Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?

A)iris
B)lens
C)retina
D)sclera

Answer 1

iris

Question 2

Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called:

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)adaptation.
D)habituation.

Answer 2

sensation.

Question 3

What are the hammer,anvil,and stirrup?

A)tiny bones located in the middle ear
B)the three structures of the outer ear
C)the three components of the cochlea
D)sound tests used by audiologists to screen for hearing impairments

Answer 3

tiny bones located in the middle ear

Question 4

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the UCS was:

A)the white rat.
B)the loud noise.
C)the fear of the rat.
D)the fear of the noise.

Question 5

The kinesthetic senses are concerned with:

A)touch,pressure,temperature,and pain.
B)the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other.
C)They have to do with movement,balance,and body position.
D)They have to do with coordination,flexibility,and balance.

Question 6

The fact that the CS must come immediately before the UCS,and not after is a problem for the ____________ theory of why classical conditioning works.

A)stimulus substitution
B)cognitive perspective
C)cognitive substitution
D)stimulus perspective

Question 7

Often people with certain types of cancer must take chemotherapy treatments.The drugs used in these treatments are powerful and usually cause strong nausea reactions.If Cindy had scrambled eggs for breakfast and then took a chemotherapy treatment later that same morning,what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

A)Cindy will probably develop a strong liking for scrambled eggs.
B)Cindy will probably be able to eat scrambled eggs with no nausea at all.
C)Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat scrambled eggs.
D)None of the above is likely.

Question 8

An illusion is:

A)the same thing as a vision.
B)due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina.
C)a perception that does not correspond to reality.
D)something that you dreamed.

Question 9

The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colours.

A)red
B)blue
C)green
D)yellow

Question 10

The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 11

The taste receptors are located on the:

A)papillae.
B)taste buds.
C)tongue.
D)roof of the mouth.

Question 12

Your pet parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti noodles.Later the poor bird gets very ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

A)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti.
B)The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti.
C)The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti.
D)The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

Question 13

The chapter-opening story describes how Dr.Pierce taught rats to associate sweet-tasting foods with no calories.He then exposed these rats to a sweet-tasting,calorie-rich pre-meal and found that over the next three hours these rats ate significantly more than control rats.Which of the following explains these results best?

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)stimulus generalization

Question 14

Which of the following statements about conditioning is FALSE,according to Pavlov?

A)The CS and UCS must come close together in time.
B)The CS must come immediately after the UCS.
C)The neutral stimulus and UCS must be paired several times before conditioning takes place.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A)Learning is another word for maturation.
B)Learning is relatively permanent.
C)Learning involves changes in behaviour.
D)Learning involves experiences.

Question 16

Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener,his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling and mewing pitiably.He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food,the sound of the can opener had become a/an:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.

Question 17

When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished,this is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

A)hue
B)decibels
C)amplitude
D)wavelength

Question 19

Similarity is the tendency to perceive:

A)objects,or figures,on some background.
B)things that look similar as being part of the same group.
C)objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.
D)things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex,broken-up pattern.

Question 20

People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called:

A)top-down processing.
B)perceptual consistency.
C)bottom-up processing.
D)perceptual expectancy.

Question 21

Which schedule of reinforcement best illustrates the responses of a person playing a VLT?

A)fixed ratio
B)variable ratio
C)fixed interval
D)variable interval

Question 22

The first time Giorgio sees a duck,his mother tells him,"That's a duck.Can you say duck?" He repeats the word gleefully.The next day he is watching a cartoon and sees a chicken on the television.He points at the chicken and says,"Duck!" This is an example of:

A)generalization.
B)extinction.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)discrimination.

Question 23

Professor Elliot told his students that if his door was open,it meant that he was available to them and would gladly answer any questions they might have.But if his door was pushed almost completely shut,it meant that he was busy and would prefer not to answer questions at that time.Professor Elliot's door being open was __________ for __________.

A)discriminative stimulus; asking questions
B)discriminative stimulus; not asking questions
C)discriminative response; asking questions
D)discriminative response; not asking questions

Question 24

Rat A receives a dose of radiation after drinking mint-flavoured water.In his home cage,which he shares with Rat B,he becomes ill.What will happen when Rat B is offered mint-flavoured treats?

A)Rat B will slowly begin to nibble at the treats and will eventually eat them.
B)Rat B will not eat the treats.
C)Rat B will immediately consume the treats.
D)Rat B will eat the treats and then become ill.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a problem with punishment?

A)The effect of punishment is often temporary.
B)Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety.
C)Mild punishment can be paired with reinforcement of the correct behaviour.
D)Aggressive punishment can model aggressive behaviour for the child.

Question 26

Bennie is afraid of snakes.He won't even look at pictures of them in a book,turning the page or closing the book instead.When he sees a picture of a snake,his anxiety goes up,but when he avoids looking at the picture,his anxiety goes down.It is most correct to say that Bennie's avoidance behaviour is being:

A)punished because he feels anxious after doing so.
B)punished because he will never get better.
C)positively reinforced because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
D)negatively reinforced because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.

Question 27

Cognition refers to:

A)behaviour that is observable and external.
B)behaviour that is directly measurable.
C)the mental events that take place while a person is behaving.
D)memories.

Question 28

For the past three months,every time Steve has been out at the local bar he takes ecstasy.One evening he attends a house party,ingests ecstasy,and becomes so sick that he needs to go to the hospital.In this case,the local bar acted as a/an______________,preparing his body for the drug.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 29

What is the most likely explanation for why fear caused by severe punishment tends to make the punishment ineffective?

A)Fear causes the child to remember the behaviour that was punished.
B)Fear creates resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient.
C)Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment.
D)None of the above are true.

Question 30

Elizabeth's parents want her to put her clothes in the hamper.At first,they praise her for putting the clothes together in one pile.Then they praise her for getting the clothes on the same side of the room as the hamper.When she gets the clothes on top of the hamper,she gets praise.Finally,her parents praise her when she puts her clothes in the hamper.This is an example of:

A)negative reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Question 31

____________ occurs when a response is followed by experiencing something pleasurable.

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Generalization

Question 32

Marcella starts whining in the grocery store because she wants some candy.Her father refuses to give her candy and ignores her whining.What will happen?

A)generalization
B)extinction
C)spontaneous recovery
D)discrimination

Question 33

Ella is teaching her parrot a new word.Every time the parrot says a sound that is close to the new word,she gives it a treat.But the parrot keeps repeating other words it has learned in the past,trying to get a treat that way.The parrot is exhibiting:

A)generalization
B)extinction.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)discrimination.

Question 34

In an advertisement,Wayne Gretzky is posing,giving a thumbs-up,by a Ford truck.In this ad,what is the UCS?

A)the Ford truck
B)the good feeling associated with seeing Wayne Gretzky
C)Wayne Gretzky
D)The UCS cannot be determined in this example.

Question 35

Applied behaviour analysis:

A)involves the process of shaping.
B)is useful only for teaching autistic children.
C)is not useful for teaching autistic children.
D)cannot be used with animals.

Question 36

____________ is an example of a primary reinforcer,whereas ____________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A)A candy bar; a gold star
B)A gold star; money
C)Food; a drink
D)A gold star; candy

Question 37

Jessica's mother was upset to find that Jessica had used her crayons to draw flowers on her bedroom wall.Her mother took the crayons away from her and made Jessica wash the drawings off the wall.Which of the following statements is true for Jessica?

A)Having her crayons taken away was a form of punishment by removal.
B)Being made to wash off the drawings was a form of punishment by application.
C)Having her crayons taken away was a form of negative reinforcement.
D)Both a and b.

Question 38

In Thorndike's puzzle box experiments,the cats were rewarded by:

A)getting out of the box.
B)getting food.
C)getting Food.
D)both a and b.

Question 39

Cindy hates to clean up after dinner.One night she volunteers to bathe the baby before cleaning up.When she finishes with the baby and returns to the kitchen,her husband has cleaned up everything.Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A)Cindy will start cleaning up.
B)Cindy's husband has positively reinforced her for bathing the baby.
C)Cindy's husband has negatively reinforced her for bathing the baby.
D)Cindy will never bathe the baby again.

Question 40

Rescorla found that the CS must ______________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

A)replace
B)come after
C)come at the same time as
D)predict

Question 41

Cognitive maps are:

A)mental representations of our environment.
B)similar in pigeons and humans.
C)similar in marmoset monkeys and humans.
D)Both a and c are correct.

Question 42

Miranda wanted to make a casserole she saw on a food show on television.She bought the ingredients,put them together,baked it,and served it at dinner that night.To her horror,it tasted awful.She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show.Miranda's dinner disaster was an example of failing at which of Bandura's four elements of observational learning?

A)attention
B)memory
C)imitation
D)motivation

Question 43

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was actually discovered by a/an ____________.

A)teacher who was observing how children learn.
B)anthropologist who was studying social behaviour in monkeys.
C)physiologist who was studying digestion systems.
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 44

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of exploring relationships and familiarity factors relative to conditioned learning.

Question 45

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer wearing a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of:

A)instrumental learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)a reflex response to a neutral stimulus.

Question 46

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs' tail wagging predicted whether they would salivate.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 47

__________ is/are any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Maturation
D)Consequences

Question 48

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A)Learning is another word for "maturation."
B)Learning is relatively permanent.
C)Learning involves changes in behaviour.
D)Learning involves experiences.

Question 49

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called:

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)reflexive learning.
D)stimulus response learning.

Question 50

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)behaviour.
C)conditioned response.
D)stimulus for digestion.

Question 51

Learning is thought to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because:

A)learning involves all the senses and emotion.
B)once you learn something,you will always be able to access that knowledge when needed.
C)when learning occurs,some part of the brain physically changes.
D)it transfers to memory and all memory processes and systems are permanent.

Question 52

Seligman found many similarities between his "helpless" dogs and people suffering from:

A)aggressive behaviour syndrome.
B)mental illness.
C)schizophrenia.
D)depression.

Question 53

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of learning?

A)Sarah's one-month-old child develops the neck muscles necessary to help her raise her head.
B)Jeffery worked the late shift at his part-time job.He is usually a very smart student but fails a biology exam the next day.
C)Marcel has too many alcoholic drinks and begins dancing in the stands at the hockey game.
D)Roberta improves her soccer skills by attending extra sports clinics devoted to

Question 54

In Tolman's maze study,the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the 10th day of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:

A)were much smarter than the other rats.
B)had already learned the maze in the first nine days.
C)had the opportunity to cheat by watching the other rats.
D)were very hungry and therefore learned much more quickly.

Question 55

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was:

A)Skinner.
B)Thorndike.
C)Watson.
D)Pavlov.

Question 56

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a/an:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 57

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll,the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first.They would imitate the model only if given a reward for doing so.The fact that these children had obviously learned the behaviour without actually performing it is an example of:

A)latent learning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)insight learning.

Question 58

Köhler determined that Sultan's two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was:

A)the result of trial-and-error learning.
B)sudden and rapid.
C)arrived at after a long time period.
D)intelligent.

Question 59

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 60

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of:

A)maturation.
B)learning.
C)individual evolution.
D)growth cycles.

Question 61

Interested in the phenomenon of conditioning,you go home and do the following.You get a flashlight.You then say your name and flash the light into your eyes.You repeat this several times.Then you look in the mirror and say your name.You would expect that when hearing your name:

A)you see no change in the appearance of your eyes because your name is a sound and you don't hear with your eyes.
B)your pupils become wider to let in the light that your eyes expect from the flashlight.
C)your pupils contract as the pupillary response to shrink them with bright lights has become classically conditioned to the sound of your name.
D)you voluntarily force your pupils to contract because you have heard the name and it warns you of the light.

Question 62

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)CR resurrection.
D)response generalization.

Question 63

The acronym UCR stands for:

A)unconditional reinforcement.
B)uniformly conditioned response.
C)unconditional response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 64

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a CS,the effect is known as:

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)CS pairing.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 65

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 66

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell,Pavlov experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away.Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell.This represents the process called:

A)acquisition.
B)testing.
C)extinction.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 67

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food,in this case),the CR will "die out" in a process called:

A)CR dissolution.
B)extinction.
C)motivation removal.
D)UCS decline.

Question 68

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)stimulus adaptation.
C)response generalization.
D)transference.

Question 69

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 70

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentations of the bell along with the food led to the _______________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A)acquisition
B)testing
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 71

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan
B)time of day
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 72

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You give the dog a biscuit,and then a second later you ring the bell.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because:

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound.
B)the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit.
C)you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit.
D)Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation.

Question 73

After a CS comes to elicit the CR response,the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR.This process is called:

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 74

The acronym CR stands for:

A)conditional reinforcement.
B)common reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)common response.

Question 75

The acronym UCS stands for:

A)unconditional salivation.
B)unconditioned subject.
C)unconditional sensation.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 76

You train your dog,Milo,to salivate at the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)higher order conditioning
B)stimulus generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)CR resurrection

Question 77

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a:

A)primary reinforcer.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)conditioned response.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 78

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You sound the bell and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit.You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because:

A)the bell was not a distinctive sound.
B)the bell should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit.
C)you should have had an even longer interval between the bell and the biscuit.
D)the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the bell.

Question 79

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener.In this example,the sound of the can opener is the:

A)primary stimulus.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 80

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called:

A)counterconditioning.
B)response generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)CR resurrection.