Deck 13: Emotion and Personality

Question 1

There is much consensus among the proponents of the dimensional view of emotion that _____ and _____ are the basic dimensions underlying emotions.

A)pleasantness/unpleasantness;arousal level
B)pleasantness/unpleasantness;the universality of facial expressions
C)arousal level;the universality of facial expressions
D)subjective experience;bodily change

Answer 1

pleasantness/unpleasantness;arousal level

Question 2

An inflated view of oneself as a good,able,and desirable person is referred to as:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)life satisfaction.
C)subjective well-being.
D)a positive illusion.

Answer 2

a positive illusion.

Question 3

_____ depend more on the situation a person is in than on the specific person.

A)Emotional states
B)Emotional traits
C)Mood inductions
D)Dimensional emotions

Answer 3

Emotional states

Question 4

According to the dimensional view,emotions define a common dimension when they:

A)have similar facial expressions.
B)serve similar functions.
C)occur together in experience.
D)are rated as feeling distinct.

Question 5

_____ is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors.

A)Reciprocal causality
B)Cognitive triad
C)Categorization
D)Action tendency

Question 6

The patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations are called:

A)emotional states.
B)emotional traits.
C)explanatory style.
D)the cognitive triaD.

Question 7

The average person:

A)is happy more often than unhappy.
B)is unhappy more often than happy.
C)is happy and unhappy for about equal amounts of time.
D)does not care about happiness.

Question 8

The categorical view of emotion differs from the dimensional view in that the categorical view:

A)relies more on conceptual distinctions between emotions.
B)deals with how people experience their emotions.
C)takes into account emotions that occur together and are experienced as similar to each other.
D)suggests that what one experiences is various degrees of pleasantness and arousal.

Question 9

The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with:

A)social desirability.
B)having many positive emotions.
C)positive illusions.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the "_____" of emotions and emotional expressions.

A)why
B)how
C)what
D)where

Question 11

Happiness is usually measured with the help of:

A)polygraphs.
B)observational studies.
C)self-report questionnaires.
D)electrocardiograph readings.

Question 12

Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions?

A)Subjective experience
B)Unique motivational properties
C)Distinct facial expressions
D)Relationship to biological processes

Question 13

Who among the following philosophers speculated that the road to happiness lies in the satisfaction of one's desires and the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure?

A)Aristotle
B)William James
C)Thomas Baldwin
D)Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 14

The _____ is most concerned with identifying primary emotions.

A)categorical approach
B)dimensional approach
C)diathesis-stress model
D)circumplex model

Question 15

Ekman has argued that facial expressions of primary emotions are innate based on:

A)the observation of the human fetus when it is in the seventh month of pregnancy.
B)research that reveals how people who are born deaf and dumb form facial expressions.
C)the observation of a healthy infant who is less than a year old.
D)the distinct and universal facial expressions and the observation of blind persons.

Question 16

The _____ focuses on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to identify the basic dimensions underlying the ratings.

A)categorical approach
B)dimensional approach
C)diathesis-stress model
D)functional view of emotion

Question 17

Most lists of primary emotions contain _____ emotions.

A)equal numbers of positive and negative
B)more positive emotions than negative
C)more negative emotions than positive
D)only negative or positive

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions?

A)Subjective feelings
B)Bodily changes
C)Categorizations
D)Action tendencies

Question 19

According to psychologist Izard,which of the following emotions is classified as primary?

A)Pain
B)Love
C)Fear
D)Rage

Question 20

_____ is the specific kind of emotion that a person experiences.

A)Style
B)Content
C)Action tendency
D)Reciprocal causality

Question 21

Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that:

A)men and women are about equally happy.
B)men are more likely than women to be depressed.
C)women are more likely than men to become alcoholics.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

People in countries with _____ tend to be happier.

A)less civil liberties
B)low incomes
C)moderate incomes
D)more civil liberties

Question 23

Which of the following acts is NOT likely to increase happiness?

A)Spending time with friends
B)Helping others
C)Wishing for happiness
D)Exercising regularly

Question 24

Hans Eysenck linked the trait of _____ to easy activation in the limbic system.

A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)Type A personality
D)hostility

Question 25

Studies of personality and mood inductions reveal that it is easier to put a person who scores _____ in a good mood.

A)high on extraversion
B)low on extraversion
C)high on neuroticism
D)low on neuroticism

Question 26

Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:

A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 27

Studies that have used mood inductions have:

A)supported the idea of an indirect effect of personality on happiness.
B)supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on emotions.
C)shown that personality can influence the mood of a group.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following most suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism?

A)Neuroticism scores are stable over time.
B)Neuroticism is associated with a greater recall of negative information.
C)Neuroticism is partially heritable.
D)Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures.

Question 29

People who spend much time worrying score:

A)high on measures of hostility.
B)low on measures of hostility.
C)high on measures of neuroticism.
D)low on measures of neuroticism.

Question 30

Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries?

A)Civil rights
B)Health care
C)Education
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

People who score high on neuroticism:

A)take a dimensional view of emotion.
B)take a categorical view of emotion.
C)frequently experience episodes of irritation.
D)take a categorical view of emotion and are irritated by many things.

Question 32

Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events,happy people recalled _____ than unhappy people.

A)more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events
B)as many pleasant events but fewer unpleasant events
C)more pleasant events but as many unpleasant events
D)more events,both happy and unhappy

Question 33

Correlational studies have:

A)provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness.
B)provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness.
C)shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness.
D)shown that personality type causes happiness.

Question 34

Pictures designed to create an emotional response would be used:

A)in the emotion Stroop task.
B)in a mood induction.
C)to assess Type A personality.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Hans Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?

A)Electroencephalogram (EEG)
B)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C)Positron emission tomography (PET)
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 36

Questionnaire measures of happiness:

A)correlate with measures of social desirability.
B)appear to be valid.
C)are invalid because of large response bias.
D)correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valiD.

Question 37

Diener and colleagues (1995)found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.

A)0.0
B)+ .12
C)+ .32
D)+ .02

Question 38

Which of the following statements is consistent with Hans Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?

A)Neuroticism scores are highly unstable over time.
B)Neuroticism is found by many genetic studies to exhibit very low levels of heritability values.
C)Neuroticism shows a low test-retest correlation after a period of 45 years.
D)Neuroticism is a major dimension of personality that is found in many different kinds of data sets.

Question 39

Studies of happiness and age have found that:

A)circumstances that make people happy change with age.
B)relationships and success at work are more important to young people.
C)financial security is more important to older people.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:

A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 41

Research suggests that _____ may be more susceptible to immune-mediated diseases.

A)people with Type A personality
B)people who score high on hostility
C)people who score high on neuroticism
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

According to Aaron Beck,which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression?

A)Making arbitrary inferences
B)Personalizing
C)Catastrophizing
D)Compartmentalizing

Question 43

According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression,which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT involved in depression?

A)Dopamine
B)Serotonin
C)Norepinephrine
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 44

Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism?

A)Disease
B)Fear
C)Failure
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 45

According to the diathesis-stress model,depression results from:

A)stressful life events.
B)a preexisting vulnerability.
C)an active limbic system.
D)stressful life events and a preexisting vulnerability.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT part of Aaron Beck's cognitive triad?

A)Information about the self
B)Information about one's past
C)Information about one's future
D)Information about the world

Question 47

_____ is the component of the Type A behavior pattern that most contributes to heart disease.

A)Chronic arthritis
B)Chronic osteoporosis
C)Chronic depression
D)Chronic hostility

Question 48

People who score high (compared with low)on neuroticism tend to:

A)underestimate their physical symptoms.
B)report fewer serious physical symptoms.
C)have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced in the past.
D)believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not.

Question 49

Which of the following disease categories is highly related to neuroticism?

A)Coronary disease
B)Cancer
C)Premature death
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 50

It is estimated that depression strikes _____ percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)50

Question 51

Which of the following drugs inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the synapse,resulting in increased levels of this neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

A)Focalin
B)Aralen
C)Prozac
D)Plaquenil

Question 52

Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays,for example,may be labeled:

A)neurotic.
B)hostile.
C)psychopathiC.
D)antisocial.

Question 53

Aaron Beck thought that cognitive distortions:

A)lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.
B)lead to negative feelings about the self.
C)result in a stream of automatic negative thoughts in depressed people.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

A person who thinks he or she is a total failure will often act like a total failure and may even give up trying to do better,creating a _____.

A)subject-expectancy effect
B)self-refuting idea
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)performative contradiction

Question 55

The emotion Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in:

A)emotional reactivity.
B)attention biases.
C)physical symptoms.
D)affect intensity.

Question 56

People high in neuroticism are often _____ to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words.

A)faster
B)slower
C)unwilling
D)eager

Question 57

Which of the following is a characteristic of a hostile individual?

A)Easily irritated
B)Feeling frequent resentment
C)Acting in a rude and critical manner in everyday interactions
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 58

People who _____ tend to complain of more physical ailments.

A)score high on neuroticism
B)score high on extraversion
C)have positive illusions
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

_____ are a way of organizing and interpreting the world.

A)Cognitive schemas
B)Cognitive triads
C)Syndromes
D)Cognitive categorizations

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?

A)Diminished pleasure in most activities
B)Fatigue
C)Feelings of worthlessness
D)Dwelling on the past

Question 61

A person who scores low on affect intensity:

A)never experiences strong emotions.
B)experiences negative emotions more frequently than a person who scores high on affect intensity.
C)experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high on affect intensity.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 62

The kind of brain damage most often observed in hostile aggressive persons mostly involves areas in the _____.

A)parietal lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)frontal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 63

A benefit of low affect intensity is:

A)fewer psychosomatic symptoms.
B)lower levels of concern about psychosomatic symptoms.
C)experiencing less intense positive emotions.
D)experiencing more intense positive emotions.

Question 64

Mood variability is a component of:

A)Type A personality.
B)affect intensity.
C)extraversion.
D)anxiety.

Question 65

Emotional content and emotional style:

A)correlate at high levels.
B)correlate at moderate levels.
C)correlate at low levels.
D)do not correlate at all.

Question 66

Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style?

A)Type A personality
B)Hostility
C)Affect intensity
D)Easygoingness

Question 67

High levels of affect intensity are associated with:

A)Type A personality.
B)high levels of neuroticism.
C)high levels of extraversion.
D)high levels of neuroticism and extraversion.

Question 68

Which of the following was identified using a daily experiential sampling method?

A)Type A personality
B)Affect intensity
C)Neuroticism
D)Explanatory style

Question 69

People _____ in affect intensity exhibit _____ frequent changes in their moods.

A)low;slightly more
B)low;many more
C)high;more
D)high;less

Question 70

Researchers agree that:

A)it is better to be high on affect intensity.
B)it is better to be low on affect intensity.
C)it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time.
D)one cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.

Question 71

The findings of the research conducted by Larsen,Diener,and Emmons (1986)showed that compared with the subjects low on the affect intensity dimension,the high affect intensity subjects rated their life events as _____.

A)significantly less severe
B)moderate
C)neutral
D)significantly more severe

Question 72

Unlike high affect intensity subjects,low affect intensity subjects:

A)tend to alternate between extreme emotions rapidly.
B)usually do not suffer the troughs of negative emotions.
C)tend to experience the peaks of strong positive emotions.
D)usually experience extreme emotions in feeling extreme emotions.

Question 73

People who score high on affect intensity:

A)do not experience positive emotions more strongly than people who score low on affect intensity.
B)do not usually exhibit the desire to change their level of emotional intensity.
C)experience less physiological arousal than people who score low on affect intensity.
D)rate their life events as less severe than people who score low on affect intensity.