Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

The internet,with its series of links from one site to many others,is a good analogy for the organization of:

A)short-term memory.
B)episodic memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)procedural memory.

Answer 1

long-term memory.

Question 2

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for colour vision and fine acuity are:

A)bipolar cells.
B)ganglion cells.
C)rods.
D)cones.

Answer 2

cones.

Question 3

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)short-term memory
D)long-term memory

Answer 3

echoic memory

Question 4

Eldon has just finished his test and handed it in.As he walks out of the classroom,he realizes that there were a few more things he should have included in the long-answer portion of the test.Eldon's problem is in the memory process of:

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)retention.

Question 5

The reason that our ears have three semicircular canals is so that:

A)we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes.
B)we can see the world in three dimensions.
C)we can detect sound locations in the three-dimensional world.
D)we can prevent motion sickness.

Question 6

Activation of the receptors in the various sense organs by stimuli is called:

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)adaptation.
D)habituation.

Question 7

Long ago (in the dark ages of television)when a television set was turned off,it took a while for the last image on the screen to fade away.This is most like:

A)iconic memory.
B)echoic memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 8

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same physical dimensions,regardless of its distance from the viewer,is known as:

A)size constancy.
B)shape constancy.
C)perception.
D)Gestalt principle one.

Question 9

Fethia learned her multiplication facts by repeating them over and over until she had them memorized.Fethia was using what kind of rehearsal?

A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 10

An illusion is defined as:

A)the same thing as a vision.
B)seeing or hearing something that is actually not there at all.
C)a perception that does not correspond to reality.
D)a perception that corresponds to a dream

Question 11

Conduction deafness refers to hearing problems that originate in the:

A)outer ear.
B)inner ear.
C)outer and middle ear.
D)auditory pathways to the brain.

Question 12

What are the five primary tastes?

A)hot,sour,spicy,sweet,umami
B)salty,sour,spicy,sweet,tart
C)bitter,salty,sour,sweet,umami
D)peppery,salty,sour,sweet,bitter

Question 13

Which type of LTM is seldom,if ever,lost by people with Alzheimer's disease?

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)both b and c

Question 14

Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light?

A)pitch
B)purity
C)loudness
D)timbre

Question 15

When Edie studies her psychology terms,she tries to tie each concept to something she already knows.She thinks about the meaning of the concept rather than just saying the words over and over.Which model of memory would best explain Edie's approach to encoding memories?

A)levels of processing
B)parallel distributed processing
C)information processing
D)three-stage processing

Question 16

Of the following,which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

A)revolving door
B)filing cabinet
C)desktop
D)computer keyboard

Question 17

The mental process of converting sensory information into neural impulses is called:

A)transducton.
B)sensation.
C)perception.
D)consciousness.

Question 18

Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become:

A)more detailed in the distance.
B)more detailed as light brightness increases.
C)less detailed in the distance.
D)less detailed as light brightness increases.

Question 19

Long-term memories are encoded in terms of:

A)sounds.
B)visual images.
C)meanings of words and concepts.
D)all of the above.

Question 20

On the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?,contestants are asked a series of questions of general information,although of increasing difficulty.The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is:

A)procedural.
B)semantic.
C)episodic.
D)working.

Question 21

T.J.was in a car accident and suffered a concussion.After he recovered,he found that he could not remember the accident itself or the events of the morning leading up to the accident.T.J.had which kind of amnesia?

A)retrograde
B)anterograde
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)infantile amnesia

Question 22

This quiz question,as well as the other quiz questions,makes use of which form of retrieval of memories?

A)rehearsal
B)relearning
C)recall
D)recognition

Question 23

The best place to take your math exam to ensure good retrieval of math concepts is in the:

A)math classroom.
B)auditorium,to prevent cheating.
C)English classroom.
D)special testing room used for all exams.

Question 24

The __________ of memory retrieval states that each time a memory is retrieved,it may be altered or revised in some way to include new information,or details that were there at encoding may be left out.

A)instant replay view
B)constructive processing view
C)levels-of-processing view
D)misinformation effect

Question 25

Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in:

A)sensory memory only.
B)short-term memory only.
C)long-term memory only.
D)sensory memory and short-term memory.

Question 26

Brian went from Canada,where he grew up,to England.The first week he was there,he had a terrible time remembering to drive on the left side of the road.His problem is most likely due to:

A)encoding failure.
B)retroactive interference.
C)proactive interference.
D)none of the above

Question 27

Sarah can remember names of the first two people she was introduced to at Ted's party,and she can remember the name of the last person she met,but the names of the dozen or so people in between are gone.This is an example of the:

A)encoding specificity effect.
B)serial position effect.
C)tip-of-the-tongue effect.
D)reintegrative effect.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about memory retrieval while under hypnosis is true?

A)These memories are more accurate than other kinds of memories.
B)People recalling memories under hypnosis are more confident in their memories,regardless of accuracy.
C)Hypnosis makes it more difficult to recall memories in general.
D)Age regression through hypnosis can increase the accuracy of recall of early childhood memories.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is false?

A)They may be formed by the hormones released at emotional moments.
B)They are vivid and detailed.
C)They are unusually accurate.
D)They can be personal or concern world events.

Question 30

Salvatore was introduced to a number of new people on his first day at his new job.According to Ebbinghaus,when should Salvatore expect to have forgotten the greatest number of the names he has just learned?

A)within the first hour after learning the names
B)within the first day after learning the names
C)near the end of the first week on the job
D)near the middle of the first week on the job

Question 31

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes.They are:

A)receiving information from the senses,organizing and storing the information,and retrieving the information from storage.
B)the unconditioned stimulus,the conditioned stimulus,and the conditioned response.
C)bottom-up processing,selective attention,and top-down processing.
D)acquisition,extinction,and spontaneous recovery.

Question 32

In their 1978 study,Loftus and colleagues had participants view a slide presentation of an accident.Later,some of the participants were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign.When these same participants were later asked about what kind of sign was at the accident,they were very likely to be confused in this situation.This is an example of the _____________ effect.

A)instant replay
B)constructive processing
C)levels-of-processing
D)misinformation

Question 33

The physical trace of memory in the brain is called the:

A)memogram.
B)engram.
C)sonogram.
D)pachygram.

Question 34

____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes and alters information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

A)The parallel distributed processing model
B)The information processing model
C)The process known as learning
D)The process know as memory

Question 35

When a person "forgets" what someone has just said because he or she wasn't paying attention to the speaker at all,it is an example of the ___________ explanation of forgetting.

A)interference
B)memory trace
C)encoding failure
D)repression

Question 36

Research suggests that memory formation is a function of:

A)changes in the number of receptor sites.
B)changes in the sensitivity of the synapse.
C)changes in the dendrites and proteins within neurons.
D)all of the above

Question 37

The role of the _____ in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in the case of H.M.,a famous amnesiac.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)frontal lobes
D)cerebellum

Question 38

Katherine is trying to hold the names of the students she just met in her psychology class in short-term memory.According to studies,these short-term memories will be stored in which part of the brain?

A)cerebellum
B)hippocampus
C)amygdala
D)engram

Question 39

Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories:

A)the event must seem as plausible as possible.
B)the person must believe in repression.
C)there is very little information provided about the event.
D)they need to hear about the event only once.

Question 40

Edna took sociology in the fall semester and is now taking psychology.Some of the concepts are similar,and Edna finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major sociology theorists.She keeps getting them confused with psychology theorists.Edna's problem is most likely due to:

A)encoding failure.
B)proactive interference.
C)retroactive interference.
D)none of the above

Question 41

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A)levels of processing
B)semantic network
C)information-processing model
D)parallel distribution processing model

Question 42

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to:

A)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could.
B)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light.
C)cue the participants,using a tone,as to which line of the matrix they were to report.
D)have the participants use memory aids like chunking and mnemonics to recall the letters.

Question 43

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,the participants were to report:

A)one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared.
B)only one or two of the letters in the line cued by the sound of a high,low or medium tone.
C)the first letter of each line only cued by different coloured lettering.
D)the middle letter of each line cued by different sound tones coupled with different coloured lettering.

Question 44

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around:

A)only four or five items (letters).
B)approximately nine or ten items (letters).
C)all the items that can be seen at one time (all the letters).
D)only one to two items (letters).

Question 45

_____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Evaluation

Question 46

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in.As he walked out of the classroom,he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper.Shaquin experienced a problem with the __________ component of memory.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)retention

Question 47

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are:

A)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.
B)sensory,iconic and echoic memory.
C)encoding,storage,and retrieval.
D)working memory,eidetic and short-term memory.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A)In general,it is the memory process that most people have the fewest problems with.
B)It is a process of getting stored memories back out into conscious awareness.
C)It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D)It is a component and function of the brain's memory storage system.

Question 49

Long ago,during the early days of television,when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away.This phenomenon is most like _______________ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)eidetic

Question 50

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the ____________ model of memory.

A)information-processing
B)parallel distribution
C)levels of processing
D)semantic network

Question 51

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A)They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B)Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C)The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D)The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 52

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A)He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B)He had a photographic memory,which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C)He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and,thus,he could adjust dosages.
D)In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter,he created drawings that helped him remember.

Question 53

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to make sense of the sound.This process is called:

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)interpretation.

Question 54

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!).Janie remembers four of them.She knows there is a fifth,but time is up.As Janie is walking down the stairs,all of a sudden,she remembers the fifth point,but it is too late.Janie had a problem with:

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)evaluation.

Question 55

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)working memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 56

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A)Braille text
B)scratch and sniff stickers
C)a sound bite
D)a photograph

Question 57

The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating

Question 58

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This function is called:

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)processing.

Question 59

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)iconic memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 60

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _____________ memory.

A)echoic
B)iconic
C)working
D)short-term

Question 61

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of:

A)chunking.
B)categorizing.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)cueing.

Question 62

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of:

A)chunking.
B)decoding.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)mnemonics.

Question 63

Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably encoded in __________ form.

A)auditory
B)visual
C)olfactory
D)tactile

Question 64

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A)11
B)9
C)7
D)5

Question 65

Chunking is a means of:

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B)combining information into meaningful units.
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D)storing long-term memories.

Question 66

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)working memory
D)procedural memory

Question 67

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

A)Craik
B)Loftus
C)Sperling
D)Broadbent

Question 68

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A)It is where photographic memories are kept.
B)It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C)It increases depth of information processing.
D)It enhances language acquisition

Question 69

Which memory system acts as an active processing mechanism and interpreter for visual and auditory information?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)procedural

Question 70

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is an example of a process called the ____________ effect.

A)encoding specificity
B)cocktail party
C)visuospatial
D)primacy

Question 71

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is:

A)during Stage Four sleep,and it is still functioning even then.
B)during REM sleep,as dreams block attention.
C)at a cocktail party or other similar types of crowded events.
D)when you are playing video games or engaged in other engrossing activities.

Question 72

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________ memory.

A)iconic sensory
B)echoic sensory
C)short-term
D)eidetic sensory

Question 73

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of:

A)elaborative rehearsal.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)automatic encoding.
D)selective attention.

Question 74

Canadian researchers Arbuthnott and Campbell determined that there are actually two processes (excluding irrelevant information and eliminating no longer useful information)involved in the memory function known as:

A)memory retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)selective attention.

Question 75

Which system of memory is known as the "place" where information is held for brief periods of time while being used?

A)working
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)episodic

Question 76

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that:

A)you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating.
B)eidetic images fade in 0.25 second,as Sperling has shown.
C)you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it.
D)you can recall pictures and diagrams but not text.

Question 77

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of:

A)working memory.
B)cocktail party effect.
C)selective attention.
D)divided attention.

Question 78

The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory,but its capacity is probably ________.

A)shorter; smaller
B)longer; larger
C)longer; about the same
D)shorter; about the same

Question 79

People mistakenly use these two terms to mean the same thing: short-term memory and:

A)selective attention.
B)working memory.
C)recall.
D)long-term memory.

Question 80

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called:

A)cueing.
B)elaborate rehearsal.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)chunking.