Deck 3: Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education

Question 1

Which one of the following provides the best description of curriculum-based assessment?

A)evaluation of experimental educational programs
B)testing using actual instructional materials
C)examination of the effectiveness of a program's scope and sequence
D)evaluation of student performance on achievement tests

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most authorities agree that in accepting and fostering cultural diversity,schools should

A)also provide instruction in skills needed to survive and prosper in the larger context of American culture.
B)not require students to learn English if they live in a community that is predominantly non-English speaking.
C)identify multiple sets of performance standards so that all students can succeed.
D)act as "gatekeepers," requiring that students graduating from high school meet standards of both the microculture and the macroculture.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A group that shares an historic origin,culture,heritage,and traditions,and that has its own political and economic interests is called a/an

A)microcultural group.
B)ethnic group.
C)exceptionality group.
D)macrocultural group.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Assuming that one's cultural identity is sufficient to explain academic achievement or economic success is a form of

A)racism.
B)ethnicity.
C)cultural relativism.
D)stereotyping.

Question 5

Which two issues particularly complicate teaching about cultures and engendering an acceptance of cultural diversity?

A)the money and time we have for curriculum changes
B)deciding which cultures should be represented and the predominate religious beliefs within a school system
C)deciding which cultures best illustrate the concepts of universality of cultural pride and shame
D)deciding which cultures should be included and how to teach about them

Question 6

An example of a culturally-linked behaviour that might be confused with exceptionality is

A)handedness.
B)eye contact.
C)skin colour.
D)anxiety.

Question 7

A group sharing a set of specific abilities or exceptionalities that are especially valued or that require special accommodation within a given subculture is called a/an

A)microcultural group.
B)ethnic group.
C)exceptionality group.
D)macrocultural group.

Question 8

Each of the following is a general purpose of multicultural education EXCEPT

A)to promote pride in positive aspects of one's own cultural heritage.
B)to foster positive attitudes toward cultural diversity.
C)to satisfy a large,tax-paying constituency.
D)to ensure equal educational opportunities for all students.

Question 9

Each of the following is a major component or element of culture EXCEPT

A)skin colour.
B)values and behaviour styles.
C)nonverbal communication.
D)frames of reference.

Question 10

All of the following are common criticisms of standardized tests EXCEPT

A)failing to take cultural diversity into account.
B)focusing on deficits of the individual.
C)under-estimating abilities of students from the majority culture.
D)failing to provide information useful in teaching.

Question 11

A subculture can include all of the following categories of citizens EXCEPT

A)students.
B)political parties.
C)exceptionalities.
D)sexual orientations.

Question 12

When identifying students in need of special education,professionals must make sure the student is not mistakenly identified as the source of the learning problem.A recommended strategy for this purpose is to

A)eliminate use of standardized tests.
B)avoid use of curriculum-based assessment.
C)include assessment of the instructional environment.
D)increase reliance on objectively scored,standardized tests.

Question 13

There is a dilemma in choosing either to ignore or recognize differences because

A)either choice can perpetuate inequality for members of a subculture.
B)all cultural differences have both advantages and disadvantages,making it difficult to predict how those differences will affect the individual.
C)in striving to assert their identity,members of subcultures serve only to perpetuate stereotypes and inequality.
D)in order to fit in at school,students must forfeit the values and beliefs that they learned at home.

Question 14

The two primary objectives of multicultural special education are

A)promoting understanding of exceptionality as a microculture and ensuring that exceptionality is included in the multicultural curriculum.
B)ensuring that ethnicity is not mistaken for exceptionality and increasing understanding of exceptionality as a microculture.
C)increasing visibility of people with exceptionalities in the macroculture and promoting acceptance of people with exceptionality by the majority culture.
D)enabling students from culturally diverse backgrounds to succeed in the mainstream and lobbying for services in multicultural educational programs.

Question 15

The disproportionate representation of ethnic minority students in special education points to the need for all of the following EXCEPT to

A)make available strong academic programs that foster success for all students regardless of their achievement.
B)implement effective procedures for referral,assessment,eligibility,classification,placement,and re-evaluation.
C)decrease the level of home/community involvement.
D)use diverse community resources.

Question 16

An example of an exceptionality with a highly organized subculture is

A)intellectual disability.
B)autism.
C)deafness.
D)blindness.

Question 17

Which one of the following best describes assessment of the instructional environment?

A)examination to determine the adequacy of classroom space and layout
B)investigation of what is being taught and how it is being taught
C)assessment of academic achievement
D)testing using actual instructional materials

Question 18

A culture that is associated with or part of a larger culture,but which is not necessarily small,is a

A)subculture.
B)macroculture.
C)microculture.
D)substandard.

Question 19

Which one of the following best describes the purpose of multicultural education?

A)It teaches children of ethnic minorities about their ancestors.
B)It provides bilingual education for non-English speakers.
C)It provides equal educational opportunities to all students.
D)It involves parents in their child's education.

Question 20

The use of language is a controversial aspect of multicultural education because of all of the following EXCEPT

A)it may not be appropriate to refer to a group as a "minority" if it constitutes half or more of the population in an area.
B)it is difficult to determine labels and terms that are acceptable for designating various groups.
C)it is generally agreed among professionals that English should be the only language of instruction.
D)it is difficult to decide what language(s)or dialect(s)should be used for instruction.

Question 21

Feedback is most valuable for student learning when it is has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A)It is based on performance.
B)It is given frequently.
C)It is comprehensible.
D)It is corrective.

Question 22

Some exceptionalities are genetically linked to ethnicity.

Question 23

A definition of culture usually includes world views.

Question 24

A recommended technique of breaking down prejudice and encouraging positive interactions among students with different characteristics is

A)peer tutoring.
B)cooperative learning.
C)immersion.
D)direct instruction.

Question 25

According to the authors,educators should promote true multicultural awareness by

A)never using labels to refer to specific groups.
B)eliminating differences between groups.
C)embracing cultural identities.
D)creating solely heterogeneous groupings.

Question 26

A viable multicultural curriculum cannot be created and handed out to teachers because

A)they must be involved in the process because their values,perspectives,and teaching styles affect what is taught and how it is taught.
B)most want to exercise their right to select their own curriculum based on their own beliefs and are resistant to being told what to teach.
C)Provincial governments have policies banning the teaching of multicultural issues within an integrated curriculum.
D)there is not enough money to create such a curriculum nationwide.

Question 27

When a student sees a teacher use a learning strategy and then tries it out,the technique is called

A)team teaching.
B)reciprocal teaching.
C)scaffolded instruction.
D)copy teaching.

Question 28

Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT

A)Students need to engage in extended conversations with complex linguistic structures.
B)Too often students are asked for rote responses.
C)The content of instruction must be related to students' experiences.
D)The issue of cultural diversity should be included routinely in all curriculum areas.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Most of education is appropriately challenging for students.
B)Students from cultural minorities,who are at risk for failure or who have disabilities,should not be given challenging tasks.
C)Appropriately challenging tasks are those that a given student finds just manageable.
D)Teachers tend to overestimate the capabilities of minority and exceptional children.

Question 30

Tactics that aid memory,such as rhymes or images,are called

A)scaffolds.
B)mnemonics.
C)visual organizers.
D)reminders.

Question 31

Students who are Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual or Transgender (LGBT)are more likely than their heterosexual peers to

A)experience harassment.
B)bully others.
C)have behaviour disorders.
D)have academic difficulties.

Question 32

According to Hallahan and Kauffman,educators are ethnocentric with respect to discipline.By this,they mean that educators

A)do not share the same beliefs about discipline as parents do.
B)believe that their views are correct and others' are inferior.
C)adopt different approaches to discipline,depending on the cultural values of the student that they teach.
D)use whatever strategy makes classroom management easier for them,with little regard for the effect on their students.

Question 33

In the pursuit of equality and fairness,educational reformers are working toward all of the following EXCEPT

A)teaching tolerance and appreciation of difference.
B)finding ways to work without involving families who seem reluctant to help.
C)improving instruction of language-minority students.
D)adopting effective teaching practices.

Question 34

A technique in which the teacher assists the student in learning a task and then phases out help as the student learns to use the strategy independently is called

A)scaffolded instruction.
B)hand-over-hand instruction.
C)supported instruction.
D)mnemonic instruction.

Question 35

The primary purpose of multicultural education is to teach children of ethnic minorities about their history and the intellectual,social,and artistic contributions of their ancestors.

Question 36

Tolerance is best described as

A)an appreciation and valuing of difference.
B)putting up with a necessary evil.
C)enduring others even if they are seen as undesirable.
D)acknowledging our legacy of racism and prejudice.

Question 37

The twin pursuits of equality and fairness have led educational reformers toward four instructional goals including

A)developing segregated programs for students of cultural minorities.
B)teaching tolerance and appreciation of difference.
C)ensuring that all students receive identical methods of instruction.
D)maintaining low expectations for students of cultural minorities.

Question 38

Some special programs have been designed to accommodate specific learning characteristics of culturally diverse students.What effect have these programs had on students' achievement and self-esteem?

A)positive effects on achievement and self-esteem
B)negative effects on achievement and self-esteem
C)positive effects on achievement and negative effects on self-esteem
D)research neither confirms nor refutes their effectiveness

Question 39

Instructional approaches that allow teachers to provide culturally sensitive instruction include all of the following EXCEPT

A)co-operative learning.
B)cross-age grouping.
C)classwide peer tutoring.
D)english-only instruction.

Question 40

An approach to teaching language-minority students in which students are taught for most of the day in their native languages and later make the transition to English is

A)native-language emphasis.
B)sheltered-English approach.
C)ESL.
D)sheltered-native language approach.

Question 41

Multiculturalism can include cultures based on sexual orientation or exceptionality.

Question 42

It is easy to distinguish between cultural differences and exceptionalities.

Question 43

Some ethnic minorities are under-represented in special education.

Question 44

Individuals have to be born into a culture - they can't choose one.

Question 45

In order to reduce racism in the classroom,there should be no mention of cultural differences.

Question 46

Avoidance of eye contact is an example of a culturally-linked characteristic that might be mistaken for exceptionality.

Question 47

Some ethnic minorities are over-represented in special education.

Question 48

Describe three reasons why cultural diversity is a concern for special educators.

Question 49

An individual can be a member of many subcultures.

Question 50

Identify the three general purposes of multicultural education.

Question 51

Of all the academic skills,reading is the most important.

Question 52

Scaffolded instruction involves teaching students new tasks in small increments.

Question 53

In reciprocal teaching,the teacher provides assistance in learning a task and then phases out the help as the student learns to use the strategy independently.

Question 54

Standardized testing approaches to assessment usually take cultural diversity into account.

Question 55

Teaching tolerance should be limited to ethnic,regional,or language differences.

Question 56

Professionals generally agree that bilingual students should be taught using the sheltered-English approach.

Question 57

Identify and discuss two common misconceptions associated with multicultural education.

Question 58

List as many subcultures as you can that help identify you as an individual.

Question 59

It is always desirable to avoid congregating students with exceptionalities for specific purposes.

Question 60

Socializing students in school refers to encouraging any behaviour that is culturally-based.

Question 61

Interpretive Exercise
Michael,a nine year-old fourth grader,has been referred for special education testing.According to his teacher,Michael has difficulty following directions in class and seldom completes his assignments on time.Michael's parents,who speak only Spanish at home,request that Michael be tested in Spanish.The psychologist,however,says that testing should be done in English because that is the language spoken in school.When the tests reveal that Michael is significantly behind the national norm for 4th graders in cognitive and academic development,school personnel recommend a special education placement.Michael's parents are perplexed.At home,Michael seems like any other nine year-old.He makes friends easily and can be trusted to operate the cash register in the small grocery store that his grandparents own.
Michael's case illustrates the challenges presented by cultural diversity in the area of

A)socialization.
B)curriculum.
C)assessment.
D)discipline.

Question 62

Describe three common criticisms of assessment practices in special education and discuss cautions that should be addressed when interpreting standardized test results.

Question 63

Interpretive Exercise
Michael,a nine year-old fourth grader,has been referred for special education testing.According to his teacher,Michael has difficulty following directions in class and seldom completes his assignments on time.Michael's parents,who speak only Spanish at home,request that Michael be tested in Spanish.The psychologist,however,says that testing should be done in English because that is the language spoken in school.When the tests reveal that Michael is significantly behind the national norm for 4th graders in cognitive and academic development,school personnel recommend a special education placement.Michael's parents are perplexed.At home,Michael seems like any other nine year-old.He makes friends easily and can be trusted to operate the cash register in the small grocery store that his grandparents own.
Testing Michael in Spanish would have provided more accurate information about his cognitive abilities.

Question 64

Interpretive Exercise
Michael,a nine year-old fourth grader,has been referred for special education testing.According to his teacher,Michael has difficulty following directions in class and seldom completes his assignments on time.Michael's parents,who speak only Spanish at home,request that Michael be tested in Spanish.The psychologist,however,says that testing should be done in English because that is the language spoken in school.When the tests reveal that Michael is significantly behind the national norm for 4th graders in cognitive and academic development,school personnel recommend a special education placement.Michael's parents are perplexed.At home,Michael seems like any other nine year-old.He makes friends easily and can be trusted to operate the cash register in the small grocery store that his grandparents own.
Michael appears to have an exceptionality that is genetically linked to ethnicity.

Question 65

Interpretive Exercise
Michael,a nine year-old fourth grader,has been referred for special education testing.According to his teacher,Michael has difficulty following directions in class and seldom completes his assignments on time.Michael's parents,who speak only Spanish at home,request that Michael be tested in Spanish.The psychologist,however,says that testing should be done in English because that is the language spoken in school.When the tests reveal that Michael is significantly behind the national norm for 4th graders in cognitive and academic development,school personnel recommend a special education placement.Michael's parents are perplexed.At home,Michael seems like any other nine year-old.He makes friends easily and can be trusted to operate the cash register in the small grocery store that his grandparents own.
Suggest a strategy that school personnel could have used in Michael's case to distinguish between cultural diversity and exceptionality.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the native language emphasis and the sheltered-English approach to teaching English as a second language.

Question 67

Interpretive Exercise
Michael,a nine year-old fourth grader,has been referred for special education testing.According to his teacher,Michael has difficulty following directions in class and seldom completes his assignments on time.Michael's parents,who speak only Spanish at home,request that Michael be tested in Spanish.The psychologist,however,says that testing should be done in English because that is the language spoken in school.When the tests reveal that Michael is significantly behind the national norm for 4th graders in cognitive and academic development,school personnel recommend a special education placement.Michael's parents are perplexed.At home,Michael seems like any other nine year-old.He makes friends easily and can be trusted to operate the cash register in the small grocery store that his grandparents own.
Michael's level of functioning in school is below-average in comparison to which reference group?

A)national group
B)subculture
C)ethnic group
D)microculture

Question 68

Describe components of effective teaching and discuss how they relate to effective multicultural education.

Question 69

Give an example of a scenario in which a students' cultural difference may appear to a classroom teacher as an exceptionality.

Question 70

Some subcultures have historically been more successful in terms of achievement in North American schools.In what ways might schools,families,and communities influence the achievement of students of cultural minorities?

Question 71

Discuss the dilemma associated with the choice to either ignore or recognize student's differences and provide two recommendations for practices (describe them)that could help to resolve the dilemma.