signals between neurons are called

A)reuptake inhibitors.
B)hormones.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)genes.

Question 24

If Jean suffers severe damage to her somatic nervous system, she is most likely to have impairment in

A)moving her muscles.
B)thinking conceptually.
C)seeing in full colors.
D)remembering her past.

Question 25

The same level of a neurochemical substance, acting as a neurotransmitter, having different effects depends on what?

A)Physiological history
B)Biological history
C)Sociological history
D)Psychological history

Question 26

For most people, perception and the creation of images are usually handled by the

A)left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
B)entire cerebral cortex.
C)midbrain.
D)right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Question 27

For most people, verbal and cognitive processes are usually controlled by the

A)left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
B)right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
C)entire cortex.
D)midbrain.

Question 28

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of

A)electrical brain waves.
B)Types of neurons.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)areas of the brain.

Question 29

The limbic system includes all of the following except the

A)hippocampus.
B)thalamus.
C)septum.
D)amygdala.

Question 30

Emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst are the function of the

A)endocrine system.
B)sympathetic system.
C)limbic system.
D)autonomic system.

Question 31

The central nervous system is made up of the

A)brain and spinal cord.
B)brain only.
C)spinal cord only.
D)nerves leading to and from the brain.

Question 32

What are the parts of the brain that are involved broadly with regulating behavior and emotion?

A)Left and right hemisphere
B)Midbrain and brain stem
C)Medulla and pons
D)Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Glia cells play active roles in neural activity. .
B)There are less glia cells than there are neurons.
C)There is one type of glia cells and they perform no identified specific function.
D)None of these are correct

Question 34

The synaptic cleft is the area between the

A)soma of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
B)axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
C)axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron.
D)somas of two neurons.

Question 35

More than 80 percent of the neurons contained in the brain are

A)located in the cerebral cortex.
B)located in the brain stem.
C)are glial cells.
D)are unused and represent untapped human potential.

Question 36

The part of the brain most associated with higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, and long-term memory is the

A)occipital lobe.
B)brain stem.
C)left parietal lobe.
D)frontal lobe.

Question 37

The part of the brain that controls motor coordination is the

A)reticular activating system (RAS).
B)medulla.
C)pons.
D)cerebellum.

Question 38

The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the

A)thalamus.
B)midbrain.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)brain stem.

Question 39

Most automatic functions such as breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination are controlled by the part of the brain called the

A)brain stem.
B)forebrain.
C)cortex.
D)midbrain.

Question 40

Epigenetics refers to the process of cellular material influencing traits by

A)Creating mutations in the genome.
B)Inheriting mutations from an individual's parents.
C)Activating the endocrine system when an individual encounters stressful events.
D)Turning on or off genes from outside of the genome itself.

Question 41

Which model describes different emotions as points in a 2-dimensional space of valence and arousal?

A)Circumplex model
B)Gene-environment correlation model
C)Modeling model
D)Diathesis-stress model

Question 42

Virtually all drugs that are used to treat psychopathology work by influencing

A)neurotransmitters.
B)the electrical conductivity of neurons.
C)brain structure.
D)neuronal structure.

Question 43

Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with

A)muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment.
B)schizophrenia.
C)pleasure seeking.
D)exploratory behaviors.

Question 44

The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies is called the _____.

A)bipolar disorder
B)emotional disorders
C)mood disorders
D)fight response

Question 45

Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

A)agonists.
B)antagonists.
C)enhancers.
D)inverse agonists.

Question 46

The neurotransmitter associated with the inhibition of anxiety is

A)norepinephrine.
B)dopamine.
C)serotonin.
D)GABA.

Question 47

An enduring period of emotionality is known to be a _______.

A)fight response
B)affect
C)mood
D)emotion

Question 48

The part of the autonomic nervous system primarily responsible for our "emergency" or "alarm" response to stress is the

A)parasympathetic nervous system.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)endocrine system.
D)cortex.

Question 49

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

A)agonists.
B)blockers.
C)reuptake inhibitors.
D)antagonists.

Question 50

The neurotransmitter associated with the regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes is

A)GABA.
B)norepinephrine.
C)serotonin.
D)dopamine.

Question 51

Balancing the "emergency" or "alarm" response to stress and returning the body to a state of "normal arousal" is a function of the

A)sympathetic nervous system.
B)parasympathetic nervous system.
C)endocrine system.
D)cortex.

Question 52

The neurotransmitter thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioral tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behavior or psychological disorders is

A)norepinephrine.
B)GABA.
C)dopamine.
D)serotonin.

Question 53

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

A)coordinate with the brain stem.
B)process information received from the central nervous system.
C)regulate arousal.
D)control hormonal activity.

Question 54

The most recent research evidence suggests that the relationship between the brain (structure, function, neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events) is best described as

A)a system where the brain directly influences behavior and psychosocial factors but not the other way around.
B)an interaction where the brain affects psychosocial factors and vice versa.
C)a system where behavior and psychosocial factors impact the brain but not the other way around.
D)far too complex to ever understand how one system influences the other.

Question 55

The Greater the ___________ of the neural representation of a piece of information in the brain, the more likely that the person will be conscious of the information.

A)duration
B)intensity
C)coherence
D)All of these are correct.

Question 56

Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that

A)each psychological disorder is caused by a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter.
B)only severe psychological disorders like schizophrenia are caused by imbalances of neurotransmitter activity.
C)simple cause/effect conclusions that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete.
D)neurotransmitters have very little to do with psychopathology for most individuals but may be the single cause of disorders for others.

Question 57

The current state of knowledge regarding genetics and life experience effects on brain structure and function concludes that most psychological disorders are

A)the result of a complex interaction of genetics and faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
B)the result of stressful early life experiences and the negative effects such experiences have on brain structure or function.
C)the result of both biological and psychosocial factors.
D)beyond our current ability to understand in any meaningful way.

Question 58

The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is

A)GABA.
B)norepinephrine.
C)dopamine.
D)serotonin.

Question 59

When comparing the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behavior with the brains of rats raised as "couch potatoes" (Greenough, et al., 1990), the cerebellums of the more active rats

A)contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
B)contained fewer neuronal connections but more dendrites.
C)were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.
D)were exactly the same as the inactive rats.

Question 60

The conscious subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time is known as _____.

A)mood
B)affect
C)flight
D)emotion

Question 61

An example of the relationship between emotion and health is demonstrated by the finding that

A)panic is related to poor concentration.
B)people with chronic diseases are often angry about their care.
C)those in poor physical health almost always develop psychological disorders.
D)anger increases the risk of heart disease.

Question 62

The "evil eye," Latin American susto, and the Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death are currently viewed as examples of the

A)unsubstantiated myths that people can become ill without physical cause.
B)power of the cultural environment on our physical and psychological health.
C)power of the supernatural model of psychopathology.
D)isolated cultural phenomena with little practical significance.

Question 63

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of

A)panic disorder.
B)depression.
C)mania.
D)schizophrenia.

Question 64

Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain in the lower brain. This is called

A)confabulation.
B)consolidation.
C)top-down processing.
D)bottom-up processing.

Question 65

The fact that women are more likely to suffer from insect phobias than men is most likely due to

A)biological differences.
B)differences in neurochemical pathways.
C)cultural expectations.
D)genetic influences.

Question 66

The work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling helps us to understand the development of psychopathology because it demonstrates that animals

A)can learn patterns of behavior by observing others.
B)must learn through direct experience such as classical or operant conditioning.
C)will only learn behavior patterns if they are reinforced by consistent rewards.
D)acquire pathological traits by imitating the actions of others.

Question 67

Emotion is generally thought to be comprised of

A)behavior, physiology, and cognition.
B)mood and affect.
C)Primarily cognition.
D)Primarily physiology.

Question 68

Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and the consequences of that behavior is known as ______.

A)modeling
B)prepared learning
C)implicit memory
D)circumplex model

Question 69

In the Stroop color-naming paradigm, a patient with a snake phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "fangs"

A)more quickly than a neutral word.
B)in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word.
C)more slowly than a neutral word.
D)with a great deal of difficulty or not at all.

Question 70

Drugs often seem to work in a _________ manner, enacting changes in the lower brain first and reaching higher areas of the cortex last. This is called

A)consolidating.
B)stepwise.
C)top-down.
D)bottom-up.

Question 71

Leia, who has been constantly harassed and bullied by her brother Luke for as long as she can remember, believes that she will never feel happy and free to enjoy life no matter how hard she tries. Her belief is best explained by

A)personality disorder.
B)faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
C)learned helplessness.
D)internal conflicts.

Question 72

Meno is 64 years old. Although continuously faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his life, he always displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude. According to research, Meno should

A)probably live longer than those without such positive attitudes.
B)develop a larger frontal lobe over time than those without such positive attitudes.
C)be less likely to have heart disease than those without such positive attitudes
D)Be more likely to be involved with positive community activities than those without such positive attitudes.

Question 73

According to Seligman, if a person who is faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his or her life displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude, he or she is likely to function better psychologically and physically. He called this

A)learned optimism.
B)learned helplessness.
C)learned awareness.
D)learned predictability.

Question 74

Best friends Hurley and Sayid are lost on a remote island in the south Pacific. While they are walking, they unexpectedly see a stranger coming toward them. Hurley believes the stranger is about to attack them. Sayid believes the stranger is about to greet them and welcome them to the island. As the stranger approaches, Hurley experiences fear, but Sayid experiences happiness. The friends' different emotional reactions can be explained by the ________ theory of emotion.

A)physiological
B)neurological
C)affective
D)cognitive

Question 75

The primary function of human capability for strong emotions appears to be

A)survival.
B)recreation.
C)empathy.
D)creativity.

Question 76

The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Freud's view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as ________, whereas modern cognitive science views the unconscious as ________.

A)the function of the id; the result of multiple neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
B)a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
C)the function of the superego; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness
D)a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness

Question 77

The information transmitted within each neuron through electrical impulses travelling along the axon of a neuron is known as _______.

A)action potentials
B)terminal button
C)inhibitory
D)excitatory

Question 78

A rat is placed in a cage and given electrical shocks over which it has no control. When placed in a shuttle box, the rat does not attempt to escape the shock due to

A)social learning.
B)learned helplessness.
C)unconscious learning.
D)one angry rat.

Question 79

The victims of the disorder bulimia nervosa are predominantly young females. One likely explanation for this is that young females are

A)more likely to feel an intense cultural pressure to be thin.
B)have weaker eating control than older females and males.
C)objectified by fashion designers and gay men.
D)naturally more likely to suffer from "nervous stomach" disorders than other groups.

Question 80

Learned helplessness is demonstrated in laboratory animals by

A)creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot) that the animal can control.
B)creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot) that the animal cannot control.
C)creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet) that the animal cannot control.
D)creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet) that the animal can control.