Deck 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality

Question 1

The Rod and Frame Test (RFT)devised by Herman Witkin-in which a participant sits in a darkened room and is instructed to watch a glowing rod surrounded by a glowing square frame-found that field-dependent people:

A)are able to locate other glowing figures present within the frame.
B)adjust the rod so that it is leaning in the direction of the tilted frame.
C)use information from their bodies in adjusting the rod to upright.
D)are unable to view other small rods embedded within the glowing roD.

Answer 1

adjust the rod so that it is leaning in the direction of the tilted frame.

Question 2

Herman Witkin introduced the idea of:

A)defensive pessimism.
B)field dependence versus field independence.
C)learned helplessness.
D)life tasks.

Answer 2

field dependence versus field independence.

Question 3

According to Herman Witkin (1977),which of the following college majors is most likely to be favored by field-dependent students?

A)Math
B)Engineering
C)The social sciences
D)The natural sciences

Answer 3

The social sciences

Question 4

Which of the following is an important aspect of the self?

A)The ways people evaluate their self-worth
B)Social roles
C)Identities
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in their:

A)objectifying cognitions.
B)personalizing cognitions.
C)perception.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 6

_____ is a general term that refers to awareness and thinking,as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving,attending to,interpreting,remembering,believing,judging,deciding,and anticipating.

A)Strategy
B)Explanatory style
C)Cognition
D)Perception

Question 7

The process of making sense of,or explaining,various events in the world is referred to as _____.

A)interpretation
B)perception
C)learned helplessness
D)augmenting

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain?

A)Identifying the major traits of personality
B)People's subjective experience of self
C)Emotions
D)The ways people perceive their environment

Question 9

Individual differences can be observed in:

A)perception.
B)interpretation.
C)beliefs and desires.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following college majors would most likely have many field-independent people?

A)Journalism
B)History
C)Sociology
D)Physics

Question 11

According to Witkin and Goodenough (1977),field-independent people _____.

A)show a preference for nonsocial situations
B)frequently ask other people for their opinions
C)are good at seeing connections among categories of information
D)tend to process information in chunks

Question 12

Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)are a result of differences in:

A)perception.
B)learned helplessness.
C)memory.
D)interpretation.

Question 13

According to the court,Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers:

A)because he perceived them as a threat.
B)because he shot at them.
C)because of cognitive errors in the officers' perception.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in:

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)causal attribution.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 15

Which of the following is used to measure field dependence without relying on cumbersome techniques?

A)The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B)The Rod and Frame Test (RFT)
C)The Embedded Figures Test (EFT)
D)The Multi-Motive Grid

Question 16

A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when pouring a glass of milk is said to be engaging in:

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)attributional cognition.
D)interpretation.

Question 17

An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT)over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT)is that:

A)the EFT measures field-dependence more accurately than the RFT.
B)the EFT is much easier to use than the RFT.
C)the results obtained from the EFT are more valid than the ones obtained from the RFT.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of the roller coaster rides she took during her childhood is said to be engaging in:

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)attributional cognition.
D)interpretation.

Question 19

A person who relates a new event to past experiences from his or her own life is engaging in:

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)causal attribution.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 20

_____ describes the transformation of sensory input into mental representations and the manipulation of these representations.

A)Explanatory style
B)Life task
C)Interpretation
D)Information processing

Question 21

_____ is a psychologist most commonly associated with research on theory of individual differences in tolerance for sensory stimulation.

A)Dan Goleman
B)Aneseth Petrie
C)Seligman
D)Herman Witkin

Question 22

The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals':

A)perceptions of events.
B)memories of events.
C)explanations of events.
D)learning styles.

Question 23

Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to:

A)field-dependence versus field-independence.
B)explanatory style.
C)life tasks.
D)reducing or augmenting pain.

Question 24

A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n):

A)internal locus of control.
B)external locus of control.
C)supernatural explanatory style.
D)naturalistic explanatory style.

Question 25

According to Marty Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2000),people in learned helplessness should _____.

A)recall objective facts based on an uncomfortable situation
B)try to recall a similar incident from their own lives
C)accept an unfavorable situation
D)ask others for help to seek an outside perspective

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a generalized expectancy?

A)The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions
B)The belief that all tests are unfair
C)The belief that good things happen to lucky people
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

In a study of 100 police officers in simulated high-stimulation settings,Vrij,van der Steen,and Koppelaar (1995)predicted that field-independent officers were most likely to:

A)have difficulty giving a better description of a witnessed event.
B)be more accurate in deciding when to shoot.
C)pay more attention to surrounding noise and activity.
D)ignore facial expressions in complex photographs of people.

Question 28

Who among the following was of the view that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in a laboratory?

A)Aneseth Petrie
B)George Kelly
C)Julian Rotter
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a construct?

A)Gravity
B)Anxiety
C)Intelligence
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

_____ is a concept that describes people's perception of responsibility for the events in their life,and it more specifically refers to whether people tend to find out that responsibility internally,within themselves,or externally,in fate,luck,or chance.

A)Predictive validity
B)Rank order stability
C)Selective placement
D)Locus of control

Question 31

According to Tamir and Nadler (2007),field-dependent people _____.

A)have strong social skills
B)tend to be highly creative
C)are skillful at analyzing complex situations
D)make better progress when learning a second language

Question 32

People _____ are more likely to have a better control over their weight and their spending habits.

A)high on internal locus of control
B)high on external locus of control
C)with a global explanatory style
D)with a stable explanatory style

Question 33

_____ refers to a person's explanation of the cause of an event.

A)Causal attribution
B)Learned helplessness
C)Field independence
D)Perception

Question 34

It is most problematic to have an internal locus of control:

A)in the domain of health behaviors.
B)in academic domains.
C)when circumstances truly are outside of one's control.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

_____ is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation that is apparently outside of their control.

A)Learned helplessness
B)Passive endurance
C)Internalized anxiety
D)Freezing

Question 36

_____ is an intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed,that every person and certainly every culture has a version of reality that is unique,and that no single version of reality is any more privileged than another.

A)Rationalization
B)Egalitarianism
C)Postmodernism
D)Fixation

Question 37

Generalized expectancies are:

A)characteristics of a situation that can be applied generally.
B)perceptions that generalize from one situation to another.
C)a person's expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

_____ tend to be more sociable than _____.

A)Individuals with an external locus of control;those with an internal locus of control
B)Individuals with an internal locus of control;those with an external locus of control
C)Field-independent individuals;those who are field-dependent
D)Field-dependent individuals;those who are field-independent

Question 39

In the context of pain tolerance and sensation reducing/augmenting,Clapper (1992)found that compared with augmenters,reducers _____.

A)have a lower threshold for boredom
B)are less likely to consume psychoactive drugs
C)listen to music at a lower volume
D)are highly likely to abstain from coffee

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true about an external locus of control?

A)It refers to a generalized expectancy that outcomes depend mainly on one's personal efforts.
B)It is,in general,conducive to one's well-being.
C)It refers to a generalized expectancy that events are outside of one's control.
D)It is associated with a tendency toward being more in charge of one's life.

Question 41

_____ intelligence is a term that refers to a single broad factor of intelligence.

A)Achievement
B)Aptitude
C)General
D)Emotional

Question 42

A person who scores low in _____ may do well in school but have difficulty in most other areas of life.

A)kinesthetic intelligence
B)aptitude intelligence
C)emotional intelligence
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 43

IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of:

A)achievement intelligence.
B)aptitude intelligence.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that a person has selected is known as a(n):

A)explanatory style.
B)causal attribution.
C)personal project.
D)outcome-focused strategy.

Question 45

_____ refers to the time it takes a person to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.

A)Inspection time
B)Reaction time
C)Discrimination effort
D)Examination time

Question 46

The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of _____ intelligence.

A)emotional
B)aptitude
C)kinesthetic
D)interpersonal

Question 47

Some researchers feel that the separate abilities referred to as multiple intelligences by Gardner are correlated enough with each other to:

A)represent only three distinct intelligences-verbal,quantitative,and analytical.
B)warrant more distinct types of intelligences.
C)justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor.
D)justify thinking of intelligence as an abstract concept that cannot be studieD.

Question 48

People who _____ are generally more satisfied with life.

A)feel stressed about their personal projects
B)are optimistic about the completion of their personal projects
C)are in control of their personal projects
D)are in control and optimistic about the completion of their personal projects

Question 49

Individuals who blame themselves and their own lack of skills for their poor grades most likely have a(n)_____ explanatory style.

A)internal
B)external
C)stable
D)unstable

Question 50

A pessimistic explanatory style is described as a style that emphasizes _____ causes for negative events.

A)external,stable,and specific
B)internal,stable,and specific
C)internal,temporary,and global
D)internal,stable,and global

Question 51

Who among the following has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences,which includes seven forms,such as interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence?

A)Howard Gardner
B)Cantor
C)Aneseth Petrie
D)Herman Witkin

Question 52

Peter,a student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school to his being sick on the day of his interview,most likely has a(n)_____ explanatory style.

A)specific
B)global
C)unstable
D)stable

Question 53

Personal Projects Analysis often addresses:

A)the likelihood that goals will be met.
B)the difficulty of meeting the selected goals.
C)the personal importance of goals.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after she finds her husband to be unfaithful most likely has a(n)_____ explanatory style.

A)specific
B)global
C)unstable
D)stable

Question 55

Which of the following is debated among intelligence researchers?

A)Whether intelligence can be measured accurately
B)Whether measures of intelligence are biased to favor some individuals
C)Whether different racial groups differ with respect to intelligence
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

What is defined as "intelligent behavior"?

A)is consistent across cultures
B)differs across cultures
C)is only found in Western cultures
D)None of the answers is correct

Question 57

According to Carol Dweck and the theory of mastery orientation,who among the following is most likely to become more confident about meeting challenges?

A)A child who views his or her intelligence as a fixed internal characteristic
B)A child with an external locus of control
C)A child with longer circadian rhythms
D)A child who is praised for his or her effort

Question 58

People who score high on _____ rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult.

A)psychoticism
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

The concept of intelligence that emphasizes educational attainment,how much knowledge a person has acquired relative to others in his or her age cohort,is known as _____ intelligence.

A)an achievement view of
B)an aptitude view of
C)general
D)multiple

Question 60

In Albert Bandura's cognitive social learning theory,which of the following concepts refers to the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve a goal?

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-efficacy
C)Evocation
D)Fixation