Deck 6: Learners With Learning Disabilities

Question 1

The term "learning disability" was first developed to describe students with

A)average intelligence but having learning problems.
B)brain injuries caused by accidents.
C)behaviour problems impacting learning.
D)very mild intellectual disabilities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Research using CAT scans,MRIs,and PET scans suggest that some cases of learning disability are caused by

A)poor nutrition.
B)brain damage.
C)structural and functional differences in the brain.
D)allergies to food additives.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which method of assessment is LEAST likely to be used to identify a learning disability?

A)adaptive behaviour scales
B)standardized achievement tests
C)authentic assessment
D)informal reading inventories

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In Canada,approximately what percentage of students have been identified with a learning disability?

A)1
B)4
C)8
D)15

Question 5

One of the major advantages of the response to intervention method of identifying learning disabilities is that

A)it is easy to implement.
B)it is not subject to the same "wait-to fail" criticism.
C)it ensures that a student's low achievement is not simply due to ineffective instruction.
D)a great deal of research has been done to show how best to implement RTI.

Question 6

Changes in the number of students in the learning disabilities category has been attributed to all of the following factors EXCEPT

A)poor diagnostic procedures.
B)teachers' reluctance to change teaching methods.
C)increase in poverty.
D)increase in prevalence of intellectual disabilities.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true?

A)There is definitive evidence of a neurological basis for all cases of learning disabilities.
B)There is definitive evidence that there is no neurological basis for learning disabilities.
C)There is some evidence of a neurological basis for most cases of learning disabilities.
D)There is no definitive evidence of a neurological basis for all cases of learning disabilities.

Question 8

John's teacher monitors his progress in word reading on a weekly basis as he works towards a goal of reading 60% of his text correctly.This form of assessment is referred to as

A)summative.
B)formative.
C)authentic.
D)standardized.

Question 9

The higher prevalence of learning disabilities among males is attributed in part to

A)lower effort generally expended by males.
B)greater biological vulnerability.
C)colour blindness more likely in males.
D)right brain dominance among males.

Question 10

Each of the following is a weakness of the achievement-ability discrepancy method of identifying learning disabilities EXCEPT

A)It has been used only with students with reading problems,not math problems.
B)Those that are statistically adequate are difficult and expensive to implement.
C)IQ is not a very strong predictor of reading ability.
D)The concept of discrepancy is practically useless in the earliest elementary grades.

Question 11

The method of assessment least useful in planning educational strategies is

A)formative assessment.
B)standardized achievement assessment.
C)informal assessment.
D)authentic assessment.

Question 12

When students are referred for special education,teachers and psychologists use standardized achievement tests primarily to

A)measure psychological processes.
B)gain insight into the cause of a student's failure.
C)identify general academic strengths and weaknesses.
D)collect observational data.

Question 13

Over the years,evidence has accumulated showing that learning disabilities

A)dramatically improve in the adult years.
B)can be inherited.
C)manifest themselves prior to age three.
D)occur more often in first-born children.

Question 14

Definitions used to make eligibility and classification decisions related to learning disabilities traditionally include which one of the following factors?

A)IQ-achievement discrepancy
B)learning problems due to visual,hearing,or motor handicaps,or environmental,cultural,or economic disadvantage
C)neurological evidence of brain injury
D)deficits in adaptive behaviour

Question 15

The most influential definition of learning disabilities in Canada is that developed by

A)AAMR.
B)NJCLD.
C)LDAC.
D)IDEA.

Question 16

Heritability studies of learning disabilities have shown which of the following?

A)Environmental factors are the cause of most learning disabilities.
B)Identical twins are more concordant than fraternal twins for reading disabilities.
C)Both fraternal twins are more likely to have learning disabilities than are both identical twins.
D)Teratogens are the cause of most learning disabilities.

Question 17

All of the following are similarities between the U.S.federal definition and the LDAC definition EXCEPT

A)both describe a disorder in processing information.
B)both specify that listening,speaking,reading,writing,and math can be affected.
C)both mention perceptual handicaps,dyslexia,and minimal brain dysfunction.
D)both exclude learning problems due primarily to other conditions.

Question 18

Agents that can cause malformations or defects in a developing fetus are called

A)teratogens.
B)poisons.
C)toxinogens.
D)mutations.

Question 19

Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to

A)read.
B)write.
C)compute.
D)use expressive language.

Question 20

The individual credited with the first use of the term "learning disabilities" during a meeting of parents in the early 1960s is

A)Samuel Howe.
B)Samuel Kirk.
C)Marianne Frostig.
D)Samuel Orton.

Question 21

Freda,Sam,and Liz are 8th grade students with learning disabilities.Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of intraindividual variation?

A)Freda scores high in math,but not in spelling.
B)In comparison to 8th graders nationally,Sam scores lower in reading and written expression.
C)In comparison to Freda and Sam,Liz has higher achievement in math.
D)Liz has lower reading scores than any of the nondisabled students in her class.

Question 22

The second most common academic difficulty for students with learning disabilities is

A)reading.
B)science.
C)written language.
D)math.

Question 23

A tendency to reverse letters when writing may be due to problems in

A)visual perception.
B)auditory perception.
C)perceptual-motor skills.
D)general coordination.

Question 24

The single biggest academic problem for children with learning disabilities is

A)reading.
B)spelling.
C)handwriting.
D)math.

Question 25

An example of authentic assessment is

A)assessment conducted in the home.
B)portfolio assessment.
C)assessment of functional skills.
D)simulated situational assessment.

Question 26

Kaeli has difficulty making friends because she is not sure when to speak or how to respond in casual conversation.This is an example of a deficit in

A)pragmatics.
B)phonology.
C)semantics.
D)morphology.

Question 27

John,Jim,and Ann are fifth grade students with learning disabilities.Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of interindividual differences?

A)John has problems with math,while Ann has problems with reading.
B)In comparison to the nondisabled students in her class,Ann scores lower in reading and math.
C)Jim does well in reading,but not in math.
D)John has high intelligence,but low achievement in spelling.

Question 28

Pragmatics is the study of

A)word order within sentences.
B)the sound structure of words.
C)the meaning of language.
D)language use in social settings.

Question 29

Students with poor phonological skills are most likely to have problems with which aspect of written language?

A)handwriting
B)spelling
C)metacognitive strategies
D)creative writing

Question 30

Each of the following features is common to formative assessment models EXCEPT

A)criterion-referenced testing.
B)monitoring of effective of educational interventions.
C)direct assessment of classroom behaviours.
D)diagnostic testing by a psychologist.

Question 31

By definition,every student with learning disabilities has

A)academic problems.
B)brain damage.
C)hyperactivity.
D)emotional problems.

Question 32

All of the following practices are typical of curriculum-based assessment EXCEPT

A)frequent observation of child's behaviour.
B)testing completed by classroom teacher.
C)comparison of child to national norms.
D)use of curriculum the student has been exposed to.

Question 33

Juan is still in the process of developing his English language proficiency.His teacher chooses to assess his progress in science by working with him to select examples of his work including lab reports and an oral presentation.This is an example of a

A)formative assessment.
B)authentic assessment.
C)informal assessment.
D)standardized assessment.

Question 34

Juanita's short story is interesting but has fewer characters,simpler sentence structure and is less well organized than her peers.This reflects difficulties in

A)reading.
B)internal language development.
C)receptive language.
D)written language.

Question 35

Grendel is a nine year-old with learning disabilities who makes many grammatical errors when speaking.Grendel has a problem with which aspect of language?

A)phonology
B)semantics
C)pragmatics
D)syntax

Question 36

The ability to understand the rules of how sounds combine to make up words is

A)phonological awareness.
B)phonemic awareness.
C)decoding.
D)reading fluency.

Question 37

Mr.Withmore is a special education teacher.When he works with students with learning disabilities,it is likely that he spends the most time working on problems in

A)mathematics.
B)reading.
C)spoken language.
D)written language.

Question 38

Most individuals with learning disabilities

A)have deficits in mostly non-academic areas.
B)have deficits in most academic areas.
C)have deficits in some academic areas and not in others.
D)have deficits in all academic areas except mathematics.

Question 39

An informal reading inventory can be used for all of the following EXCEPT

A)to determine what kinds of reading errors a student makes.
B)to explain the cause of a student's reading problems.
C)to estimate the appropriate difficulty level of reading materials.
D)to design instructional interventions.

Question 40

If students have difficulties with reading fluency,they might also struggle with

A)reading comprehension.
B)phonological awareness.
C)phonemic awareness.
D)semantics.

Question 41

A method in which assistance is provided to students when they are first learning tasks,then gradually reduced until the students do the tasks independently is

A)scaffolded instruction.
B)self-monitoring.
C)prompted instruction.
D)self-regulated strategy development.

Question 42

Brianna is a junior in high school who has a learning disability and an external locus of control.When she succeeds on a homework assignment in math,she is most likely to attribute her success to

A)effort.
B)help from others.
C)math ability.
D)intelligence.

Question 43

A method involving breaking down academic problems into their component parts that can be taught separately and then combined is called

A)direct instruction.
B)scaffolded instruction.
C)cognitive training.
D)task analysis.

Question 44

Making students aware of the stages of problem-solving tasks while they are performing them and bringing behaviour under verbal control is called

A)self-instruction.
B)self-monitoring.
C)scaffolded instruction.
D)reciprocal teaching.

Question 45

Each of the following is true of Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS)EXCEPT

A)it involves pairing a higher-performing student with a lower-performing student.
B)it is not effective for high school students without learning disabilities.
C)students take turns being "coach" and "reader."
D)students participate in three 35-minute long tutoring sessions each week.

Question 46

Difficulties experienced by students with learning disabilities in interpreting the feeling and emotions of others reflects a problem with

A)visual perception.
B)social cognition.
C)nonverbal learning disabilities.
D)referential communication.

Question 47

Programs consisting of precisely sequenced,fast-paced lessons taught to small groups with an emphasis on drill and practice,a teaching script and immediate feedback are using which approach?

A)behaviour modification
B)cognitive training
C)Direct Instruction
D)process training

Question 48

At present,the most common placement for service delivery for students with learning disabilities is

A)self-contained special classes.
B)special schools.
C)resource room.
D)regular classroom.

Question 49

Esperanza is a seventh grader with a learning disability.When her teacher announces the homework assignments for the day,she listens,but fails to write them down or to use other mental strategies to remember them.Her behaviour indicates a problem with

A)attention.
B)perception.
C)metacognition.
D)problem-solving.

Question 50

Sheila has difficulty paying attention in class.To improve her behaviour,her teacher taped a form to Sheila's desk and gave her a tape player with an ear-phone that provided a random-tone prompt.Each time she heard the tone,Sheila asked herself "Am I paying attention?",then placed a check mark in the "yes" or "no" column on the sheet.This is an example of

A)self-instruction.
B)self-monitoring.
C)self-control.
D)self-reinforcement.

Question 51

Which one of the following problems best illustrates difficulty in metacognition?

A)Joelle reverses b and d.
B)Simon is always active and out of his seat.
C)Rita can't tell the difference between the spoken words "think" and "thing."
D)Oscar neglects to slow down when reading a difficult passage.

Question 52

Individuals with nonverbal learning disabilities are at increased risk for

A)mutism.
B)anxiety.
C)depression.
D)stuttering.

Question 53

All of the following are features of Direct Instruction EXCEPT

A)fast-paced lessons.
B)emphasis on drill and practice.
C)student-centred lessons.
D)immediate corrective feedback.

Question 54

Cognitive training can be particularly beneficial for students with learning disabilities as it can help them overcome problems with

A)motivation.
B)depression.
C)overconfidence.
D)bullying.

Question 55

What percent of children with learning disabilities do recent estimates indicate also have attentional problems?

A)25 to 50%
B)10 to 25%
C)50 to 75%
D)75 to 100%

Question 56

Cognitive training involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)changing thought processes.
B)providing strategies for learning.
C)teaching self-initiative.
D)multisensory training.

Question 57

Individuals who have a cluster of exceptionalities in social interaction,math,visual-spatial tasks,and tactual tasks are referred to as having

A)nonverbal learning disabilities.
B)motivational problems.
C)social cognition problems.
D)locus of control deficits.

Question 58

Each of the following characteristics is consistent with the idea that children with learning disabilities tend to be inactive learners EXCEPT

A)learned helplessness.
B)inability to learn how to perform basic tasks.
C)poor metacognitive skills.
D)inability to spontaneously produce appropriate learning strategies.

Question 59

To remember the meaning of the word "parity" in a unit focused on currency,a student could think of the word "pear" and imagine it being cut into two equal pieces.This is an example of a/an

A)mnemonic.
B)simile.
C)pegword strategy.
D)acronym.

Question 60

Marie-Noel's teacher helps her to read a passage and to summarize key points.Eventually,Marie-Noel takes over the role of summarizing on her own by finding the main idea.This is an example of

A)Reciprocal teaching.
B)Direct Instruction.
C)Scaffolded
D)Self-monitoring.

Question 61

Allen,a successful architect,has learning disabilities.According to recent research on factors that predict the success of adults with learning disabilities,Allen probably

A)allows others to set goals for him.
B)defines himself by his learning disability.
C)participated in special education on a short-term basis only.
D)accepts his weaknesses,while building on his strengths.

Question 62

In Canada,there is a single definition of Learning Disability that is used in every province and/or territory.

Question 63

The term "learning disabilities" was first proposed at a meeting of special education teachers.

Question 64

In the case of most children with learning disabilities,there is little neurological evidence of actual damage to the brain tissues.

Question 65

Predicting learning disabilities at the preschool age is difficult for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)in many cases of learning disabilities,problems are relatively mild.
B)it is difficult to distinguish between developmental delay and maturational slowness.
C)children are too young to complete an IQ test.
D)children appear competent unless faced with a particular academic task.

Question 66

The LDAC definition states that individuals often grow out of their learning disabilities.

Question 67

Children with learning disabilities comprise approximately 26% of all school-age children.

Question 68

Surprisingly,research has shown that the risk for having reading disabilities does not increase for children whose parents both have reading disabilities.

Question 69

Standardized assessments provides specific information about the ways that students learn best.

Question 70

Boys outnumber girls by about two to one in the learning disability category.

Question 71

The increase in the prevalence of learning disabilities is due primarily to poor diagnostic practices.

Question 72

Extensive research supports the use of response-to-intervention (RTI)in identifying students with learning disabilities.

Question 73

Research exploring the placement preferences of students with learning disabilities indicates that

A)most students prefer resource placements.
B)most students prefer inclusive placements.
C)most students do not prefer one placement over the other.
D)some students prefer resource and some prefer inclusive placements.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about teachers of students with learning disabilities is true?

A)They have knowledge and skills about learning that can be used across content areas.
B)Their knowledge and skills about learning are typically not relevant to secondary-level classes.
C)Their knowledge and skills typically apply to one content area at the secondary level.
D)They have knowledge and skills about learning that apply only at remedial levels.

Question 75

Formative,informal,and authentic assessments are not as instructionally useful as standardized tests.

Question 76

Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in one's ability to read.

Question 77

Research shows that IQ is a very strong predictor of reading ability.

Question 78

The percentage of entering first-year college students with learning disabilities is about

A)1.2%.
B)3.5%.
C)5%.
D)7.5%.

Question 79

Children and youths with learning disabilities comprise over half of all students who receive special education.

Question 80

Which approach to educating students with learning disabilities at the secondary level concentrates on skills like on-the-job behaviour,filling out job applications,and balancing a checkbook?

A)work-study
B)basic skills
C)functional skill
D)tutorial