Deck 5: The Context of Policing

Question 1

In the 2009 GSS the public were asked whether they believed the local police were doing a good job.What was the highest-ranked factor from the respondents?

A)ensuring the safety of citizens
B)enforcing the laws
C)being approachable
D)treating people fairly

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What was Sir Robert Peel's operational philosophy of policing?

A)to reduce tension and conflict between commercial interests and private citizens
B)to be judged on the basis of high-visibility police action
C)to relieve the military from certain duties
D)to use violent means in keeping the peace as a first resort

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following positions was appointed by the Crown or the local landowner to supervise a specific area to maintain law and order and apprehend law violators?

A)constables
B)watchmen
C)the "hundreds"
D)shire-reeves

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following formalized the constable-watch system of protection?

A)Common Law
B)Statute of Westminster
C)Watchman Statute
D)Criminal Code

Question 5

A police officer is knocking on doors in the neighbourhood to obtain information about a recent crime.You open the door and answer the questions because you have confidence in the police force as a whole.In fact,the general public has an overall confidence in the police.This is an example of what model of policing?

A)policing by consent model
B)common law model
C)police legitimacy model
D)justice model

Question 6

Which of the following is a component of the professional model of policing?

A)creating generalized crime-fighting units
B)creating more foot patrols
C)creating patrol systems based on crime rates
D)hiring high school graduates

Question 7

To which group did the Hudson's Bay Company contract its policing services?

A)private citizens
B)municipal police forces
C)regional police forces
D)The North-West Mounted Police

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a success mandate of the London Metropolitan Police Force?

A)protecting life and property
B)preserving the public order
C)eliminating crime
D)serving the public

Question 9

What was the function of the police in the professional model?

A)social service
B)order maintenance
C)crime fighting
D)community policing

Question 10

Police officers are often seen patrolling the streets of your city,often conversing with students,shop owners,and the general public.The theory is that their presence will deter crime.What type of policing does this exemplify?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 11

Which system was created in the 13th century to protect the property of people in larger English towns and cities?

A)pledge system
B)watch system
C)constable-watch system
D)hundreds system

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of plural policing identified by Loader (2000)?

A)policing by government
B)policing beyond government
C)policing with government
D)policing through government

Question 13

As a boy your grandfather had always dreamed of becoming a police officer,and in the early 1960s he was of age to start his career.During his recruiting process,he went through psychological testing and civil service tests.What type of policing does this exemplify?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 14

Which of the following services did police NOT provide as the 19th century ended?

A)soup kitchens
B)homeless shelters
C)ambulance services
D)fire services

Question 15

The professional model of policing has been criticized in which of the following areas?

A)the role of technology remains stationary in both policing and crime
B)the hiring of private security is surpassing the police in controlling crime
C)most criminals arrested by the police are serving time in a correctional facility
D)the tactics used by the police are controlling crime but not reducing fear of crime

Question 16

Who replaced the shire-reeves?

A)pledges
B)watchmen
C)justices of the peace
D)constables

Question 17

According to Sir Robert Peel's vision of a professional police force,the main goal of preventing crime was to be achieved through the use of which of the following?

A)aggressive police patrols
B)preventive patrols
C)detectives
D)more severe sanctions

Question 18

Which system was created at the end of the 12th century to make sure the interests of the Crown were upheld?

A)constable
B)coroner
C)watchman
D)shire

Question 19

What was the major function of early municipal police departments?

A)providing services to only a select few members within the community
B)ignoring public order
C)controlling and preventing crime
D)making sure those arrested received a fair trial

Question 20

Which system involved every person in a village being responsible for assisting neighbours and protecting the village from thieves and other criminals?

A)thief-taker
B)shire-reeves
C)watch
D)pledge

Question 21

In 2013,the majority of police officers in Canada belong to which level of policing?

A)municipal
B)regional
C)provincial
D)federal

Question 22

Which of the following is a component of human trafficking?

A)persons are free to leave
B)there is no actual coercion
C)people are not victims
D)it need not involve the actual movement of an individual

Question 23

What type of human trafficking involves individuals being moved across an international boundary?

A)national human trafficking
B)domestic human trafficking
C)international human trafficking
D)federal human trafficking

Question 24

Which of the following is a component of human smuggling?

A)persons are free to leave
B)it involves forced labour
C)individuals are subjected to limited freedom
D)it need not involve the actual movement of an individual

Question 25

A committee is formed to study the police in Canada,with the hope of suggesting some new best practices for policing.Which level(s)of policing will be affected?

A)federal only
B)provincial only
C)federal and provincial
D)federal,provincial,and municipal

Question 26

Which police agency maintains the Sex Offender Registry?

A)Ontario Provincial Police
B)RCMP
C)Ottawa Police Service
D)National Police Commission

Question 27

What is the illegal organized transport of a person across a border called?

A)international human trafficking
B)domestic human trafficking
C)migratory smuggling
D)human smuggling

Question 28

Which three provinces have provincial police forces?

A)Ontario,Alberta,and Newfoundland
B)Ontario,Quebec,and Newfoundland
C)Quebec,Alberta,and Newfoundland
D)Ontario,Quebec,and Alberta

Question 29

The police pull you over for speeding on a highway in Ontario.Which level of police are you dealing with?

A)municipal
B)regional
C)provincial
D)federal

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an example of mass private property?

A)a shopping mall
B)an airport
C)the Rogers Centre
D)the Air Canada Centre

Question 31

A large shopping centre has hired private police to patrol and ensure the safety and security of the mall's staff and store owners.What type of policing does this exemplify?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 32

What percent of RCMP officers were involved in federal policing in 2013?

A)6.7 percent
B)10 percent
C)12.5 percent
D)13.2 percent

Question 33

What type of human trafficking involves all stages of trafficking occurring within national boundaries?

A)national human trafficking
B)domestic human trafficking
C)international human trafficking
D)federal human trafficking

Question 34

What amount of money is human trafficking estimated to generate according to the United Nations International Labour Organization?

A)$20 billion a year
B)$32 billion a year
C)$5 million a year
D)$800 million a year

Question 35

A foreign dignitary is visiting Canada.Which of the following is responsible for his/her security?

A)the RCMP
B)the Ontario Provincial Police
C)a private agency
D)his/her own country's police force

Question 36

Brandon is involved in the prostitution business in a large Ontario city.He has connections that will supply him with young girls who have run away from their homes and are in need of employment.His supplier is currently holding and concealing these girls until he and Brandon can reach a deal to sell and exploit them into the sex trade.What is this situation an example of?

A)prostitution
B)smuggling
C)trafficking
D)running

Question 37

The Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre (HTNCC)was created in 2005 and is located in Ottawa.The establishment of this type of centre is an example of which type of policing?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 38

In 2015 two heavily armed gunmen entered the Paris offices of satirical news magazine Charlie Hebdo,killing 12 people including 2 police officers and prompting police and governments around the world to be concerned about security.Transnational types of policing enhance cooperation across national boundaries.Which of the following terms refers to the global gathering and sharing of intelligence?

A)policing across borders
B)global policing
C)transnational policing
D)high policing

Question 39

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced labour are criminal activities requiring the integrated approach of law enforcement and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).What type of policing does integration of the agencies nationally and internationally exemplify?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 40

You and your family have recently moved to a new neighbourhood,where you notice that many of the houses have Neighbourhood Watch signs in their front windows.Which type of policing is your new neighbourhood using?

A)preventive
B)community
C)professional
D)plural

Question 41

What was Canada's worldwide rank in terms of the percentage of female police officers in 2011?

A)third
B)fifth
C)seventh
D)tenth

Question 42

What was the percentage of women police officers in Canada in 2013?

A)15.5 percent
B)20.2 percent
C)25.7 percent
D)30.1 percent

Question 43

What country had the highest percentage of female police officers in 2011?

A)Sweden
B)United Kingdom
C)Australia
D)Canada

Question 44

Which of the following had the highest number of police officers per 100,000 population in 2014?

A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)Alberta
D)Northwest Territories

Question 45

What was the percentage of female police officers in senior policing positions during 2013 in Canada?

A)2.8 percent
B)6.8 percent
C)10.4 percent
D)11.4 percent

Question 46

A series of provincial and federal commissions and reports were done regarding the issue of First Nations policing.Which of the following is an example of a conclusion from these studies?

A)many Aboriginals in the same neighbourhood experience police focus
B)Aboriginal policing is considered adequate
C)Aboriginals are treated equally by the justice system
D)many prevention program options for Aboriginals are available

Question 47

In what year was the earliest Aboriginal police service founded in Quebec?

A)1965
B)1968
C)1973
D)1978

Question 48

Which Royal Commission from 1970 recommended that all police organizations train and hire women as police officers?

A)Royal Commission on the Status of Women
B)Royal Commission on the Equality of Women
C)Royal Commission on Diversity in Policing
D)Royal Commission on Employment Equity for Women

Question 49

A gathering of Aboriginal people is occurring as part of a native ceremony.Various non-Aboriginal peoples are making noise complaints,and requesting that the police shut down the ceremony.This example would fall under which issue as highlighted in the provincial and federal government studies of First Nations policing?

A)underpolicing
B)culturally insensitive policing
C)overpolicing
D)geographical policing

Question 50

Which city has the greatest number of sworn police officers?

A)Toronto
B)Montreal
C)Calgary
D)Vancouver

Question 51

Two male police officers are chatting about a female colleague;both male officers express concern about how the female officer would perform in a violent confrontation.According to Balkin (1988),which of the following statements best describes the attitudes that male police officers have about female police officers?

A)most males' attitudes are positive about female police officers
B)many males see the benefits of having female officers on the force
C)male attitudes are uniformly negative about female officers on the force
D)male attitudes are now 50 percent positive about female officers on the force

Question 52

What was the recommendation made by the Manitoba Aboriginal Justice Inquiry to improve police-Aboriginal relations?

A)for the RCMP to hire more Aboriginal police officers
B)for city police services to hire more Aboriginal police officers
C)for professional Aboriginal police services to be formed and work under the authority of a city police service or the RCMP
D)for professional Aboriginal police services to be formed that report to and service Aboriginal communities

Question 53

What function were the Amerindian Police most commonly requested to perform within the community?

A)problem-oriented
B)law enforcement
C)service
D)watchman

Question 54

What is the most common measure used to establish the appropriate size of a police force?

A)the number of people who live and/or work in any given area
B)a comparison of the number of Criminal Code incidents (excluding traffic incidents)reported to police with the number of officers in the police force that handles these incidents
C)the population base of the area to be policed
D)the population-to-police officer ratio

Question 55

What is the trend shown in Table 5.2 in the textbook,which compares numbers of male and female officers by rank in Canada in 2013?

A)male officers have decreased and female officers have increased in each category
B)male officers and female officers have increased in each category
C)male officers and female officers have decreased in each category
D)male officers have increased and female officers have decreased in each category

Question 56

If a Sikh person is discouraged from applying to become a police officer because of debate around allowing officers to wear a turban as part of their uniform,which type of discrimination is being demonstrated?

A)equity discrimination
B)systemic discrimination
C)ethnic discrimination
D)religious discrimination

Question 57

What was the number of Criminal Code incidents per police officer in Canada during 2012?

A)51
B)43
C)37
D)28

Question 58

Which of the following had the lowest number of police officers per 100,000 population in 2014?

A)Prince Edward Island
B)Quebec
C)Saskatchewan
D)Alberta

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT something Aboriginal people reported in the Manitoba Aboriginal Justice Inquiry?

A)Aboriginals consider the police to be a foreign presence
B)Aboriginals do not feel understood by the police
C)Aboriginals do not feel the police operate on their behalf
D)Aboriginals have a language issue with the police

Question 60

What was the most typical response of the Amerindian Police to an incident?

A)formal interrogation
B)an arrest
C)no charge
D)suspect detained

Question 61

Which perspective on police personality is supported by the research conducted by both Niederhoffer and Skolnick?

A)acculturation model
B)police cynicism model
C)symbolic model
D)socialization model

Question 62

What impact do the unique personality traits formed by police officers to help them in their work have upon their work?

A)greater police use of community support
B)greater use of deadly force
C)police decisions to refer citizens to community agencies
D)an increased amount of centralized command structures

Question 63

Which of the following is a positive aspect of the police culture?

A)it can be a mechanism for regulating and preventing inappropriate police actions
B)it cannot regulate inappropriate police activities
C)police officers are willing to change their style of policing to more of a community-based focus
D)it assists police officers to better deal with non-useful policies

Question 64

Which role had the lowest level of cynicism according to Niederhoffer?

A)college-educated patrol officers
B)non-college-educated patrol officers
C)police administrators
D)new recruits

Question 65

Which term refers to the tendency of the police to use their authority when interacting with citizens?

A)"maintaining the edge"
B)interaction effect
C)predictable affiliation
D)previous contact

Question 66

Which of the following is an agreement signed between the federal government,a provincial or territorial government and a First Nations community?

A)self-administered police service
B)Governance Agreement
C)Community Tripartite Agreement
D)stand-alone police service

Question 67

In 2012-13,how many First Nations communities were receiving police services under the First Nations Policing Policy?

A)396
B)401
C)421
D)430

Question 68

John is convicted of a designated criminal offence and his DNA profile is registered with the RCMP.Subsequently,his conviction is quashed on appeal.What will happen to his DNA profile?

A)it will no longer be retained
B)it will be held for six months and then destroyed
C)it will be held for one year and then destroyed
D)it will remain in the data bank indefinitely

Question 69

According to Regoli and Poole,police cynicism potentially increases citizen distrust of the police,which can ultimately result in the feeling that every contact for the police with the public involves potential danger.What term do the researchers use to describe the state of mind that can develop?

A)police paranoia
B)the blue personality
C)the blue curtain
D)symbolic assailant

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a value of the police subculture?

A)patrol work is rewarding
B)loyalty to other police officers counts above everything else
C)police are the only real crime fighters
D)it is impossible to run the war against crime without bending the rules

Question 71

What is the purpose of the First Nations Policing Policy?

A)to contribute to the improvement of social order,public security,and personal safety of First Nations communities
B)to focus entirely on crime
C)to improve the law enforcement response
D)to reduce the amount of discretion given to First Nations police officers

Question 72

Which police level or organization is responsible for the National DNA Data Bank?

A)provincial
B)RCMP
C)municipal
D)FNPP

Question 73

According to Niederhoffer,cynicism among police officers starts to decrease after what number of years on the job?

A)1-2
B)3-4
C)4-6
D)7-10

Question 74

What should new-recruit training emphasize in order to reduce value differences between the police and the community?

A)social aspects of policing
B)changing personal values
C)understanding the importance of reactive policing
D)understanding the importance of the informal structure of the police

Question 75

Which model is considered to be most appropriate for First Nations policing?

A)community policing
B)problem-oriented policing
C)traditional policing
D)zero tolerance policing

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a personality trait formed by police officers to assist them in their work?

A)hostility
B)liberalism
C)conservatism
D)cynicism

Question 77

In what area did the Amerindian Police play an important role?

A)provision of legal services
B)law enforcement
C)crisis intervention
D)protection

Question 78

What type of police service allows a First Nations community to have a separate police force that is not affiliated with any other police force?

A)community
B)self-administered
C)traditional law enforcement
D)indigenized

Question 79

Which of the following were included when DNA data banks were first developed in Canada?

A)individuals who were convicted of selected criminal offences
B)any individual who was convicted of any criminal offence
C)only individuals registered as sexual offenders
D)any individual who was convicted of any offence

Question 80

According to Niederhoffer,which type of cynicism is aimed against the police organization itself?

A)symbolic cynicism
B)detached cynicism
C)general cynicism
D)system cynicism