Deck 7: Development Over the Lifespan

Question 1

________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.

A) Nature; nurture
B) Cognition; emotion
C) Nurture; behavioral genetics
D) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
E) Longitudinal, cross-sequential

Answer 1

Nature; nurture

Question 2

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of

A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) maturational studies.
E) geriatrics

Answer 2

developmental psychology.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of the "Jim twins"?

A) The twins were separated at birth.
B) The IQ scores of the twins were nearly identical.
C) Each smoked the same cigarette brand and drank the same brand of beer.
D) Their wives were similar in hair color and vocational interests.
E) Each twin named their dog "Toy."

Answer 3

Their wives were similar in hair color and vocational interests.

Question 4

A zygote is termed an embryo around the time when its number of cells reaches approximately

A) 150.
B) 900.
C) 10,000.
D) 400,000.
E) 1,000,000.

Question 5

A(n) ________ refers to a fertilized egg that is the result of conception.

A) embryo
B) zygote
C) genome
D) blastocyst
E) trophoblast

Question 6

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11ᵗʰ child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ________ as evidenced in the ________.

A) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
B) nature; nature versus nurture controversy
C) environmental factors; conception theory
D) teratogens; Conception Theory
E) learning; classical conditioning theory

Question 7

The prenatal period ends

A) 10 days after conception.
B) at birth.
C) when the child can walk.
D) at puberty.
E) at retirement.

Question 8

A key research interest in developmental psychology is to

A) trace the evolution of the human race.
B) identify the biochemical processes involved in thought.
C) determine how organisms change over time.
D) predict adult behavior.
E) study the effects of genetic mutations on behavior.

Question 9

The nature-nurture controversy is primarily concerned with

A) the use of a chronological versus a longitudinal approach.
B) the difference between developmental and chronological age.
C) the relative importance of heredity and environment.
D) the extent to which development is continuous or discontinuous.
E) whether to study similarities or differences between people.

Question 10

The symptoms of Down syndrome

A) cannot be helped by learning and environmental factors.
B) can be completely alleviated by factors such as environment and learning.
C) can be measurably improved by applying learning-based treatments.
D) demonstrates the total dominance of heredity over environment.
E) can be cured by utilizing genetic-based treatments.

Question 11

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal
E) vitriolic

Question 12

Twin studies indicate that heredity makes a substantial contribution to

A) schizophrenia.
B) gender identity.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) mate selection.
E) hobbies.

Question 13

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A) nature versus nurture
B) cognition versus emotion
C) classical versus operant conditioning
D) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
E) continuity vs. discontinuity

Question 14

The correct order of the three stages of human prenatal development are

A) differentiation, implantation, and strengthening.
B) embryo, zygote, and fetus.
C) placental, umbilical, and embryonic.
D) embryonic, placental, and umbilical.
E) germinal, embryonic, fetal.

Question 15

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
E) the period during which the endometrium is shed from the lining of the uterus and is evacuated out the vagina

Question 16

With regard to the nature-nurture controversy, most researchers

A) feel that nature is clearly more important.
B) feel that nurture is clearly more important.
C) are more interested in the interaction of nature and nurture.
D) believe that changes are gradual over time.
E) accept that development occurs in stages.

Question 17

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A) nurture
B) nature
C) school district superintendent
D) teacher appraisals of performance
E) continuity

Question 18

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called

A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) maturational studies.
E) geriatrics

Question 19

Newborns have a(n) ________ ability for finding nourishment, avoiding harmful situations, and interacting with others.

A) innate
B) special
C) fraternal
D) maternal
E) distinctive

Question 20

The germinal period

A) occurs during the week or so after conception.
B) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C) occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.
E) occurs between an intravaginal ejaculation and fertilization

Question 21

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A) increased birth weight and lethargy
B) lower birth weight and SIDS
C) severe hearing loss and heart defects
D) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
E) dwarfism and spina bifida

Question 22

The cells that eventually form the organ systems of the infant start development during the ________ phase.

A) zygotic
B) menarche
C) infancy
D) fetal
E) embryonic

Question 23

Among the most common teratogens are

A) clay and pebbles.
B) morphemes and phonemes.
C) caffeine and glucose.
D) LSD and thalidomide.
E) nicotine and alcohol.

Question 24

The grasping reflex can begin as early as _______ into prenatal development.

A) 4 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 14 weeks
D) 16 weeks
E) 18 weeks

Question 25

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal
E) zygotic

Question 26

The fetus's brain continues to develop, growing new neurons at the rate of ________ per minute.

A) 50,000
B) 120,000
C) 150,000
D) 200,000
E) 250,000

Question 27

Sally has been smoking for ten years. She is now pregnant. Her doctor explained that maternal smoking carries a greater risk of

A) FAS
B) FAE
C) ADHD
D) SIDS
E) SADS

Question 28

The placenta is

A) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment
B) the technical name for the "belly button"
C) a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby
D) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old
E) the name for the fluid that surrounds and protects the developing fetus

Question 29

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect?

A) teratogen
B) critical period
C) carcinogen
D) biohazard
E) rathnogen

Question 30

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop
E) the period during which the cervix dilates and the baby moves toward the vagina

Question 31

Greta's child has hyperactivity, attentional difficulties, and suffers from mental retardation. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) caffeine

Question 32

The brain is fully formed, and the fetus can feel pain at

A) 4 weeks after conception.
B) 8 weeks after conception.
C) 12 weeks after conception.
D) 16 weeks after conception.
E) 4 weeks prior to birth.

Question 33

The baby can hear sounds from outside the womb at

A) 4 weeks.
B) 8 weeks.
C) 16 weeks.
D) 27 weeks.
E) 32 weeks.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a reflexive or sensory capacity that would be present in a newborn?

A) choosing between different colors
B) clinging to a caregiver
C) responding to stimulation
D) discriminating between "good" and "bad" odors
E) distinguishing between tastes with differing amounts of sweetness

Question 35

Which of the following is TRUE of infant vision?

A) Infants can see at 20 feet what most people can see at 50 feet.
B) At one week, a child can detect the contours of a head at a close distance.
C) Infants prefer human faces to most other visual patterns.
D) Babies typically can distinguish color at about three weeks.
E) At birth, a baby can scan the features of a caregiver's face.

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE about sensory development in infants?

A) Infants do not respond to the smell of rotten eggs.
B) Infants show signs of pleasure at the taste of sugar water.
C) Infants prefer unsalted to salted cereal.
D) Infants cannot move their eyes for several days after birth.
E) Infants are more strongly attracted to male than female faces.

Question 37

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop is called the ________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) gestational
E) zygotic

Question 38

Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have children with all of the following EXCEPT

A) OCD.
B) ADHD.
C) learning deficits.
D) SIDS.
E) lower birth weight.

Question 39

The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the

A) placenta.
B) uterus.
C) umbilical cord.
D) embryo.
E) amnion

Question 40

Which of the following situations is an example of synchronicity?

A) Karen and her son, P.J., are on the floor playing with rattles.
B) Sherral laughs when she sees her daughter, Zoe, laugh.
C) Patti is upset because her son, Danny, won't stop sucking his thumb.
D) Rob punishes his son, Michael, for pulling the dog's tail.
E) Chris is teaching his son, Cameron, to hit a golf ball.

Question 41

________ is the term for the predictable process of growth that is typical of all species members reared in adequate environments.

A) Maturation
B) Habituation
C) Dishabituation
D) Temperament
E) Differentiation

Question 42

If William is a normal-three month-old, we would expect him to be able to

A) reach for a small object.
B) pulls to stand.
C) play pat-a-cake.
D) sit alone steadily.
E) search for source of sound.

Question 43

A newborn duckling will imprint with

A) the mother duck.
B) the father duck.
C) either the mother or the father duck.
D) the first moving object seen by the duck.
E) the first creature that provides food to the duck.

Question 44

The innate predisposition of some species to form an attachment to the first moving object it sees and hears after birth is called

A) menarche.
B) imprinting.
C) assimilation.
D) centration.
E) discontinuity.

Question 45

If Kaia is a normal six-month-old, we would expect her to be able to

A) reach for a small object.
B) ring a bell purposively.
C) show some early stepping motions.
D) sit alone steadily.
E) vocalize at least 10 different syllables.

Question 46

________ were the subjects in Harlow's famous attachment studies.

A) Pigeons
B) Mats
C) Monkeys
D) Humans
E) Cats

Question 47

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

A) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
E) the relationship between preschool enrollment and academic achievement

Question 48

Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

A) rolling over
B) standing alone
C) walking
D) sitting with slight support
E) crawling

Question 49

According to Ainsworth, an anxious-ambivalent child would be expected to

A) have difficulties with mastering languages.
B) lack confidence about his/her athletic ability.
C) make wise moral decisions.
D) be confident that s/he can cry out for help if needed.
E) cry with fear and anger when his/her mother leaves.

Question 50

A two-month-old infant would be able to do all EXCEPT

A) recognize its mother.
B) smile socially.
C) roll from back to side.
D) lift its head and hold it erect and steady.
E) reason abstractly.

Question 51

Infant reflexes are

A) innate involuntary behavior patterns.
B) voluntary behavior patterns.
C) learned.
D) not used as a means for survival.
E) complex and coordinated

Question 52

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she

A) should receive immediate medical attention.
B) will view novel and eccentric stimuli.
C) will be in a room with other children that they don't know.
D) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation.
E) be asked to rate the size of various line lengths

Question 53

Javier was born three days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

A) grasping reflex
B) rooting reflex
C) walking reflex
D) stepping reflex
E) Babinski reflex

Question 54

The enduring, social-emotional relationship that develops between a child and a caretaker is termed

A) imprinting.
B) intimacy.
C) attachment.
D) menarche.
E) temperament.

Question 55

________ is the idea that we form attachments to those who provide reassurance through physical touch, as opposed to feeding us.

A) Proximity
B) Generativity
C) Contact comfort
D) Imprinting
E) Identity

Question 56

If Ray is a normal 10-month-old, we would expect him to be able to

A) eat unassisted.
B) ring a bell purposively.
C) play pat-a-cake.
D) read his favorite book.
E) walk alone.

Question 57

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called

A) temperament.
B) attachment.
C) trust.
D) habituation.
E) affective valencing

Question 58

Three-month-old Brianna would be expected to have the lowest skin temperature when she is

A) left in a room with her mother.
B) left alone with a stranger.
C) completely alone.
D) in a room with her mother and a stranger.
E) None of the above are

Question 59

Environmental influences, such as child rearing practices specific to a particular culture, have ________ the genetically programmed process of maturation.

A) a radical influence on
B) more influence on development than
C) no influence on
D) some influence on
E) an unknown influence on

Question 60

The emotional attachment of a human infant for its caregiver

A) starts just after birth.
B) depends on signals generated by the infant.
C) may carry over into and determine adult behavior.
D) may involve more than the caregiver providing food to the infant.
E) All of the above are

Question 61

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants

A) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.
B) protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns.
C) cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns.
D) are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return.
E) allow their parents to do whatever they want, as long as they have their own toys nearby.

Question 62

Rico is quite relaxed with his caregivers and is able to interact with strangers quite well. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secure
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant
E) anxious-ambivalent

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of a function word?

A) "doggie"
B) "of"
C) "hit"
D) "cry"
E) "Mommy"

Question 64

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called

A) cooing.
B) holophrasing.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) babbling.
E) polysyllabizing

Question 65

A child in the two-word stage would be LEAST likely to say

A) "Daddy go."
B) "Mama here."
C) "Doggie there."
D) "TV is on."
E) "Baby smile."

Question 66

Speech that consists of short, simple sequences of nouns and verbs without plurals or tenses or function words is known as

A) a two-word stage.
B) a one-word stage.
C) telegraphic.
D) overregulated words.
E) babbling.

Question 67

By about 12 months, most infants

A) begin to use intonation in their language.
B) build a vocabulary of one-word phrases.
C) begin to distinguish, in their language, between themselves and others.
D) begin to form two- and three-word sentences.
E) can read about 100 words in print.

Question 68

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory involves an infant's need to

A) develop a basic sense of trust in the environment.
B) explore and manipulate objects.
C) initiate intellectual and motor tasks.
D) experience a comfortable sense of autonomy.
E) receive enough food necessary for survival.

Question 69

From the age of two to six, a child's vocabulary increases from ________ to ________ words.

A) 2,000; 4,000
B) 9,000; 24,000
C) 1,000; 10,000
D) 9,000; 20,000
E) 10,000; 40,000

Question 70

As adults, "secure" individuals may tend to

A) have later life job satisfaction.
B) value relationships as much as they value work.
C) admit that they are jealous of others.
D) expect that relationships will fail.
E) claim that the end of a relationship does not bother them.

Question 71

Susan becomes extremely upset when her mother leaves, grasping her leg and refusing to let go. When her mother returns she is difficult to console and cries herself to the point of exhaustion. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secure
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant
E) anxious-ambivalent

Question 72

Jane displayed no distress toward her mother when she left nor any happiness when she returned. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secure
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant
E) anxious-ambivalent

Question 73

A child that is just beginning to produce speech-like sounds is most likely in the ________ stage of speech production.

A) telegraphic
B) the one-word stage
C) scaffolding
D) babbling
E) formal operational

Question 74

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?

A) initiative vs. doubt
B) integrity vs. despair
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) basic trust vs. mistrust
E) identity vs. confusion

Question 75

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized
E) permissive

Question 76

Anna, a one year old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Anna has

A) an attachment disorder.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) generalized anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.
E) Parten's syndrome

Question 77

________ proposed that people have biologically predetermined mental structures that allow humans to comprehend and produce speech.

A) Noam Chomsky
B) Jean Piaget
C) B.F. Skinner
D) John Bowlby
E) Mary Ainsworth

Question 78

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.

A) trust
B) mistrust
C) autonomy
D) initiative
E) shame

Question 79

Parents in low-SES households read to their children an average of just _____ hours between the ages of one and five.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30
E) 50

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

A) "pet dog"
B) "ba ba ba ba ba"
C) "but I just runned home"
D) "bottle"
E) "Daddy!"