Deck 25: The Biopsychosocial Model of the Addictions

Question 1

The belief that addictions are viewed as a weakness in character of the addict reflects the model.

A) medical
B) psychosocial
C) moral
D) personality predisposition

Answer 1

moral

Question 2

Physicians often claim that, because of "neuroplasticity," addictions are brain diseases. In reality

A) neuroplasticity can only take place under special circumstances.
B) neuroplasticity only involves regions of the brain involved in involuntary behaviors.
C) we do not yet know enough about neuroplasticity to claim that it is a factor in the SUDs.
D) neuroplasticity is an evolutionary construct that is left over from the stone ages.

Answer 2

we do not yet know enough about neuroplasticity to claim that it is a factor in the SUDs.

Question 3

Characteristics of Type II alcohol dependency include

A) submission to rules and behavioral demands.
B) involvement in high risk-taking behaviors.
C) minimal involvement in antisocial behaviors in young adulthood.
D) virtually never developing an AUD prior to age 25.

Answer 3

involvement in high risk-taking behaviors.

Question 4

All the variations of the psychoanalytic school of thought hold that there is an that paves the way for the development of an addiction.

A) intense need to act out
B) intense fear of hallucinatory perception
C) internal conflict
D) internalized superego

Question 5

The Dopamine D2 hypothesis suggests this receptor subtype

A) is involved in the termination of drug-induced euphoria.
B) is found mainly in regions of the brain involved in planning and risk assessment, but not in the reward cascade.
C) is found mainly in regions of the brain involved in the reward cascade.
D) was once considered a possible contributor to the development of SUDs, but this theory has since been proven false.

Question 6

Which of the following is most true about E.M. Jellinek?

A) He argued that alcoholism is a disease in a manner similar to hypertension, heart disease or infectious diseases.
B) He agreed with many of his critics that alcoholism reflected moral failings on the part of the patient in certain ways, but at its core it was a disease.
C) He argued that the disease model of alcoholism allowed the person to focus on recovery without having to defend themselves from criticism that they lacked moral fiber.
D) He argued that the substance use disorders presented many patterns of symptoms that progressed through predictable stages, and might possibly end in the individual's death.

Question 7

A cornerstone of the Jellinek model of alcoholism is that the individual

A) has a physical disease over which he or she has no control.
B) is frightened by signs of a loss of control, causing him or her to seek help.
C) must show none of the designated symptoms to be worthy of a diagnosis of alcoholism.
D) will follow one of multiple paths to an alcohol use disorder.

Question 8

Reina, a heroin addict, states, "I only started using because of my boyfriend." Reina is most likely engaging in the defense mechanism of

A) denial.
B) projection.
C) rationalization.
D) minimization.

Question 9

One frustrating problem is that most people

A) view genetics with a jaundiced eye because the science is so inexact.
B) view genetic predisposition as unalterable fate.
C) think the genetic inheritance theory will excuse the individual for behaviors such as committing a homicide.
D) believe the strongest determinant of behavior is totally beyond our control.

Question 10

One of the challenges to the defense mechanism theory is that research has found that

A) substance abusing clients do not use denial more frequently than other groups.
B) most substance abusing clients do not engage in defense mechanisms.
C) only patients in rehabilitation programs utilize the defense of denial.
D) substance abusing clients actually use defenses that have never been studied before.

Question 11

A cornerstone of the medical model is that disease states are a reflection of

A) biological dysfunction at the cellular or molecular level.
B) a corruption of "free will."
C) a disruption in the balance of the four humors of the body.
D) the unavoidable consequence of commerce, which has brought us things such as the bubonic plague in the 1300s, when flea infested rats were carried from areas where the plague was endemic to areas where it had never been seen before.

Question 12

Which of the following are advantages created by Jellinek's disease model over the moral model of AUDs?

A) Jellinek's model removed judging the person with an AUD as "weak" or lacking willpower.
B) Jellinek's model made AUDs worthy of scientific study.
C) Jellinek's model provided physicians a framework to classify patterns of alcohol abuse.
D) All of these are advantages of Jellinek's model.

Question 13

An embarrassing outcome of the Jellinek model is that

A) in spite of expectations, it fails to predict individual drinking patterns or disease progression.
B) the original survey returns have been lost and are thus unavailable to researchers.
C) it does identify which drinkers will or will not be able to abstain from further alcohol use, but only during the first 5 years following treatment.
D) it clearly identifies the mechanism by which loss of control takes place.

Question 14

Dr. Benjamin Rush defined a "disease" as

A) the result of a bacterial or viral infection or the result of trauma.
B) anything that could cause an imbalance in the nervous system.
C) a condition that held the potential to cause the individual's death.
D) a condition that resulted from evil spirits.

Question 15

Areas of increased brain activity are not isolated events by themselves, but

A) a reflection of an integrated whole brain pattern of activity.
B) can be isolated by proper physiological imaging techniques.
C) are best seem on fMRI images.
D) can be identified through EEG tracings.

Question 16

Which of the following theories/hypotheses purports that the brain's neural pathways are constantly rewiring themselves in response to environmental changes?

A) Biological vulnerability hypothesis
B) Individual responsibility theory
C) Dopamine D2 receptor site hypothesis
D) Theory of neuroplasticity

Question 17

Greta feels anxious and frustrated. She is beginning to see that if she has a number of alcoholic drinks, she feels better. Greta is most likely in which stage of alcohol addiction?

A) Pre-alcoholic stage
B) Prodromal stage
C) Physical dependency stage
D) Chronic stage

Question 18

Norm has always been a risk taker. He has gotten into some trouble with the law and developed an AUD in his early 20s. Based on this information, Norm is most likely a alcoholic.

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 19

When a female bee hatches but is not fed the "royal jelly," it

A) becomes a queen and will eventually have to fight for the right to be queen by killing the current queen bee.
B) becomes a sterile worker bee.
C) starves while still in the egg and never hatches.
D) starves to death while it is still a larvae.

Question 20

The neural activity within various regions of the brain transpires within ; fMRI or PET scan images require for data collection.

A) 2-3 minutes; 30 minutes
B) seconds; 30 minutes
C) hundredths of a second; minutes
D) a second; minutes

Question 21

Discuss some of the flaws critics attribute to the bio/psycho/social model in general.

Question 22

Discuss the popular Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program, including some of the criticisms of such
psycho-educational programs.

Question 23

Describe the learning theory model of the development of SUDs.

Question 24

Type I alcoholism has been found to have higher heritability than Type II alcoholism.

Question 25

Describe the factors E. M. Jellinek used to support his argument that alcoholism was a disease. Describe the stages
of untreated alcoholism according to him.

Question 26

It has been suggested that clinicians tend to

A) overlook cases that do not fit their preconceptions.
B) selectively remember cases that fit their preconceptions.
C) review theoretical models to determine which model fits which client but are unable to use that information as a guide to treatment because of managed care constraints.
D) have an unbiased recall of all cases they have worked with.

Question 27

Defense mechanisms are thought to protect the individual from immediate awareness of internal conflict, but they do so

A) at the cost of long term adjustment.
B) by helping parental interjects take root.
C) by limiting the individual's awareness of somatic perception.
D) by helping the ego engage in counter-phobic behaviors.

Question 28

Brain scans have provided researchers with a reliable way to prove that SUDs are brain diseases.

Question 29

Discuss the evidence in support of the dopamine D2 hypothesis.

Question 30

One flaw in the "addictive personality" theory is that

A) psychoanalytic theory played too dominant a role in the development of this theory.
B) it was based only on personality characteristics of those people who failed to successfully complete a rehabilitation program.
C) it was based almost exclusively on research samples drawn from people in a rehabilitation facility of some kind.
D) researchers have yet to find substantial flaws in this theory.

Question 31

To a behavioralist, the concept of is an illusion.

A) reward paradigm
B) punishment schedule
C) personality
D) form that reward takes

Question 32

Humans work to

A) increase pleasure and decrease discomfort.
B) decrease pleasure and increase discomfort.
C) control sources of disruption and focus exclusively on their discomfort.
D) use personality and increase discomfort.

Question 33

According to research, there is no evidence that a variance in any particular gene can turn someone into an addict.

Question 34

It has been suggested that the concept of the "alcoholic personality"

A) is well supported by clinical literature for men who drink, but not for women.
B) is well supported by clinical literature for women who drink, but not for men.
C) might reflect the illusion of correlation.
D) only emerged from clinical research conducted in the 1990s.