Deck 18: The West on the Eve of a New World Order

Question 1

Why did Europe become the engine for rapid global change in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries rather than China or some other non-Western society? What colonies did the British and French establish in the Americas,and how did their methods of administering their colonies differ?

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Identify the following terms.
the Scientific Revolution

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

What characteristics of European civilization encouraged or mandated both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Identify the following terms.
Nicholas Copernicus

Question 5

Why were the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo so controversial in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 6

Compare the "high" and "popular" cultures of the mid-eighteenth century to today's culture.Is there any "high culture" left in the modern world? If so,what,and if not,why not?

Question 7

Identify the following terms.
geocentric and heliocentric

Question 8

How "revolutionary" was the French Revolution? How was France changed by the revolutionary events between 1789 and 1799,and who benefited the most from these changes?

Question 9

What were the causes,the main events,and the results of the French Revolution? Could its outbreak have been avoided,or possibly postponed? Was the revolution inevitable? Why or why not?

Question 10

How did European ideas about the natures of,and the relationships between,science and religion change during the seventeenth century? Were these changes restricted to just the intellectual classes? Why or why not? What changes occurred in the European economy in the eighteenth century,and to what degree were these changes reflected in social patterns?

Question 11

In your opinion,was the American Revolution or the French Revolution most "revolutionary"? Why? Be specific.

Question 12

Describe the major innovations in art and music during the Enlightenment.Were they as important as the era's new social and economic ideas? Why or why not?

Question 13

Who were the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,and what were their main contributions? What was the impact of the intellectual revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on European society? Was the Scientific Revolution "the most revolutionary of all revolutions"? Discuss critically,using specific examples.

Question 14

Discuss the positive and the negative contributions of Napoleon to the French Revolution and to Europe generally in the early nineteenth century.Would France and Europe have been better off if he had never attained political power? Why or why not?

Question 15

Identify the following terms.
Galileo Galilei

Question 16

In what ways did the career and policies of Napoleon fulfill,destroy,and/or move beyond the ideas and ideals of the early French Revolution? Was his regime a realization of the hopes of the philosophes? Why or why not?

Question 17

What do historians mean by the term "enlightened absolutism," and to what degree did eighteenth-century Prussia,Austria,and Russia exhibit its characteristics? How "enlightened" was enlightened absolutism as it was manifested in eighteenth-century Europe? Give examples to support your viewpoint.

Question 18

What was the relationship of the Enlightenment to the Scientific Revolution? Could the Enlightenment have occurred with the Scientific Revolution?

Question 19

Discuss the emergence of the social sciences in terms of their philosophical foundations and the ideas of individuals such as John Locke and Adam Smith.

Question 20

Compare and contrast the Seven Years' War with the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.Did the nature of war change? The causes? Motives? Tactics? Results? Be specific.

Question 21

Identify the following terms.
Balthasar Neumann's church of the Vierzehnheiligen

Question 22

Identify the following terms.
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 23

Identify the following terms.
"cottage industry" or the "putting-out" system

Question 24

Identify the following terms.
Voltaire and "Crush the infamous thing"

Question 25

Identify the following terms.
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 26

Identify the following terms.
the Enlightenment

Question 27

Identify the following terms.
the Constitution

Question 28

Identify the following terms.
Isaac Newton's Principia

Question 29

Identify the following terms.
rentiers

Question 30

Identify the following terms.
Rococo and Antoine Watteau

Question 31

Identify the following terms.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract

Question 32

Identify the following terms.
patrician

Question 33

Identify the following terms.
Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 34

Identify the following terms.
Adam Smith and laissez-faire

Question 35

Identify the following terms.
daily newspapers and coffeehouses

Question 36

Identify the following terms.
Descartes and Cartesian Dualism

Question 37

Identify the following terms.
philosophes

Question 38

Identify the following terms.
high culture and popular culture and Carnival

Question 39

Identify the following terms.
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 40

Identify the following terms.
Declaration of Independence

Question 41

Identify the following terms.
the taille

Question 42

Identify the following terms.
the Reign of Terror and the guillotine

Question 43

Identify the following terms.
the Paris commune

Question 44

Identify the following terms.
Robert Clive

Question 45

Identify the following terms.
Quebec's the Plains of Abraham

Question 46

Identify the following terms.
partitions of Poland

Question 47

Identify the following terms.
Louis XVI

Question 48

Identify the following terms.
Toussaint L'Ouverture

Question 49

Identify the following terms.
the Third Estate

Question 50

Identify the following terms.
Maria Theresa and Joseph II

Question 51

Identify the following terms.
Frederick the Great and "the first servant of the state"

Question 52

Identify the following terms.
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"

Question 53

Identify the following terms.
Seven Years' War

Question 54

Identify the following terms.
Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"

Question 55

Identify the following terms.
Catherine the Great

Question 56

Identify the following terms.
nationalism

Question 57

Identify the following terms.
Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre

Question 58

Identify the following terms.
enlightened despotism

Question 59

Identify the following terms.
the Directory

Question 60

Identify the following terms.
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 61

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was

A) Diderot.
B) Voltaire.
C) Montesquieu.
D) Rousseau.
E) Descartes.

Question 62

Rene Descartes

A) was the developer of algebra.
B) had his writings approved by the Church.
C) claimed that "I think, therefore I am."
D) fled the Dutch Republic for the Holy Roman Empire.
E) discovered the moon of Jupiter.

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
the Grand Empire

Question 64

The most active opponent of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the philosophes were

A) Lavisher and Rousseau.
B) Voltaire and Diderot.
C) Diderot and Bourbon.
D) Montesquieu and Adrien.
E) Quesnay and Pelletier.

Question 65

All of the following were relevant to Newton's discoveries except

A) they created a new cosmology.
B) they presented a basically mechanical explanation of things.
C) universal motion could be mathematically explained.
D) his theories had no spiritual ramifications.
E) Einsteinian relativity eventually came to superseded Newtonian mechanism.

Question 66

Which of the following was not one of the positive buzzwords of the Enlightenment?

A) reason
B) divine revelation
C) natural law
D) hope
E) progress

Question 67

Identify the following terms.
Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 68

Newton's Principia

A) placed the earth at the center of the universe.
B) rejected the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
C) mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation.
D) supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
E) proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.

Question 69

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

A) creation of a new religion of sciences.
B) use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.
C) application of religious precepts to all knowledge.
D) inversion of human development.
E) abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge.

Question 70

A discovery made by Galileo was the

A) development of the calculus.
B) fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus.
C) five moons revolving around Pluto.
D) similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.
E) totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.

Question 71

Identify the following terms.
the Consulate

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
Continental System

Question 73

Identify the following terms.
Napoleon's Civil Code

Question 74

Cartesian dualism

A) separated people on the basis of gender.
B) distinguished primarily between good and evil.
C) viewed mind and matter as two distinct and separate entities.
D) refuted the elipticism of Newton's rhetorical absolutes.
E) was initially developed by Bacon and Locke.

Question 75

The philosophes generally included all of the following except

A) the rural lower classes.
B) the urban middle classes.
C) social reformers.
D) professors.
E) journalists.

Question 76

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding,the writer who said each of us is born with a tabula rasa was

A) John Locke.
B) Rene Descartes.
C) Voltaire.
D) Isaac Newton.
E) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Question 77

The Ptolemaic view of the universe believed all of the following to be true except

A) the planets were believed to be imperfect and material.
B) the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe.
C) heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the earth.
D) God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the outermost, or tenth, sphere.
E) God and the saved souls were at one end of the universe and humans at the center.

Question 78

Which of the following statements would John Locke find acceptable?

A) Some of us are born bad.
B) A positive environment will create positive results.
C) Everything that we are is in our genes.
D) Faith, not reason, determines what we know.
E) Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
Elba and Saint Helena

Question 80

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of Copernicus and Galileo because they

A) ended the spirituality of the earth.
B) threatened the Scriptures, as the heavens were no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter.
C) was simpler to accept it than to reject its doctrinal challenges.
D) conflicted with those of Newton.
E) were contrary to the Council of Constance.