Deck 1: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

Experimental psychologists,who design experiments to determine the causes of behaviour,would be most interested in the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Answer 1

explanation.

Question 2

Who among the following would be LEAST likely to talk about conscious experiences?

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)John Watson
D)Max Wertheimer

Answer 2

John Watson

Question 3

Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas Watson said phobias were __________.

A)learned; inherited
B)repressed conflicts; learned
C)sexual; unconscious
D)conditioned; unconditioned

Answer 3

repressed conflicts; learned

Question 4

In the definition of psychology,behaviour means:

A)internal,covert processes.
B)mental processes.
C)outward or overt actions and reactions.
D)only human behaviour.

Question 5

______________________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group,but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.

A)The double-blind study
B)A placebo effect study
C)The single-blind study
D)A randomized study

Question 6

A psychologist is interested in what a particular person might do in a stressful situation.This psychologist is most interested in the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Question 7

A negative correlation means that:

A)high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
B)high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other.
C)low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
D)there is no relationship between the two variables.

Question 8

Which early perspective would have been LEAST likely to agree with the structuralists?

A)introspectionism
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)Gestalt

Question 9

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A)psychoanalysis
B)humanism
C)cognitive perspective
D)behaviourism

Question 10

The goals of psychology are to:

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind.
B)understand,compare,and analyze human behaviour.
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death.
D)describe,explain,predict,and control behaviour.

Question 11

Dr.Watson designs a special behaviour program for helping children who are bullies learn how to be less aggressive and more successful in social relationships.Dr.Watson is most interested in the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Question 12

The term ___________________________ refers to a mental health professional who generally has at least an MSW and who typically treats individual dysfunction and family problems but may also deal with other problems such as addiction or abuse.

A)psychiatric social worker
B)psychiatrist
C)psychoanalyst
D)clinical psychologist

Question 13

Experimenters can justify the use of deception because:

A)there is informed consent.
B)research is more important than people.
C)it may be necessary for the experiment to work.
D)it is not that harmful.

Question 14

Name which of the following early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement "The study of the mind should focus on how it allows us to adapt to our surroundings."

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)John Watson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 15

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a:

A)representative sample.
B)case study.
C)single-blind study.
D)naturalistic observation.

Question 16

What did Freud believe controlled most,if not all,of our behaviour?

A)conscious experiences
B)Gestalt perceptions
C)the unconscious mind
D)observable experiences

Question 17

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 18

Which goal of psychology is most closely met through naturalistic observation?

A)altering behaviour
B)predicting behaviour
C)describing behaviour
D)controlling behaviour

Question 19

The first step in studying animal behaviour is to observe animals and record everything they do,when they do it,and what is going on around them when they do it.This meets the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Question 20

Which controversial figure can be described as Canada's first modern psychologist?

A)Max Wertheimer
B)James Mark Baldwin
C)John Watson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 21

Which of the following historical perspectives gave rise,at least in part,to the evolutionary perspective?

A)behaviourism
B)psychoanalysis
C)structuralism
D)functionalism

Question 22

Which of the following is the BEST example of a representative sample?

A)You ask your fellow students to be participants in a study of adult memory.
B)You choose people shopping in an expensive store in the mall to respond to your survey.
C)You ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values.
D)You choose people randomly from the telephone book to respond to your survey.

Question 23

In the scientific method,the first step is:

A)reporting your results.
B)perceiving a question. Correct: .
C)drawing conclusions.
D)testing the hypothesis.

Question 24

Which of the following pairs represents the two psychology perspectives that were also part of the historical beginnings of psychology?

A)humanism and behaviourism
B)behaviourism and psychodynamics
C)psychodynamics and humanism
D)cognitive psychology and psychodynamics

Question 25

It's pretty common knowledge that the more you study,the higher your grade will be.What kind of correlation is this relationship?

A)positive
B)negative
C)zero
D)causal

Question 26

Dr.Roaden works in a school system,dealing directly with children who have emotional,academic,and behavioural problems.Dr.Roaden is most likely which type of psychologist?

A)personality
B)developmental
C)school
D)comparative

Question 27

In that same experiment,the control group is the one that gets:

A)only one drink of orange juice with vodka.
B)a fake test of memory.
C)only something to eat.
D)the orange juice without vodka.

Question 28

In a __________ study,neither the experimenter nor the participants knows who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.

A)placebo
B)single-blind
C)double-blind
D)triple-blind

Question 29

Which of the following would indicate the strongest relationship between two variables?

A)+1.04
B)−0.89
C)+0.75
D)+0.54

Question 30

Which perspective is known as the third force in psychology?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviourism
C)cognitive psychology
D)humanism

Question 31

Which of the following professionals in psychology focuses more on the environmental conditions that affect mental disorders?

A)psychiatrist
B)psychoanalyst
C)psychiatric social worker
D)psychologist

Question 32

In an experiment to test the effects of alcohol on memory,the experimenter gives vodka mixed in orange juice to one group of participants and orange juice with no vodka to the other group.She then measures the memory skills of both groups by means of a memory test.In this study,the independent variable would be:

A)scores on the memory test.
B)the presence or absence of vodka in the orange juice.
C)intelligence.
D)a placebo.

Question 33

Max is interested in becoming a psychologist.He is most interested in how people in groups behave differently from people who act alone.He would most likely specialize in __________ psychology.

A)comparative
B)educational
C)school
D)social

Question 34

Which of the following best summarizes Hebb's Law?

A)Brain cells that flock together stray apart.
B)Brain cells that fire together wire together.
C)Brain cells that play together stay together.
D)Brain cells that are opposites attach to one another.

Question 35

The main disadvantage of a case study is that it is not:

A)easily done because of the large number of participants.
B)generalizable to other similar conditions.
C)detailed enough for most research questions.
D)biased.

Question 36

In a naturalistic observation,the phenomenon in which the behaviour of the participants being observed changes because they are being watched is called:

A)observer bias.
B)participant observation.
C)observer effect.
D)representative sampling.

Question 37

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying the way children store and retrieve information?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviourism
C)cognitive psychology
D)evolutionary perspective

Question 38

Elsie suffered a stroke and had to be hospitalized.While in the hospital,she talked in strange,garbled words and seemed to think that she was being held against her will.Which of the following perspectives BEST explains Elsie's odd behaviour?

A)psychodynamics
B)cognitive psychology
C)behaviourism
D)biopsychology

Question 39

The use of __________ helps to control for the effect of observer bias.

A)blind observers
B)a single trained observer
C)randomly selected observers
D)none of the above

Question 40

Which of the following specialties in psychology deals with diagnosis and treatment of disorders?

A)clinical
B)development
C)personality
D)experimental

Question 41

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

A)the science of behaviour
B)the science of mental processes
C)the science of behaviour and mental processes
D)the science of human behaviour and mental processes

Question 42

Martina was sent to the school psychologist to be tested.Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted children's program.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behaviour
B)explaining behaviour
C)predicting behaviour
D)controlling behaviour

Question 43

In the definition of psychology,the term mental processes refers to:

A)internal,covert processes.
B)outward behaviour.
C)overt actions and reactions.
D)sensory information processing.

Question 44

Which pseudo-psychology claims to understand personality through a study of the bumps on one's skull?

A)phrenology
B)palmistry
C)graphology
D)astrology

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the common ethical rules?

A)Participants have to give informed consent.
B)Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings.
C)The rights and well-being of the participants must come first.
D)Data must remain confidential.

Question 46

Marvin is a fan of the Toronto Raptors basketball team.With little provocation,he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball.Marvin MAY be demonstrating:

A)bias.
B)critical thinking.
C)prediction.
D)surveying.

Question 47

A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities.This psychologist is most interested in the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Question 48

The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 49

Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of:

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)control.

Question 50

The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 51

A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is often late for class,does not turn in her homework,squirms around a lot in her seat,and swings her feet constantly.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behaviour
B)explaining behaviour
C)predicting behaviour
D)controlling behaviour

Question 52

You are at a hockey game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams.At one point,the referee makes a call.Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval.The crowd's reaction reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class.What was the likely topic of the lecture?

A)bias
B)experiments
C)mental processes
D)comparing of animal and human behaviour

Question 53

We use animals in research because:

A)animals have simple behaviour that makes it easy to see changes.
B)animals don't live as long as humans and are easier to control.
C)we can do things to animals that we can't do to people.
D)all of the above are true.

Question 54

A famous newscaster advertises a new magnetic mattress for controlling pain.If Nathaniel decides to order the mattress because he believes that such a well-known personality should know whether or not it works,he has made an error in which of the following?

A)Few "truths" do not need to be tested.
B)All evidence is not equal in quality.
C)Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true.
D)Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Question 55

The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 56

Critical thinking means making judgments based on:

A)emotional issues.
B)keeping a closed mind.
C)reason and logical evaluation.
D)authority and expertise.

Question 57

Description is to assessment as _________ is to prognosis.

A)prediction
B)explanation
C)indication
D)control

Question 58

The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 59

The goals of psychology are to:

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind.
B)understand,compare,and analyze human behaviour.
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death.
D)describe,explain,predict,and control behaviour.

Question 60

Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behaviour"?

A)relation between grade-point average and salary
B)thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
C)how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
D)effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression

Question 61

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called:

A)psychoanalysis.
B)cognitive psychology.
C)behavioural psychology.
D)social psychology.

Question 62

According to Freud,the key to understanding the origins of nervous disorders was:

A)sensations and perceptions.
B)brain physiology.
C)the unconscious mind.
D)social learning.

Question 63

While on a visit to a large city,you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move.Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

A)Gestalt
B)behavioural
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 64

What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

A)a chart listing the basic chemical elements
B)a list of the courses required for graduation
C)a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
D)a computer program for word processing a term paper

Question 65

At the close of the nineteenth century,Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt.It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to:

A)analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements.
B)determine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviour.
C)listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness.
D)carefully feel the bumps on a person's

Question 66

The work of Freud was built around:

A)a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
B)a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
C)a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.
D)a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviours are learned

Question 67

In 1879,in Leipzig,Germany,the first psychological laboratory was developed by:

A)Hermann von Helmholtz.
B)Gustav Fechner.
C)Wilhelm Wundt.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 68

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________,which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

A)objective intervention
B)objective introspection
C)insight inventory
D)psychoanalysis

Question 69

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of:

A)introspection.
B)functionalism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)Gestaltists.

Question 70

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

A)They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
B)Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
C)They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
D)Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.

Question 71

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn."I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds,what will you say?

A)"Who is B.F.Skinner?"
B)"Who is William James?"
C)"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
D)"Who is Max Wertheimer?"

Question 72

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

A)Gestaltist
B)behaviourist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 73

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

A)structuralism; observable behaviour
B)Gestalt; whole
C)psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict
D)natural selection; functionalism

Question 74

When American _______________ was hired by the University of Toronto in 1889 to set up a psychological lab,his appointment set off a flurry of protest and petition signing because they viewed him as an "outsider."

A)Edward Titchener
B)Ernest Cornell
C)James Mark Baldwin
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 75

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today,where would we most likely find him?

A)in a laboratory,studying principles of perception
B)in a school,working to improve teaching methods
C)in a mountain retreat,contemplating the meaning of life
D)in a sleep laboratory,trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based

Question 76

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 77

Which therapeutic approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

A)stress reduction therapy
B)psycho-educational instruction
C)cognitive behaviour therapy
D)psychoanalytic therapy

Question 78

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its colour,shape,texture,and other aspects of their conscious experience.These individuals would have been using a method called:

A)perception processing.
B)introspection.
C)functional reflection.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 79

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behaviour because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

A)Gestaltist
B)behaviouralist
C)psychodynamic
D)functionalist

Question 80

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behaviour is part of what early field of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviourism