Deck 10: Personality: Theories of the Whole Person

Question 1

A person with a sanguine temperament would be said to have ________ and would be expected to be ________.

A) warm blood; cheerful
B) cool blood; sluggishness
C) black bile; brooding
D) yellow bile; irritable
E) phlegm; anxious

Answer 1

warm blood; cheerful

Question 2

A choleric temperament was associated with

A) blood.
B) phlegm.
C) black bile.
D) yellow bile.
E) saliva.

Answer 2

yellow bile.

Question 3

Match up the correct humor with its corresponding temperament:

A) sanguine; warm blood
B) melancholy; yellow bile
C) sanguine; yellow bile
D) unemotional; black bile
E) pessimistic; phlegm

Answer 3

sanguine; warm blood

Question 4

Which of the following is considered to be an individualistic culture?

A) Japan
B) Vietnam
C) Mexico
D) Great Britain
E) Pakistan

Question 5

Mary Calkins is best known for

A) her effective personality tests.
B) her successful therapy to treat depression.
C) her valid psychological personality theories.
D) being the first woman to become president of the APA.
E) her legalized birth control and safe contraception.

Question 6

Also known as your personality characteristics, this is a relatively stable personality pattern that includes temperaments, traits, and personality types:

A) propositional process
B) personality cues
C) personality
D) disposition
E) personality process

Question 7

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A) Temperament and personality are the exact same thing.
B) Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C) Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
D) Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.
E) Temperament refers to the changing parts of our "self," while personality refers to the static parts of our "self."

Question 8

________ proposed the idea that bodily fluids, or humors, were associated with different temperaments.

A) Freud
B) Hippocrates
C) Bandura
D) Kagan
E) Socrates

Question 9

Mei is Chinese American. She is very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother. Mei's way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is

A) collectivistic
B) low in power distance
C) feminine
D) low in uncertainty avoidance
E) high in external loci of control

Question 10

It is common for Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America to focus more on group loyalty and pride and thus emphasize ________ in their societies.

A) personality
B) personality cues
C) individualism
D) disposition
E) collectivism

Question 11

Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States?

A) individualistic
B) high in power distance
C) low in individualism
D) high in uncertainty avoidance
E) high in collectivism

Question 12

The relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called

A) personality.
B) nurture.
C) a trait.
D) nature.
E) heredity.

Question 13

Jerome Kagan's recent studies of shyness found that

A) most children are born as more bold than shy.
B) 20% of all children are highly responsive and excitable.
C) most people outgrow shyness by the time of college.
D) life experiences have little effect on shyness.
E) shyness is seldom consistent over time.

Question 14

This is the internal working of the personality, involving motivation, emotion, perception, and learning, as well as unconscious processes:

A) propositional process
B) personality cues
C) personality
D) disposition
E) personality process

Question 15

Research on ________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.

A) the genetic basis of traits
B) peak experiences
C) the use of defense mechanisms
D) unconditional positive regard
E) the "Big Five"

Question 16

If you were to describe a friend's personality as being phlegmatic, we could expect them to be

A) cheerful and active.
B) moody and unpredictable.
C) sad and depressive.
D) irritable and excitable.
E) cool and unemotional.

Question 17

In the United States and in other Western countries, ________ is emphasized more so than in Asian countries.

A) personality
B) personality cues
C) individualism
D) similarity
E) collectivism

Question 18

According to the text, a key aspect of personality is its ________ quality in an individual in different situations.

A) unique
B) ever-changing
C) situationally-determined
D) consistent
E) invariant

Question 19

The modern view of temperament asserts that it

A) is biologically based.
B) first emerges during adolescence.
C) has no bearing on behavior.
D) is a mixture of the four humors.
E) changes radically at adolescence.

Question 20

________ is defined as the psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual's behavior in different situations and at different times.

A) Genetic makeup
B) Psychopathology
C) Personality
D) Social history
E) Psychic determinism

Question 21

If Brianna weighs 125 pounds, but her scale indicates that she weighs 143 pounds, we would say the scale is not

A) reliable.
B) projective.
C) conceptual.
D) valid.
E) subjective.

Question 22

Travis is a participant in the X-games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Costa and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors?

A) openness
B) neuroticism
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion
E) agreeableness

Question 23

________ theorists have determined five major characteristics of personality.

A) Cognitive
B) Learning
C) Psychodynamic
D) Trait
E) Humanistic

Question 24

The ________ is a test used to measure serious mental problems, such as schizophrenia and depression.

A) CPI
B) MMPI-2
C) Rorschach
D) TAT
E) NEO-PI

Question 25

A ________ is a relatively stable personality tendency that guides one's thoughts and actions across various conditions.

A) trait
B) dimension
C) type
D) behavioral constant
E) cluster

Question 26

If you are completing a paper/pencil test that requires you to read statements and indicate "true" or "false" as to whether or not they apply to you, then you are likely taking a(n)

A) observational measure.
B) TAT.
C) projective test.
D) personality inventory.
E) self-report measure.

Question 27

If Sylvia is described as trustworthy, altruistic and tender-minded, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five superfactor known as

A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness
D) agreeableness
E) conscientiousness

Question 28

The ________ is designed to assess the "Big Five" factors of personality.

A) Rorschach
B) MMPI
C) NEO-PI
D) TAT
E) Internal-External Locus of Control Scale

Question 29

As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

A) a behavioral log
B) the TAT
C) a projective test
D) an inventory
E) the Rorschach

Question 30

What are the Big Five personality traits?

A) conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance
B) openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
C) sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance
D) neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
E) surface, source, primary, secondary, and tertiary

Question 31

The factor of ________ is NOT one of the "Big Five" dimensions underlying personality.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) openness to experience
D) extraversion
E) anger

Question 32

A ________ test measures what it was designed to measure.

A) psychometric
B) reliable
C) valid
D) meaningful
E) paper-and-pencil

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the MMPI-2?

A) It cannot detect lying.
B) It is based on norms from Eastern cultures.
C) It was originally designed to diagnose minority group members.
D) It measures "normal" personality.
E) It contains ten clinical scales.

Question 34

Which of the following is the correct acronym for the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) L-A-K-E-S
B) O-C-E-A-N
C) P-O-N-D-S
D) T-R-A-I-T-S
E) T-Y-P-E-S

Question 35

The observation that a smaller number of infants are shy in contrast to the 40% of shy college students suggests that

A) shyness is an inherited temperament.
B) babies are adept at hiding their shyness.
C) shyness is mostly consistent over the lifetime of a person.
D) adult shyness may reflect inherited and learned influences.
E) the experience of college elicits shyness.

Question 36

An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______whereas suites are preferred by _______.

A) extraverts; introverts
B) introverts; extraverts
C) good students; poor students
D) poor students; good students
E) white students; minority students

Question 37

As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia. What is the name of this psychological assessment tool?

A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B) Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS)
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
E) California Personality Inventory (CPI)

Question 38

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?

A) No evidence has been found to support these theories.
B) Research in this area is too new to report any findings.
C) Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.
D) Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated.
E) It has found that Freud was right in his conception of the unconscious.

Question 39

Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure

A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.
E) neuroticism.

Question 40

Ted is friendly, loves to tell jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores?

A) agreeableness and extraversion
B) extraversion and conscientiousness
C) neuroticism and openness to experience
D) openness to experience and conscientiousness
E) neuroticism and agreeableness

Question 41

For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ________ mind.

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) collective unconscious
D) conscious
E) archetypical

Question 42

A serious criticism of trait theories is that these

A) ignore inherited aspects of personality.
B) do not allow for predictions of behavior.
C) are too complex to explain simple behaviors.
D) explain the development of personality but do not explain specific behaviors.
E) believe personality is fixed and static.

Question 43

In psychoanalytic theory, ________ is the energy behind our sex drive.

A) Thanatos
B) fixation
C) the libido
D) lust
E) the Oedipus complex

Question 44

According to Freud, the ________ is the source of powerful impulses, drives, and conflicts of which we are unaware.

A) superego
B) ego
C) unconscious
D) archetype
E) shadow

Question 45

Physicians in the late 1800s were puzzled by hysteria, a condition in which

A) moods fluctuated wildly throughout the course of the day.
B) physical symptoms had no apparent physical cause.
C) physical pain was worsened due to poor coping.
D) people had multiple personalities.
E) people experienced severe injuries without experiencing pain.

Question 46

________ demonstrated that hysteria could be treated using hypnosis.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Karen Horney
C) Jean Charcot
D) Erik Erikson
E) Jean Piaget

Question 47

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is

A) given to nearly 100,000 people each year.
B) based on the work of Alfred Adler.
C) able to assign people to one of ten personality types.
D) a widely used projective test.
E) often used for career counseling and team building.

Question 48

Dr. Heinz has designed a new test for assessing depression. She has found that repeated administrations of the test have had consistent results across her sample subjects. We could say that her test has high

A) psychometric soundness.
B) reliability.
C) validity.
D) significance.
E) efficacy.

Question 49

A serious criticism of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is that

A) it does measure intuition.
B) scores on the test are inconsistent when taken by the same person on two occasions.
C) there is little evidence that the test predicts occupational success.
D) it has strong validity.
E) B and C are

Question 50

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) preconscious
E) subconscious

Question 51

Freud first used ________ to help his patients and later developed ________ as a therapy.

A) hypnotism; behaviorism
B) hypnotism; psychoanalysis
C) dream interpretation; religion
D) psychic determinism; humanism
E) medication; hypnotism

Question 52

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test does not measure

A) dominance and subordination.
B) sensing and intuition.
C) introversion and extroversion.
D) thinking and feeling.
E) judgment and perception.

Question 53

Freud believed that Thanatos was the driving force behind

A) sex and loving behaviors.
B) altruistic and prosocial behaviors.
C) destructive and aggressive behaviors.
D) self-preservation.
E) hunger and thirst drives.

Question 54

Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to

A) sex.
B) denial.
C) marriage.
D) depression.
E) isolation.

Question 55

Freud believed that the ________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

A) id
B) preconscious mind
C) manifest awareness
D) unconscious mind
E) subconscious mind

Question 56

Distinct clusters of personality traits are called

A) personality types.
B) psychic determinisms.
C) psychodynamic mechanisms.
D) ego defenses.
E) humors.

Question 57

Conversion disorder was referred to as ________ in the 1800s.

A) hysteria
B) affect
C) schizophrenia
D) multiple personality
E) phobic personality

Question 58

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much

A) description.
B) research.
C) material.
D) explanation.
E) control.

Question 59

Freud argued that everything we do arises from a sex-based survival instinct and an instinct for defense and aggression.

A) Freud
B) James
C) Rogers
D) Maslow
E) Piaget

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of consciousness proposed by Sigmund Freud?

A) conscious
B) conscience
C) preconscious
D) unconscious
E) subconscious

Question 61

Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) preconscious
E) subconscious

Question 62

For Freud, the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the

A) superego.
B) id.
C) ego.
D) persona.
E) preconscious.

Question 63

A Freudian psychoanalyst would interpret a client's impulsive need for immediate gratification as due to an overactive

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) defense mechanism.
E) instinct.

Question 64

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Harry was mostly

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
E) eros.

Question 65

Yongmei is studying for her math test. Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class. What part of Yongmei's personality will say "You must stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for you to graduate"?

A) her ego because it is the moral conscience of her personality
B) her id because studying is what she really wants to do
C) her libido because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies
D) her superego because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience
E) her libido, because it is the driving force behind the superego.

Question 66

Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say

A) "Thou shalt not kill."
B) "I'm going to tear this program in half!"
C) "What, me angry? I never get angry."
D) "I'm so angry I could kill that player."
E) "I think that he is SOOO cute, even when he's unconscious!"

Question 67

You are quite hungry but don't have any money. If you were described as "all id and only id'" what would you do?

A) Distract yourself with images of food.
B) Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner.
C) Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible.
D) Use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained.
E) Simply deny yourself the food because you would not be able to handle taking what you couldn't pay for.

Question 68

"If it feels good do it" best describes the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) preconscious.
E) subconscious.

Question 69

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.
E) preconscious.

Question 70

According to Freud, rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the

A) pleasure principle.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) animus.
E) shadow.

Question 71

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely

A) illogical.
B) selfless.
C) rational.
D) amoral.
E) destructive.

Question 72

Which element in Freud's personality theory corresponds to the common notion of the conscience?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious
E) the ego ideal

Question 73

A Freudian analyst would interpret a church-going person who views premarital sex as a sin as being ruled by their

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.
E) Thanatos.

Question 74

The key function of the ego is to resolve conflicts between the ________ and the ________.

A) id; superego
B) id; anima
C) superego; animus
D) defense mechanisms; superego
E) collective unconscious; superego defense mechanisms

Question 75

The ________ is the unconscious part of a personality.

A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) ego ideal
E) defense mechanism

Question 76

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure- seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly

A) id,
B) ego,
C) superego,
D) libido,
E) Thanatos,

Question 77

What is Freud's term for the primitive, unconscious side of personality?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious
E) subconscious

Question 78

The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.

A) id; ego, superego
B) ego; id; superego
C) ego; superego; id
D) superego; id; ego
E) libido; id; ego

Question 79

The Freudian concept of ________ refers to the part of personality responsible for the appropriate channeling of drives.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido
E) unconscious

Question 80

After only two hours of sleep, Julie's alarm clock goes off. Her ego would most likely cause her to

A) wake up, because it is the responsible thing to do.
B) unplug the annoying clock.
C) try to keep sleeping, despite the noise.
D) get out of bed and have some coffee.
E) hit the snooze alarm and wake up in ten minutes.