Deck 8: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Brandon has blue eyes,even though both his mother and father have brown eyes.What do we know about Brandon's parents?

A)At least one of his parents has a recessive blue-eye colour gene.
B)Each of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye colour gene.
C)Each of his parents must have one dominant blue-eye colour gene.
D)Neither of his parents has a blue-eye colour gene.

Answer 1

Each of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye colour gene.

Question 2

All of the following are considered a sleep disorder EXCEPT:

A)narcolepsy.
B)REM rebound.
C)insomnia.
D)night terrors

Answer 2

REM rebound.

Question 3

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

A)latent; manifest
B)manifest; latent
C)manifest; repressed
D)metaphoric; meaningful

Answer 3

manifest; latent

Question 4

Miscarriages are usually the result of:

A)something the mother did during her pregnancy.
B)some type of trauma to the mother during her pregnancy.
C)some form of physical defect in the way the embryo or fetus is developing.
D)some form of genetic defect in the way the embryo or fetus is developing.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about Tinashe and Tinotenda Mufuka is FALSE?

A)They were successfully separated.
B)They are surprisingly healthy.
C)They are expected to not be as well adjusted as other children from rural Zimbabwe.
D)They were attached at the torso and shared a liver.

Question 6

What is the largest single preventable cause of premature death in Canada?

A)cigarette smoking
B)alcohol abuse
C)obesity
D)marijuana use

Question 7

The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)gestational

Question 8

The design that combines the two other development designs is called:

A)cross-sequential.
B)cross-sectional.
C)longitudinal.
D)cross-longitudinal.

Question 9

The fertilized egg cell is called a

A)zygote.
B)ovum.
C)sperm.
D)blastocyst.

Question 10

If researchers want to investigate whether a personality characteristic is inherited,they can do this by:

A)comparing monozygotic twins to dizygotic twins.
B)comparing adopted children to their adoptive and birth families.
C)Neither a nor b can help researchers discover if a personality characteristic is inherited.
D)Both a and b can help researchers discover if a personality characteristic is inherited.

Question 11

According to this theory,sleep is a product of evolution.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)Genome theory
D)Darwin's theory

Question 12

In a __________ design,several different age groups of participants are studied at one time.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)cross-sequential
D)cross-longitudinal

Question 13

Morphine,heroin,and methadone are:

A)stimulants.
B)derived from opium.
C)natural-source hallucinogens.
D)laboratory hallucinogens.

Question 14

The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the ________ period.

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 15

Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol?

A)GABA
B)acetylcholine
C)endorphins
D)adrenalin

Question 16

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as:

A)hyperconsciousness.
B)unconscious states.
C)transitory consciousness.
D)altered states of consciousness.

Question 17

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A)LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol
B)marijuana; psilocybin
C)MDMA; acetylcholine
D)marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 18

In the analogy of the rubber ladder,the sequence of amines would be represented by the __________ of the ladder.

A)sides
B)length
C)rungs
D)wood

Question 19

One major danger of barbiturates is:

A)overstimulation.
B)hyperactivity.
C)drug interaction.
D)sleepwalking.

Question 20

Melatonin is a:

A)hormone.
B)neurotransmitter.
C)depressant.
D)stimulant.

Question 21

Which sense is least functional at birth?

A)touch
B)taste
C)smell
D)vision

Question 22

According to Erikson,the task of the adolescent is to:

A)find a consistent sense of self.
B)develop a sense of initiative.
C)find intimacy with another.
D)develop a sense of industry.

Question 23

Developing a person's sense of being male or female is called gender:

A)role.
B)identity.
C)typing.
D)stereotyping.

Question 24

According to Thomas and Chess,a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating,resists change,and is negative and loud is labelled a/an __________ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)negative

Question 25

In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning vaccinations is FALSE?

A)The side effects of vaccines are far less harmful than the effects of the diseases they prevent.
B)Most children today do not need immunizations,as the diseases have been eliminated.
C)Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of the diseases they treat.
D)Vaccinations are particularly important when travelling to other countries where the diseases still exist.

Question 27

Mothers who were abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the __________ type of attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)ambivalent
D)disorganized-disoriented

Question 28

According to Kohlberg,most adolescents are at the _______ level of morality.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preliminary

Question 29

Which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?

A)It begins with the onset of puberty.
B)It is a time during which the young person is no longer a child but is not yet an adult.
C)It ends when puberty is complete.
D)It is a time of preoccupation with one's own thoughts.

Question 30

What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?

A)sitting without support
B)rolling over
C)raising the head when placed face down
D)standing

Question 31

Which of the following is not a biological influence on gender?

A)hormones secreted during fetal development
B)the influence of hormones taken by the pregnant mother
C)exposure to playmates of a particular gender
D)sex chromosomes

Question 32

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development,the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.

A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 33

In __________ cultures,gender roles are seen as more traditional,whereas in __________ cultures they may be more non-traditional,especially for women.

A)individualistic; collectivistic
B)collectivistic; individualistic
C)European; Asian
D)affluent; poor

Question 34

Vygotsky defines __________ as the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help.

A)scaffolding
B)habituation
C)zone of proximal development
D)metamemory

Question 35

Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?

A)serious issues of drug and alcohol use
B)trivial issues of hair,clothing,and music choices
C)issues of postconventional morality
D)issues of achieving an identity

Question 36

Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?

A)working crossword puzzles
B)reading
C)going to plays
D)relaxing

Question 37

"Daddy go bye-bye" is an example of:

A)telegraphic speech.
B)babbling.
C)a holophrase.
D)cooing.

Question 38

Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?

A)formal operations
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)puberty

Question 39

What kind of attachment,according to Ainsworth,is shown by a baby who explores the room and gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed and is happy to see the mother when she returns?

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)ambivalent
D)disorganized-disoriented

Question 40

The period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called:

A)climacteric.
B)perimenopause.
C)menopause.
D)all of the above.

Question 41

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behaviour genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 42

According to Baumrind,__________ parenting may lead to an abusive relationship.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive neglectful
D)permissive indulgent

Question 43

Participants who are born around the same time are more likely to share various characteristics with one another than those who were born during a different time period.This illustrates the ___________ effect.

A)cross-sequential
B)longitudinal
C)cohort
D)critical period

Question 44

The changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death are called:

A)abnormal psychology.
B)gerontology.
C)human development.
D)maturational studies.

Question 45

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively inexpensive.
C)It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 46

According to research,if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging,he or she should:

A)quietly withdraw from social life.
B)limit his or her range of activities.
C)disengage from life.
D)remain active in some way.

Question 47

In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?

A)wear-and-tear theory
B)cellular clock theory
C)free radical theory
D)hormonal imbalance theory

Question 48

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development.He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds.Five years later,he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behaviour genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 49

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.This psychologist is most likely working in the field of:

A)abnormal psychology.
B)gerontology.
C)human development.
D)maturational studies.

Question 50

Dr.Barton observes significant differences in computer skills between a group of 30-year-olds and a group of 80-year-olds.Rather than being due to developmental changes,these differences are likely due to:

A)longitudinal differences.
B)variations in intelligence.
C)aging.
D)a cohort effect.

Question 51

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively expensive.
C)It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 52

In Erikson's last crisis,the life review is:

A)a process of assigning blame.
B)looking back on the life one has lived.
C)an analysis of one's parents' lives.
D)the writing of a biography.

Question 53

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the cohort effect?

A)It can make it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effects of aging.
B)It usually assists researchers in drawing conclusions regarding the effects of aging.
C)It only applies to longitudinal studies.
D)It seldom interferes with the work of developmental researchers.

Question 54

Unlike other types of research,a cross-sequential design allows researchers to:

A)combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies.
B)look for gender differences.
C)reduce experimenter bias.
D)only include cross-sectional strategies within the design.

Question 55

According to Erikson,achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's __________ is not already established.

A)identity
B)independence
C)career
D)marriage

Question 56

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the ______ design method.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behaviour genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 57

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour.She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds,16-year-olds,26-year-olds,and 46-year-olds.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behaviour genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 58

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behaviour genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 59

In the _________ stage of reaction to death and dying,a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.

A)denial
B)anger
C)bargaining
D)depression

Question 60

A sense of completeness of one's ego,or identity,is called:

A)life review.
B)intelligence.
C)integrity.
D)generativity.

Question 61

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical.What type of twins are they?

A)monozygotic
B)fraternal
C)dizygotic
D)wombmates

Question 62

Juan and Carlos are identical twins.Juan was raised by his father and mother,and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital.At the age of 15,both boys met each other for the first time and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images" of each other.Although they are identical twins,however,they differed significantly in their grades and in their attitude toward school.What likely accounts for the differences in their academic performance and attitudes?

A)nature
B)nurture
C)a cohort effect
D)cross-sectional differences

Question 63

The study of heredity is called:

A)human development.
B)genetics.
C)physiology.
D)gerontology.

Question 64

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ______ gene.

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 65

A/an ______________________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

A)compound
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine

Question 66

Monozygotic twins:

A)are genetically identical.
B)are genetically different.
C)will be of different sexes.
D)are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs.

Question 67

Genetics is defined as the:

A)branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism,respiration,and reproduction,rather than with structures.
B)study of heredity.
C)study of behaviour and mental processes.
D)study of the changes that occur in people as they age,from conception until death.

Question 68

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999),how could individuals such as Adolf Hitler,Paul Bernardo,and Robert Pickton commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

A)These individuals were born (nature)to commit such horrendous acts.It was in their genetic makeup.
B)Their behaviours are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
C)The behaviour of these individuals is best attributed to "nurture" and the influence of their parents.
D)The behaviour of these individuals is best explained by their exposure to teratogens in childhood.

Question 69

Fraternal twins are ______ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.

A)much more
B)no more
C)slightly more
D)much less

Question 70

A trait controlled by a dominant gene will:

A)be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different.
B)be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes.
C)not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene.
D)not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different.

Question 71

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell of the human body?

A)46
B)23
C)21
D)22

Question 72

________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A)Nature; nurture
B)Cognition; emotion
C)Nurture; behavioural genetics
D)Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Question 73

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as:

A)DNA.
B)sex-linked traits.
C)chromosomes.
D)amines.

Question 74

Humans have a total of _______ chromosomes.

A)46
B)23
C)21
D)22

Question 75

A special molecule,__________,contains the genetic material of the organism.

A)DNA
B)a gene
C)a chromosome
D)an amine

Question 76

What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?

A)psychobiology
B)neuropsychology
C)behavioural genetics
D)psychoanalysis

Question 77

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 78

Dr.Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences.Dr.Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors.Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A)nature versus nurture
B)cognition versus emotion
C)classical versus operant conditioning
D)cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Question 79

Assume that intelligence is determined more by genetics than environment.If that were the case,which of the following statements would be correct?

A)Fraternal twins Bob and Barry would be more similar in their IQ scores than identical twins Tim and Tom.
B)Identical twins Tim and Tom would be more similar in their IQ scores than fraternal twins Bob and Barry.
C)Identical twins Tim and Tom would be just as similar in their IQ scores as fraternal twins Bob and Barry.
D)Adopted children Mark and Mac would be more similar in IQ scores to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents.

Question 80

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

A)DNA
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine