Deck 12: Corrections in Canada

Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Pennsylvania system?

A)inmates were isolated from the outside
B)inmates had 3 hours each to exercise on an outside yard
C)inmates had large cells
D)inmates were able to work with other inmates in special shops

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If you were to enter a federal correctional facility in 2012-13,what was the approximate likelihood you would be double bunked?

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)100 percent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What type of approach to punishment was favoured by Beccaria and his followers?

A)rehabilitation
B)utilitarian
C)coercive
D)incapacitation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which prison system introduced the cells built in tiers?

A)the Auburn system
B)the Pennsylvania system
C)the Quaker system
D)the Reformative system

Question 5

What did Bentham call his prison?

A)utilitarian
B)deterrent
C)panopticon
D)progressivism

Question 6

In 2012-13,what was the rate of adult offenders in custody in Canada's correctional system?

A)142 offenders per 100,000 adults
B)165 offenders per 100,000 adults
C)178 offenders per 100,000 adults
D)197 offenders per 100,000 adults

Question 7

Which province/territory reported the highest incarceration rates in 2012-13?

A)British Columbia
B)Manitoba
C)Ontario
D)Northwest Territories

Question 8

What did Bentham consider to be the role of lawmakers?

A)to calculate the degree of pleasure or pain for any type of activity
B)to determine the degree of punishment necessary to deter criminal behaviour
C)to determine what actions should be criminal
D)to determine the extent of the King's power

Question 9

Which of the following was a significant change that occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries that dramatically influenced how most Western societies ran their correctional facilities in the coming centuries?

A)a shift from punishing the body to punishing the mind
B)laws that made it illegal to imprison anyone who had been convicted of a crime
C)the end of the King's Right to punishment
D)the belief that prisoners could be used for free labour on the King's land

Question 10

What did the Auburn system consider to be the best way to hold inmates?

A)the total system
B)the religious system
C)the universal system
D)the congregate system

Question 11

How many correctional facilities are there across Canada?

A)200
B)225
C)250
D)275

Question 12

What did the Auburn system believe was the most efficient way for inmates to reform their actions?

A)total isolation
B)hard work
C)solitary confinement
D)the learning of occupational skills

Question 13

In 2012-13,what percentage of federal offenders were serving a sentence for a violent offence?

A)55 percent
B)63 percent
C)68 percent
D)72 percent

Question 14

Where does the history of Canada's correctional system begin?

A)Toronto
B)Kingston
C)Ottawa
D)Vancouver

Question 15

Which province/territory reported the lowest incarceration rates in 2012-13?

A)British Columbia
B)Nova Scotia
C)Newfoundland and Labrador
D)Northwest Territories

Question 16

In 2010-11,which province had the highest average of custody rates (incarceration rates)?

A)Saskatchewan
B)Alberta
C)British Columbia
D)Manitoba

Question 17

How many regional mental health units are there across Canada?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 18

Which population group was the only one to see a decrease in offenders during the 10-year population trend?

A)Caucasian
B)Aboriginal
C)Black
D)Spanish

Question 19

How many federal facilities are designated as regional women's institutions?

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)10

Question 20

What was the Auburn system also referred to as?

A)the Pennsylvania system
B)the isolation system
C)the congregate system
D)the group system

Question 21

Where was the first Aboriginal-operated healing lodge opened in 1995?

A)Saskatchewan
B)Alberta
C)Manitoba
D)Quebec

Question 22

Which of the following recommended the creation of the National Parole Board of Canada?

A)the Brown Report
B)the Archambault Commission
C)the Fauteux Report
D)the Correctional Reform Commission

Question 23

What approach reflects the justice model of corrections?

A)the medical model
B)the reintegration model
C)the punishment model
D)the treatment model

Question 24

Which of the following changes were introduced into the federal correctional system in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century?

A)solitary confinement of inmates was eliminated
B)development of inmate classification systems
C)end of harsh penal punishments
D)separation of female and male inmates into separate institutions

Question 25

Which belief led the federal government to introduce a change in its approach toward the treatment of inmates starting in 1935?

A)the belief that offenders could be deterred
B)the belief the inmates could be corrected
C)the belief that incapacitation didn't work
D)the belief that reintegration was the best approach

Question 26

How many riots broke out in federal correctional facilities between 1932 and 1937?

A)16
B)18
C)20
D)22

Question 27

What model did the federal government merge with the reintegration model in the 1990s?

A)deterrence
B)medical
C)risk prediction
D)restorative

Question 28

Where was the first CSC-operated healing lodge opened in 1995?

A)Saskatchewan
B)Alberta
C)Manitoba
D)Quebec

Question 29

Which healing lodge was opened by the federal government in 1995 for Aboriginal female offenders?

A)Pe Sakestew Centre
B)Kwikwexwelhp Healing Village  
C)Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge
D)Willow Cree Healing Lodge

Question 30

Which approach allowed higher security levels in the federal women's correctional facilities so that federally sentenced women would be able to remain in the same regional facilities with other offenders?

A)structured living environment
B)deterrence-based policies
C)community resources
D)inmate work programs

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT required under Sections 79 through 84 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act?

A)shall provide Aboriginal-specific programs
B)when an inmate is applying for parole,notice is not required to the Aboriginal community
C)the Aboriginal community can provide services to Aboriginal offenders
D)the Correctional Service of Canada must establish a National Aboriginal Advisory Committee

Question 32

Which policy specified that inmate programs had to be in a controlled environment in order to better represent the conditions in society?

A)reintegration
B)retribution
C)normalization
D)lesser confinement

Question 33

What is the trend shown in Figure 12.4 surrounding Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women inmate populations in 2012-13?

A)both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations have increased
B)both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations have decreased
C)only Aboriginal populations have decreased
D)only non-Aboriginal populations have increased

Question 34

The federal healing lodges for Aboriginals focus upon which of the following?

A)traditional deterrence approaches
B)individualized treatment methods
C)spiritual teachings
D)empowerment

Question 35

Despite Aboriginal people making up only 4 percent of Canada's population,what percent of federal custodial sentences in 2010 were made up of Aboriginal people?

A)10 percent
B)15 percent
C)20 percent
D)25 percent

Question 36

The Pennsylvania system has continued to survive within which of the following?

A)solitary confinement
B)education programs
C)architectural design
D)urban location

Question 37

Which report advocated the empowerment of women inmates?

A)Commission of Inquiry
B)Creating Choices
C)the Arbour Commission
D)the Rivera Report

Question 38

Which the following was a finding made by the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston?

A)the CSC did not value individual rights
B)the CSC was too focused upon deterrence
C)the CSC wasn't committed to rehabilitation
D)the CSC had to start efforts to reintegrate inmates

Question 39

What was the location of the earliest prison for women in Canada?

A)Halifax,Nova Scotia
B)Saint John,New Brunswick
C)Toronto,Ontario
D)Kingston,Ontario

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT part of the dominant approach to corrections today?

A)increased use of community resources
B)assessment of offenders' risks and needs on entering the correctional facility
C)increased use of imprisonment
D)creation of individual programs addressing risks and needs

Question 41

What model of corrections makes decisions in the context of maintaining maximum security and discipline?

A)rehabilitation
B)community
C)custodial
D)restorative

Question 42

What model of corrections is based on the idea that prisoners are to be incarcerated for the purpose of deterrence and incapacitation?

A)rehabilitation
B)community
C)custodial
D)selective incapacitation

Question 43

What supervision models are associated with "new-generation" correctional facilities?

A)indirect
B)general
C)specific
D)direct

Question 44

Federal female offenders are classified on the basis of which type of scale?

A)the Security Reclassification Management System
B)the Security Guidelines System
C)the General Guidelines System
D)the Inventory Security System

Question 45

While incarcerated,Tom was constantly supervised from secure control booths and he had little interaction with the officers.In which type of facility was Tom incarcerated?

A)first-generation facility
B)second-generation facility
C)new-generation facility
D)next-generation facility

Question 46

In which correctional model is the emphasis on individualized treatment?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 47

Which of the following is a behavioural dimension necessary for the effective supervision and control of inmates?

A)inmates are directly and constantly supervised
B)inmate requests are responded to
C)inmates are advised about the rules of the facility
D)rewards and punishments are structured to ensure compliant behaviour

Question 48

What type of security optimizes a safe environment for all employees,offenders,and the public?

A)level 2 security
B)secure units
C)minimum security
D)dynamic security

Question 49

Which type of facilities are operated as a level 2 security risk in the federal correctional system?

A)maximum-security facility
B)multilevel-security facility
C)special handling unit
D)work camps

Question 50

The majority of Aboriginal inmates serving a custodial sentence in Canada are in what level of security?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 51

What was the total percentage of male and female inmates serving a custodial sentence in a maximum-security facility in 2013?

A)15.1 percent
B)22.5 percent
C)29.8 percent
D)33.3 percent

Question 52

Which correctional model is the most influential in Canada today?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 53

The majority of female inmates serving a custodial sentence in Canada are in what level of security?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 54

Which model of corrections was the first to emerge in Canada?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 55

What was the percentage of women placed into remand in Canada during 2008-09?

A)8 percent
B)13 percent
C)20 percent
D)25 percent

Question 56

How are the podular design facilities that house 12 to 24 one-person cells usually shaped?

A)square
B)triangle
C)circle
D)rectangle

Question 57

In what level of security are the majority of inmates in the federal correctional system?

A)minimum
B)medium
C)multilevel
D)maximum

Question 58

John has entered a correctional facility and he has been assessed as likely to escape but not cause serious harm in the community.What security level facility would John enter?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 59

How do the Aboriginal healing lodges operated by the federal government differ from those run by Aboriginal agencies?

A)the federal facilities follow the same transfer principles for all inmates
B)the federal facilities are operated as multilevel agencies
C)the federal facilities do not follow a structured approach
D)the federal facilities have to meet applicants prior to being accepted

Question 60

What correctional model stresses responsibility and accountability?

A)rehabilitation
B)deterrence/incapacitation
C)reintegration
D)justice

Question 61

Alan is incarcerated in federal custody in Canada.If Alan were to die in custody,what would be the most likely cause?

A)natural causes
B)murder
C)overdose
D)suicide

Question 62

Which of the following is the basis of the inmate subculture?

A)sharing space with other inmates
B)the entire system of enforced activities
C)a unique social code of unwritten rules and guidelines
D)a social code of written rules and guidelines imposed by correctional officials

Question 63

What does Goffman call it when inmates share their space with other inmates,who are all treated alike?

A)community centre
B)total institution
C)halfway house
D)reflexive facility

Question 64

Due to the elimination of accelerated parole,what percentage increase in inmate assaults and fights did the federal correctional system see during the 2013-14 period?

A)13 percent
B)15 percent
C)17 percent
D)19 percent

Question 65

What does Goffman call it when inmates' time is tightly scheduled by a body of rules and administrative orders imposed by those in charge?

A)community centre
B)total institution
C)halfway house
D)reflexive facility

Question 66

Which model states that the inmate society is shaped by external rather than internal factors?

A)deprivation
B)normalization
C)importation
D)externalization

Question 67

In which province are the majority of Black inmates incarcerated?

A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)Manitoba
D)Saskatchewan

Question 68

In 2010-11,what percentage of adults in the provincial/territorial correctional system were Aboriginal?

A)15 percent
B)22 percent
C)27 percent
D)31 percent

Question 69

What is the major theme of the inmate social code according to Sykes and Messinger?

A)group solidarity
B)a mentality
C)a hierarchical structure
D)corruption

Question 70

From 2003-04 to 2012-13,by what percentage did the number of federally incarcerated Black inmates increase?

A)75 percent
B)80 percent
C)85 percent
D)90 percent

Question 71

Which of the following is a manifestation of the pains of imprisonment experienced by female inmates according to Hannah-Moffat?

A)the creation of pseudo families
B)self-injurious behaviour
C)an increasing amount of self-respect
D)the lack of trust

Question 72

What was the leading cause of death of inmates in Canadian prisons between 2001 and 2005?

A)murder
B)old age
C)prison riot
D)suicide

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT true of Black inmates?

A)the majority of Black offenders are not affiliated with a gang
B)the majority of Black offenders have been incarcerated for Schedule II (drug)offences
C)Black offenders are more likely to be placed in maximum-security facilities
D)one-half of Black inmates are under the age of 30

Question 74

What do Sykes and Messinger call the system of social norms and values established by inmates to regulate inmates' behaviour while in prison?

A)prison code
B)inmate subculture
C)prisonization process
D)institutional hierarchy

Question 75

What does Clemmer call it when an individual assimilates into the inmate subculture?

A)the prison code
B)the prisonization process
C)a total institution
D)the direct supervision model

Question 76

What was the approximate percentage of federally sentenced women who reported engaging in self-harming behaviour according to the Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator in 2010?

A)10 percent
B)22 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent

Question 77

Kevin is an Aboriginal male inmate serving time in a federal facility.How will Kevin NOT likely be released from incarceration?

A)statutory release
B)warrant expiry
C)parole
D)conditional release

Question 78

Your brother has been incarcerated in a federal facility for four years.You receive a phone call explaining that your brother has "accidentally" passed away.What would be the most likely cause of your brother's death?

A)suicide
B)drug overdose
C)stabbing
D)food poisoning

Question 79

Since 2008,how many children were able to participate in the Mother-Child Program?

A)10 children
B)14 children
C)20 children
D)24 children

Question 80

What did Clemmer call the unique language used by prisoners?

A)subculture
B)interference
C)argot
D)code talk