Deck 14: Approaches to the Self

Question 1

The development of imaginary friends often indicates that a child has developed:

A)the ability to engage in social comparison.
B)a private self-concept.
C)an objective self-awareness.
D)an identity deficit.

Answer 1

a private self-concept.

Question 2

Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as:

A)social comparison.
B)perspective taking.
C)objective self-awareness.
D)self-conceptualization.

Answer 2

objective self-awareness.

Question 3

The information on your driver's license is most likely a part of your:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)possible self.

Answer 3

social identity.

Question 4

Perspective taking usually develops when a child is around _____ years old.

A)2
B)5
C)9
D)13

Question 5

Our sense of self influences:

A)how we evaluate life events.
B)how we interact with other people.
C)how others view us.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Children can follow rules set up by parents when they are around _____ old.

A)6 months
B)9 months
C)1 year
D)2 years

Question 7

Ages 5 or 6 onward,children begin to develop:

A)the ability to engage in social comparison.
B)a private self-concept.
C)an objective self-awareness.
D)the ability to engage in social comparison and an inner,private self-concept.

Question 8

A person who is unable to do well in an exam:

A)feels bad if doing well in the exam was a part of his or her self-concept.
B)feels bad if he or she has low self-esteem.
C)feels bad if he or she has high self-esteem.
D)most likely begins to self-handicap.

Question 9

Which of the following develops first in children?

A)A knowledge about their gender and age
B)The ability to compare their skills and abilities with those of others
C)A private self-concept
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

People who evaluate their personal characteristics as positive:

A)demonstrate an identity contrast.
B)engage in selective valuation.
C)have high self-esteem.
D)have low self-esteem.

Question 11

_____ begins to develop when an infant notices that his or her body is distinct from the rest of the world.

A)The self-esteem
B)The self-concept
C)A social identity
D)A possible self

Question 12

People are especially sensitive to events that challenge their sense of self in:

A)early childhood.
B)late adolescence.
C)middle adulthood.
D)late adulthooD.

Question 13

If you describe yourself as an extravert but in reality you are an introvert,then the trait of extraversion becomes a part of your:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)possible self.

Question 14

The aspects of yourself that you present to others is known as your:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)possible self.

Question 15

In the context of the development of the self-concept,which of the following terms is defined as the ability to see oneself as others do or to step outside of oneself and imagine how one appears to other people?

A)Self-handicapping
B)Social comparison
C)Perspective taking
D)Projection

Question 16

The extent to which you value yourself is known as your:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)possible self.

Question 17

The self-concept begins to develop as early as:

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)adulthooD.

Question 18

Most people look at _____ first in a photo.

A)their own selves
B)their romantic partners
C)their family members
D)their close friends

Question 19

When a person evaluates his or her performance relative to his or her peers,he or she engages in:

A)self-handicapping.
B)self-awareness.
C)selective valuation.
D)social comparison.

Question 20

The way you see and define yourself is known as your:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)self-esteem variability.

Question 21

Self-esteem is the sum of your _____ reactions to all the aspects of your self-concept.

A)positive
B)negative
C)positive and negative
D)positive,negative,and standard

Question 22

A person who agrees with the statement "I feel I do not have much to be proud of" would score _____ self-esteem.

A)low on academic
B)high on academic
C)low on global
D)high on global

Question 23

In a research that looked mainly at how failure feedback affects subsequent performance on similar tasks and whether failure affects high and low self-esteem persons differently,Brown and Dutton (1995)found that people who score high on self-esteem tend to:

A)work just as hard on the second task as they did on the first task in which they failed.
B)lose their motivation to perform the second task after failing once.
C)readily accept their failure on the first task.
D)be more concerned with avoiding failure and refrain from performing subsequent tasks after failing in a task.

Question 24

Self-schema:

A)guides the processing of information about one's self.
B)is stored in one's memory.
C)influences how we interpret our world.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

_____ most likely is a composite of several individual areas of self-evaluation.

A)Self-esteem variability
B)Global self-esteem
C)Self-concept
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 26

According to psychologist Tory Higgins,which of the following statements is true about the ideal self?

A)It is related to Carl Rogers' notion of conditions of worth.
B)It is built on one's own desires and goals.
C)It is a motivating factor that causes a shift in one's attention to avoid harm and seek safety.
D)It is based on what people take as their responsibilities and commitments to others.

Question 27

People who are shy also:

A)have low self-esteem variability.
B)are introverted.
C)score high on social anxiety.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

In a research that looked mainly at how failure feedback affects subsequent performance on similar tasks and whether failure affects high and low self-esteem persons differently,Brown and Dutton (1995)found that low self-esteem persons _____.

A)were more concerned with avoiding failure
B)feared not succeeding
C)thought that failure on their first task must have been a mistake
D)were motivated to not give up the second time after failing in their first task

Question 29

A high self-esteem person will most likely respond to failure by:

A)giving up.
B)accepting it.
C)focusing on other areas in which things are going well.
D)becoming aggressive.

Question 30

The term _____ refers to the specific knowledge structure,or cognitive representation,of the self-concept.

A)self-schema
B)possible self
C)social identity
D)self-esteem

Question 31

A person who has a possible self of a musician:

A)knows that he or she will become a musician someday.
B)knows the steps he or she will need to take to become a musician.
C)will most likely be attracted toward musical opportunities.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 32

Tory Higgins described _____ as standards that individuals use to organize information and motivate appropriate behavior.

A)self-guides
B)possible selves
C)self-concepts
D)identity crises

Question 33

When people behave in ways that are inconsistent with their self-concepts,_____.

A)they self-handicap themselves
B)they abandon their possible selves
C)their self-esteem increases
D)they might experience a dip in their self-esteem

Question 34

According to psychologist Tory Higgins,which of the following terms refers to a person's understanding of what others want him or her to be?

A)Self-schema
B)Ideal self
C)Ought self
D)Self-complexity

Question 35

Self-esteem measures in an academic domain _____ with self-esteem measures in a physical appearance domain.

A)correlate highly
B)correlate moderately
C)correlate little
D)do not correlate

Question 36

The term "possible selves" describes the many ideas people have about who they:

A)hope to become.
B)fear they will become.
C)think they might become.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

People who want to be socially involved but pass up opportunities to socialize because of self-doubt and self-consciousness are best described as:

A)having low self-esteem.
B)antisocial.
C)shy.
D)lacking self-schema.

Question 38

People _____ tend to respond to criticism with decreased motivation.

A)with low self-esteem
B)with high self-esteem
C)who are shy
D)who are not shy

Question 39

Jerome Kagan has found that about _____ percent of 4-month-old babies exhibit signs of shyness.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 40

Possible selves:

A)describe past behaviors.
B)motivate behavior.
C)are unrelated to behavior.
D)develop in early infancy.

Question 41

People who experience discomfort related to social interactions score:

A)high on measures of self-esteem.
B)low on measures of self-esteem.
C)high on measures of social anxiety.
D)low on measures of social anxiety.

Question 42

Gender and ethnicity are necessarily a component of one's:

A)self-concept.
B)self-esteem.
C)social identity.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 43

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies self-handicapping?

A)The morning before a formal dinner,Denver has a light breakfast.
B)The afternoon before a dance performance,Diana takes a nap and listens to soft music.
C)The evening before a presentation,Roger reads an article on effective presentation skills.
D)The night before an exam,Rose stays out late and parties with her friends.

Question 44

Children who were shy as infants and overcame their shyness in later childhood:

A)were encouraged by their parents to socialize.
B)were not encouraged by their parents to socialize.
C)did not have the shyness gene.
D)had parents that were more outgoing.

Question 45

To overcome shyness,people should:

A)force themselves into social situations.
B)only enter social situations where they feel comfortable.
C)carefully monitor their part of a conversation.
D)believe that a conversation should flow easily.

Question 46

An individual difference characteristic that refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in ongoing self-esteem is known as:

A)self-esteem variability.
B)global self-esteem.
C)promotion focus.
D)prevention focus.

Question 47

Kiara,a marketing executive,has to create a marketing plan for a new hair dryer.Although she has worked on similar projects and succeeded,she still feels anxious and is convinced that she will make a mistake.She puts in extra effort to prepare the plan and rehearses several times before presenting it to her clients.Her plan is readily accepted by her clients,as always.This scenario most likely exemplifies _____.

A)self-handicapping
B)defensive pessimism
C)wish fulfillment
D)selective placement

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a concrete step offered by Stocker to help decrease shyness?

A)Trying not to avoid social situations
B)Mentally reviewing the aspects of a conversation that did not go well
C)Paying attention to others
D)Making more eye contact

Question 49

Which of the following terms is defined as a process in which a person deliberately does the things that increase the probability that he or she will fail?

A)Extreme responding
B)Secondary process thinking
C)Counterbalancing
D)Self-handicapping

Question 50

A positive aspect of defensive pessimism is that:

A)it helps transform anxiety into pleasure.
B)it leads to motivation.
C)other people find it attractive.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

According to Ross,Liu,Tomfohr,and Miller (2013),which of the following statements is true about self-esteem variability?

A)People whose self-esteem hinges on feedback they receive from others show lower self-esteem variability.
B)Chronic self-esteem variability is associated with various health risk factors.
C)Men tend to have higher self-esteem variability than women.
D)Self-esteem variability is independent of the degree to which one's self-evaluation is changeable.

Question 52

People who score low in self-esteem are most likely to:

A)engage in self-handicapping.
B)engage in defensive pessimism.
C)avoid failure feedback.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

People who are socially anxious:

A)are less likely to ask for help.
B)are often perceived as unfriendly.
C)do not want to have friends.
D)are less likely to ask for help and are often perceived as unfriendly.

Question 54

Self-esteem level and self-esteem variability:

A)are highly correlated.
B)are unrelated to each other.
C)interact to predict important outcomes.
D)are unrelated to each other and often interact to predict important outcomes.

Question 55

The idea that people's identity sets them apart from others is described as identity:

A)continuity.
B)contrast.
C)deficit.
D)conflict.

Question 56

A person with many distinct aspects of his or her self-concept is best described as having:

A)high self-esteem variability.
B)high global self-esteem.
C)high self-complexity.
D)high self-confidence.

Question 57

Unlike people with high self-complexity,people with low self-complexity:

A)respond better to negative life events.
B)are devastated by negative life events.
C)tend to respond to failure with aggression.
D)score high on measures of self-esteem.

Question 58

Which of the following is a characteristic of defensive pessimists?

A)They remain unaffected by their fear of failure.
B)They use their worry and pessimism in a constructive way.
C)They believe that failure has a devastating impact even if expected in advance.
D)They visualize the worst-case scenario and use their pessimism to make it happen.

Question 59

The idea that identity remains relatively stable is described as identity:

A)continuity.
B)contrast.
C)deficit.
D)conflict.

Question 60

_____ popularized the term "identity" in the 1960s.

A)Hans Eysenck
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Erik Erikson
D)B. F. Skinner

Question 61

When individuals discard their parents' values,they are most likely to experience an identity:

A)conflict.
B)continuity.
C)contrast.
D)deficit.

Question 62

In the context of Roy Baumeister's concept of identity crises,which of the following is a characteristic of an identity conflict?

A)It requires people to search for new beliefs,values,and goals.
B)It is associated with feelings of emptiness and uncertainty due to a lack of inner foundation.
C)It occurs when a person discards old values and gets curious about other belief systems.
D)It involves an incompatibility between two or more aspects of identity.

Question 63

Jennifer,a 35-year-old successful businesswoman and a mother,is offered a senior role at work.The role comes with a hefty paycheck,but it also requires her to move to a new city for five years.She would have to leave her family behind,especially her 2-year-old daughter,and miss out on her daughter's early childhood years.Jennifer loves her job as well as her family and finds it extremely difficult to make this important decision.In the context of Roy Baumeister's concept of identity crises,Jennifer is most likely experiencing _____ in this scenario.

A)an identity deficit
B)an identity conflict
C)the third variable problem
D)the directionality problem

Question 64

Identity conflicts are _____ conflicts.

A)approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 65

According to psychologist Roy Baumeister,_____ arises when a person has not formed an adequate identity and thus has trouble making major decisions.

A)the imagination inflation effect
B)the false consensus effect
C)an identity deficit
D)an identity foreclosure

Question 66

In the context of Roy Baumeister's concept of identity crises,which of the following is a similarity between an identity deficit and an identity conflict?

A)Both commonly occur during adolescence.
B)Both are associated with alternate feelings of depression and euphoria.
C)Both occur when two or more aspects of identity clash.
D)Both commonly involve investigation of new ideas and values.

Question 67

Experimentation with different identities is most common in:

A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)adulthood.
D)old age.

Question 68

According to Erik Erikson (1968),which of the following terms best describes the feelings of anxiety that accompany efforts to define or redefine one's own individuality and social reputation?

A)Repression
B)Apperception
C)Identity crisis
D)Identity foreclosure

Question 69

The movie character Lester,played by Kevin Spacey,in the Oscar-winning film American Beauty most likely exemplifies the concept of:

A)self-esteem variability.
B)defensive pessimism.
C)self-handicapping.
D)identity crisis.