Deck 5: Memory

Question 1

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with

A) translation
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation
E) interpolation

Answer 1

retrieval

Question 2

________ refers to the term for any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

A) Perception
B) Processing
C) Learning
D) Memory
E) Sensation

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are

A) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage.
B) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response.
C) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing.
D) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
E) elaboration, maintenance, interference.

Answer 3

receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true of the memory process of encoding?

A) A stimulus is identified during encoding.
B) Encoding requires conscious attention.
C) Emotionally charged experiences are easily encoded.
D) Encoding involves linking a new concept with one already in memory.
E) B and D are

Question 5

Our ability to retain encoded material over time is known as

A) storage.
B) recognition.
C) recall.
D) declarative memory.
E) chunking.

Question 6

Psychologists see memory as a(n) ________ system.

A) learning
B) interpretive
C) cognition
D) imitation
E) homeostasis

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.
E) It is the process of making sure that stored memories do not decay.

Question 8

During the memory process of ________, we select, identify, and label an experience.

A) retrieval
B) storage
C) access
D) processing
E) encoding

Question 9

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ________model of memory.

A) information-processing
B) top-down storage
C) classical conditioning
D) Tolman's cognitive
E) Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 10

The memory process of ________ involves the location and recovery of information from your memory.

A) retrieval
B) storage
C) access
D) processing
E) encoding

Question 11

The first step in the memory process is ________information in a form that the memory system can use

A) encoding.
B) storing.
C) retrieving.
D) evaluating.
E) transduction.

Question 12

Memory is considered to

A) involve storage of information as in a bank vault.
B) operate just like a video recorder.
C) be a perfect replication of our experiences.
D) be an interpretative process.
E) be a permanent form of information storage.

Question 13

Our memory ability is WORST for

A) information which we focused our attention on.
B) information in which we are interested.
C) emotionally arousing information.
D) information that we have practiced repeatedly.
E) information that doesn't fit with previous experiences.

Question 14

The key tasks of a memory system are to

A) encode, store, and retrieve.
B) perceive, chunk, and recall.
C) sense, understand, and rehearse.
D) process, rearrange, and simplify.
E) be exposed to, combine, and consider.

Question 15

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin's problem is the ________ component of memory.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) retention
E) metacognition

Question 16

New information is related to older memory information during the memory process of

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) elaboration.
E) rehearsing.

Question 17

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) evaluation.
E) rehearsal.

Question 18

The memory process of ________ involves the retention of information over time.

A) retrieval
B) storage
C) access
D) processing
E) encoding

Question 19

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) decoding
E) processing

Question 20

The reason it may be difficult to remember how many rows of stars appear on the United States flag is most likely due to

A) the limits of our visual system.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) the fact that we pay little attention to such details.
D) habituation.
E) sensory interference.

Question 21

When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) gustatory
D) procedural
E) long-term

Question 22

Sperling's study involving recall of an array of 12 letters suggested that the actual capacity of sensory memory can be

A) 2 or 3 items.
B) 7 (plus or minus 2) items.
C) limitless.
D) 12 or more items.
E) about 7 chunks.

Question 23

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of iconic memory was to

A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could.
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light.
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report.
D) test the use of chunking.
E) test the use of elaborative rehearsal.

Question 24

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow
D) a photograph
E) a filing cabinet

Question 25

Another term for eidetic imagery is

A) photographic memory.
B) recognition.
C) episodic memory.
D) engram.
E) implicit memory.

Question 26

A person's total knowledge of the world and of the self is contained within

A) photographic memory.
B) eidetic imagery.
C) declarative memory.
D) long-term memory.
E) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 27

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in iconic memory?

A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from iconic memory.
E) Because participants were not able to recall more than 1 or 2 of the letters during each trial.

Question 28

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like

A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory.
E) semantic memory.

Question 29

________ memories are the most fleeting.

A) Motor
B) Working
C) Long-term
D) Eidetic
E) Sensory

Question 30

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around

A) four or five items.
B) nine or ten items.
C) all the letters present.
D) one to two items.
E) seven plus or minus two items.

Question 31

The storage capacity of working memory

A) is smaller than both sensory and long-term memory.
B) is larger than both sensory and long-term memory.
C) varies more than both sensory and long-term memory.
D) is larger than sensory memory, but smaller than long-term memory.
E) is larger than long-term memory, but smaller than sensory memory.

Question 32

A sensory memory is an impression formed from

A) input from any of the senses.
B) thoughts and feelings of early childhood.
C) cognitions.
D) reinforcers.
E) chunking.

Question 33

The three memory stages, in order of processing, are:

A) sensory; cognitive; short term
B) sensory; working; short term
C) sensory; working; long term
D) working; long term; short term
E) recall; recognition; rehearsal

Question 34

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) iconic memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory
E) eidetic memory

Question 35

Were sensory memories to last longer than normal,

A) we would need more working memory.
B) our senses would not work together.
C) we would become overloaded by the amount of incoming information.
D) it would ultimately destroy cortical neurons.
E) sensory memory would be able to hold more information.

Question 36

The stream of information from your foot is first passed through ________ memory.

A) working
B) declarative
C) procedural
D) sensory
E) photographic

Question 37

The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) working memory.
E) nociceptive memory.

Question 38

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as

A) implicit is to explicit.
B) auditory is to visual.
C) visual is to auditory.
D) quick is to slow.
E) smell is to taste.

Question 39

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory
E) eidetic memory

Question 40

An eidetic image will fade from memory if you

A) describe it.
B) think about it.
C) are aware of it.
D) view it for too long.
E) rehearse it.

Question 41

Typically, information is held in working memory for about

A) 5 to 10 seconds.
B) 20 to 30 seconds.
C) 2 to 3 minutes.
D) an hour or two.
E) about 1 day.

Question 42

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as

A) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
B) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
C) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory.
D) repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in working memory.
E) creating a "photograph" of a stimulus and storing it in a visual format.

Question 43

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her

A) iconic sensory memory.
B) echoic sensory memory.
C) working memory.
D) tactile sensory memory.
E) gustatory sensory memory.

Question 44

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A) condensed
B) permanent
C) maintenance
D) elaborative
E) proactive

Question 45

The capacity of working memory is about ________ items.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 11
D) 20
E) 30

Question 46

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against

A) the decay of numerical memory
B) the extinction of auditory traces.
C) George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2.
D) the limits of procedural memory.
E) the problem of absent-mindedness.

Question 47

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of working memory?

A) 11
B) 9
C) 7
D) 5
E) 3

Question 48

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) maintenance
E) self-referent

Question 49

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in working memory through the process of

A) chunking.
B) categorizing .
C) rote rehearsal.
D) cueing.
E) priming.

Question 50

Luiz is being asked to remember a series of the following 15 letters: FOXHOWLSWANTBUG. He finds this to be easier to remember as the four words "fox howls want bug," rather than 15 individual letters. Luiz has used a process known as

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) recognition.
D) chunking.
E) eidetic imagery.

Question 51

Two strategies that are useful in dealing with the limits of working memory are to

A) encode and process.
B) chunk and rehearse.
C) recall and recognize.
D) relearn and retrieve.
E) prime and repress.

Question 52

Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?

A) long-term memory
B) working memory
C) secondary memory
D) cognitive memory
E) phenomenological memory

Question 53

Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) echoic
D) implicit
E) procedural

Question 54

What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from working to long-term memory)?

A) condensed and expanded
B) elaborative and permanent
C) maintenance and permanent
D) elaborative and maintenance
E) semantic and episodic

Question 55

_______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal.

A) Permanent; condensed
B) Condensed; permanent
C) Elaborative; maintenance
D) Maintenance; elaborative
E) Semantic; episodic

Question 56

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using?

A) condensed
B) permanent
C) elaborative
D) maintenance
E) implicit

Question 57

The sensory register for vision is called ________ memory, whereas the sensory register for hearing is called ________ memory.

A) declarative; procedural
B) olfactory; auditory
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit
E) iconic; echoic

Question 58

Bonnie is trying to remember what grocery items she needs from the stores. She repeats the words, "Eggs, cookies, bread, tortillas, and pretzels" over and over again in her mind. Bonnie is utilizing which memory technique?

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) transduction
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) chunking
E) retroactive interference

Question 59

Because of the limited capacity of ________, it is unsafe to talk on a cell phone while driving on a freeway during rush-hour.

A) sensory memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) working memory
E) echoic memory

Question 60

A ________ is any pattern or meaningful unit of information.

A) schema
B) bit
C) code
D) chunk
E) morpheme

Question 61

The fact that letters that sound similar can create memory distortions after they are encoded is one of the problems with the fact that information in working memory is encoded:

A) verbally
B) visually
C) gustatorily.
D) physically
E) semantically

Question 62

General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of

A) episodic memory.
B) procedural memories.
C) declarative memories.
D) semantic memory.
E) explicit memory.

Question 63

According to the levels-of-processing theory, if Jon wanted Maqsood to remember the sentences "At first, it is better to run than to walk, " "Birds seldom get too close," and "A rock can be used as an anchor," he should

A) encourage Maqsood to pay attention to the sound of each word.
B) ask Maqsood to underline all of the three-letter words.
C) have Maqsood alphabetize the words in each sentence.
D) tell Maqsood the sentences all refer to kite-flying.
E) test Maqsood's memory immediately.

Question 64

The ________ theory claims that establishing more connections with long-term memories makes information more meaningful and memorable and thus easier to recall.

A) levels-of-processing
B) engram
C) spatial analyses
D) distributed learning
E) mood-congruent

Question 65

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?

A) the articulatory loop Incorect. The articulatory loop is the part of working memory that deals with immediate auditory information.
B) the sketchpad
C) the internal executive
D) the control sequence
E) the central rehearsal strategem

Question 66

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a ________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word.

A) deeper; shallower
B) shallower; deeper
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher
E) semantic; episodic

Question 67

According to the levels-of-processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a ________level.

A) deeper
B) medium
C) shallower
D) personal
E) any of these, depending on the information

Question 68

If one wants to increase the capacity of working memory, more items can be held through the process of

A) chunking.
B) decoding.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) data compression.
E) priming.

Question 69

The best strategy by which to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory is to engage in

A) eidetic imagery.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) elaborative rehearsal.
E) repression.

Question 70

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by the levels-of-processing model?

A) repeating a word aloud ten times
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) looking at the shapes of the letters in a word
E) considering what words a sound "sounds like"

Question 71

Bob sells lamps for a living. In order to help people remember his telephone number, he requests the number 981-5267. Bob advertises his number as 981-LAMP. Bob is hoping that ________ will aid his customers in remembering his phone number.

A) recognition
B) recall
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) elaborative rehearsal
E) engrams

Question 72

Working memory involves activity in circuits located with the ________ of the brain.

A) temporal lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) cerebellum
D) corpus callosum
E) frontal cortex

Question 73

Which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, sketchpad, and phonological loop?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) procedural memory
E) episodic memory

Question 74

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

A) levels-of-processing model
B) parallel distributed processing model
C) information-processing model
D) three stage
E) the flashbulb model

Question 75

When test subjects are asked to recall a list of letters they have just seen, the mistakes they make often involve letters that sound similar to the displayed letters. These mistakes are probably due to

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) acoustic coding.
C) retroactive interference during transfer from echoic to iconic memory.
D) the serial position effect.
E) the tip-of-the tongue phenomenon.

Question 76

The levels-of-processing model would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word "frog"?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"
E) "Have I seen this before?"

Question 77

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the appearance of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) recalling that an object was rectangular
E) considering whether an object is novel or familiar

Question 78

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your

A) central executive.
B) fight-or-flight response.
C) modality-specific memory.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) phonological loop.

Question 79

Chunking is a means of

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B) combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D) storing long-term memories.
E) keeping information active in working memory indefinitely.

Question 80

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your

A) central executive.
B) fight-or-flight response.
C) modality-specific memory.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) encoding executive.