Deck 5: Perceptual and Motor Development

Question 1

Because the taste of her mother's milk is affected by what her mother has just eaten,Baby Bonita is likely to prefer nursing after her mother has eaten

A)candy.
B)a grapefruit.
C)a lemon.
D)strong coffee.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Shelley is convinced that her two-week-old baby can smell the difference between her breast milk and the breast milk she received from a donor.Her husband thinks she has a vivid imagination because there is no way a newborn baby could detect the difference.What does research evidence suggest?

A)Shelley's husband is right.Two-week-old infants have no sense of smell.
B)Shelley's husband is right.Two-week-old infants can smell very strong smells,but they can't make fine discriminations such as between two different mother's breast milk.
C)Shelley is right.Two-week-old infants can identify the smell of their mother's breast milk.
D)Shelley's baby may be able to identify the taste but not the smell of her mother's breast milk.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The nervous system receives,selects,modifies,and organizes stimulation from the world by using

A)genetic processes.
B)emotional processes.
C)physical and motor processes.
D)sensory and perceptual processes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When Roy first received a new toy,he played with it all the time.The longer he had it,the less he played with it.This change in Roy's behaviour is an example of

A)habituation.
B)differentiation.
C)an orienting response.
D)priming.

Question 5

If Harry,a newborn baby,were able to choose the taste of a substance put in his mouth,what kind of taste would you expect him to choose?

A)something sour or bitter
B)something bitter or sweet
C)something salty or bitter
D)something sweet or salty

Question 6

When an infant habituates to a stimulus,such as a picture,

A)the infant will pay more attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.
B)the infant's heart rate will drop as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
C)the infant's behaviour does not change as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
D)the infant will pay less attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.

Question 7

Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes?

A)salty and sour tastes
B)sweet and salty tastes
C)bitter and sour tastes
D)salty,sour,bitter,and sweet tastes

Question 8

One-month-old Mari's grimace after tasting a substance suggests that what she tasted was

A)bitter.
B)salty.
C)sweet.
D)spicy.

Question 9

___________________ has been found to provide some pain relief to newborns.

A)Presenting a loud noise
B)A touch stimulus to the cheek
C)Giving a taste of sucrose
D)Maintaining direct eye contact

Question 10

The pain cry in infants

A)is often accompanied by agitated movements of hands and arms.
B)has a low pitch.
C)is easily soothed.
D)begins gradually.

Question 11

Infants' auditory thresholds are

A)lower than that of adults.
B)about the same as that of adults.
C)higher than that of adults.
D)not able to be measured.

Question 12

Newborns' sense of smell

A)is so poor that they cannot identify their mothers using the sense of smell.
B)is very different from that of adults.Newborns will turn away from odours that adults find pleasant (e.g. ,honey or chocolate).
C)is well-developed at birth.
D)is poorly developed because they do not turn away from unpleasant smells (e.g. ,rotten eggs).

Question 13

Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes.What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?

A)Ask adults when they first remembered eating something bitter and something salty.
B)Repeatedly present one taste either bitter or salty and see whether infants habituate to it.
C)Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes.
D)Use infants or toddlers who are old enough to answer questions about how things taste.

Question 14

Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented,but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar.This phenomenon is called

A)discrimination.
B)interposition.
C)an orienting response.
D)habituation.

Question 15

In newborns,the sense of smell is

A)not developed at all.
B)very primitive.
C)fair.
D)well developed.

Question 16

Most newborns prefer which of the following tastes?

A)salty and sour tastes
B)bitter and sweet tastes
C)sweet and salty tastes
D)sour and bitter tastes

Question 17

Your friends John and Lisa are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain.What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?

A)Infant nervous systems are not sufficiently developed to transmit pain.
B)The skin of infants does not have as many pain receptors as does the skin of adults.
C)Behaviour suggests that newborns do not experience pain.
D)Physical development and behaviour suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.

Question 18

The term "auditory threshold" refers to

A)the range of pitches in normal conversational tones.
B)the quietest sound a person can hear.
C)the level of sound at which hearing impairments begin to occur.
D)sounds that can be heard by adults but not by infants.

Question 19

Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib.You would expect Courtney to

A)show a preference for that mobile over other mobiles.
B)spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
C)show the same behaviour toward the mobile now as she did when she first saw it.
D)spend more time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.

Question 20

You visit your mother and she wants to know what you have learned in school recently.Having just read the section on infant hearing in your textbook,what would you tell your mother you have learned?

A)Infants are not able to hear at all.
B)Infants can hear,but not as well as adults.
C)Infants' hearing is about the same as that of adults.
D)Infants have better hearing than adults.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of infants' auditory perception?

A)Infants have higher auditory thresholds than adults.
B)Infants can hear high-pitched sounds the best.
C)Infants cannot use sound to locate an object.
D)Infants cannot discriminate vowel and consonant sounds.

Question 22

Infant Nina will probably look longest at

A)a black square.
B)a white triangle.
C)a grey circle.
D)black and white stripes.

Question 23

At what age can babies track movement with their eyes?

A)From birth.
B)One month.
C)Two months.
D)Six months.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true of 5-month-olds?

A)they can recognize their own name
B)they are sensitive to the rhythmic structure of music
C)they prefer dissonant sounds
D)they can differentiate vowels from consonant sounds

Question 25

Dr.Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant,one a grey square and the other a black-and-white striped square.The striped squares differ in the width of their stripes.Dr.Burns measures how long the infant looks at each of the stimuli.Dr.Burns is assessing

A)depth perception.
B)visual acuity.
C)retinal disparity.
D)ADHD.

Question 26

By what age do infants typically have vision as good as that of normal adults?

A)at birth
B)by two months of age
C)by one year of age
D)by two years of age

Question 27

Visual acuity assesses how

A)clearly an infant can see.
B)well an infant can perceive depth.
C)well an infant can perceive colour.
D)retinal images in the left and right eyes compare.

Question 28

Colour is detected with specialized neurons in the retina of the eye called

A)cones.
B)wavelengths.
C)optic nerves.
D)rods.

Question 29

Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses.Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's

A)depth perception.
B)visual acuity.
C)retinal disparity.
D)cones.

Question 30

Allan wants to know what kind of sounds his newborn son can hear the best.What could you tell him about infant auditory capabilities?

A)Infants can best hear sounds that are pitched in the range of human speech.
B)Infants can best hear high-pitched sounds.
C)Infants can best hear low-pitched sounds.
D)Infants can hear sounds of all pitches equally well.

Question 31

Which parent should be most concerned about a possible hearing impairment?

A)Kristen,whose one-year-old daughter has had repeated ear infections.
B)Katy,whose two-month-old son does not respond to his name.
C)Abby,whose six-month-old daughter seems to overreact to loud sounds.
D)Virginia,whose 12-month-old son is starting to imitate speech sounds.

Question 32

________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably.

A)Visual perception
B)Depth perception
C)Retinal disparity
D)Visual acuity

Question 33

The leading cause of hearing impairments that occur after birth is

A)inherited disease.
B)meningitis.
C)child abuse.
D)accidents.

Question 34

Thomas and Alva should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment if their infant son does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words by

A)one month of age.
B)four months of age.
C)six months of age.
D)12 months of age.

Question 35

Parents should be concerned about their child's hearing if the child

A)doesn't imitate speech sounds and simple words by six months of age.
B)has repeated ear infections.
C)responds strongly to loud,sudden noises.
D)turns its head in the direction of sounds.

Question 36

Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy

A)is not possible.
B)is not predictive of hearing impairments later in life.
C)does not increase the probability of treatment success.
D)increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem.

Question 37

A possible sign of a hearing impairment is if an infant ________ by three months.

A)does not respond to its own name
B)does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words
C)does not turn its head in the direction of sounds
D)is not startled by sudden,loud sounds

Question 38

If an infant does not respond to its own name by ________ months,parents should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment.

A)one or two
B)four or five
C)nine
D)12

Question 39

Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment.The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is

A)heredity.
B)maternal disease during pregnancy.
C)maternal drug use during pregnancy.
D)maternal exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy.

Question 40

Jared has typical visual acuity for a newborn.He can see at 6 metres what his father,who has normal vision,can see at ________ metres.

A)6
B)20
C)60-120
D)500-1000

Question 41

Jacques is two months old.He is placed on the deep side of the visual cliff.What will likely happen?

A)He will feel fear.
B)His heart rate will accelerate.
C)His heart rate will decelerate.
D)He won't react at all.

Question 42

When perceiving objects,infants tend to

A)group objects together when they are the same colour.
B)group objects that have different texture.
C)group objects when their edges are separated.
D)group objects that are of different sizes..

Question 43

Dr.Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass.He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her.Dr.Kerry appears to be interested in

A)visual acuity.
B)depth perception.
C)colour perception.
D)object permanence.

Question 44

Four-month-old Justin is likely to have

A)a sense of size constancy,but not of shape constancy.
B)a sense of colour and shape constancy,but not of size constancy.
C)no sense of size,shape,or colour constancy.
D)a sense of size,shape,and colour constancy.

Question 45

Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides

A)linear perspective.
B)texture gradients.
C)intersensory redundancy.
D)retinal disparity.

Question 46

The majority of the crawling infants in the Gibson and Walk study of depth perception using a visual cliff

A)demonstrated no fear of crawling over the deep side.
B)demonstrated depth perception.
C)would crawl over the deep side when called by their mothers.
D)could not discriminate the shallow side from the deep side.

Question 47

Yi-Yong wants to know when her newborn daughter will see colours in the same way she does.According to your text,infant colour vision is similar to adult colour vision

A)at birth.
B)by three to four months of age.
C)by seven to eight months of age.
D)by 12 months of age.

Question 48

Ryan's daughter is three months old.If she is like other infants her age,she will likely prefer ________ over other colours.

A)yellow and orange
B)green and purple
C)red and blue
D)pink and brown

Question 49

Differences in ________ are related to differences in colour perception.

A)retinal disparity
B)wavelengths of light
C)visual acuity
D)pattern detection

Question 50

Alina is five months old.Her mother brings home two teddy bears that are exactly the same except for their size.She lets Alina look at one of the teddy bears for some time,then shows Alina the same bear,but at a different distance,paired with the other,larger bear.What is Alina's other testing?

A)Alina's shape constancy
B)Alina's eyesight
C)Alina's size constancy
D)Alina's love of teddy bears

Question 51

A visual cliff is used to assess

A)visual acuity.
B)retinal disparity.
C)depth perception.
D)colour perception.

Question 52

The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as

A)retinal disparity.
B)size constancy.
C)object permanence.
D)shape constancy.

Question 53

So-called "pictorial cues" are used to infer depth

A)in the newborn.
B)beginning at three months of age.
C)by seven months of age.
D)after the first birthday.

Question 54

Infants are more likely to detect differences in an adult's emotional expression,when information is presented using

A)video only.
B)audio only.
C)audio and video simultaneously.
D)either audio or video only.

Question 55

Which of the following do infants use to determine which elements go together to form an object?

A)motion only
B)colour only
C)aligned edges only
D)motion,colour,texture,and aligned edges

Question 56

The fact that when a person views an object,the retinal images in the left and right eyes differ is called

A)a linear perspective.
B)a texture gradient.
C)retinal disparity.
D)relative size.

Question 57

Seven-month-old Ramila was placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus.You would be most likely to find that her heart rate ________,a sign of ________.

A)decelerated;interest
B)accelerated;interest
C)decelerated;fear
D)accelerated;fear

Question 58

Light we see as the colour ________ has a relatively long wavelength.

A)blue
B)violet
C)yellow
D)red

Question 59

The theory of intersensory redundancy says that infants learn best when

A)information is presented simultaneously to multiple senses.
B)information is presented to one sense at a time.
C)information is presented to multiple senses,but at different moments.
D)information is presented with as little sensory stimulation as possible.

Question 60

Which visual cue refers to the fact that as an object moves closer,it fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina?

A)Visual expansion.
B)Kinetic cues.
C)Motion parallax.
D)Retinal disparity.

Question 61

In the treatment of ADHD

A)medication is of little benefit.
B)depressants are the most helpful type of medication.
C)psychosocial treatments are not effective.
D)both medication and psychosocial treatment can be effective.

Question 62

________ is the process by which we select information that will be processed further.

A)Habituation
B)Orienting response
C)Attention
D)Differentiation

Question 63

When three-month-olds look at faces,they

A)prefer to look at faces from their own race.
B)prefer to look at faces from races different from their own.
C)have no racial preferences at all.
D)do not notice racial differences.

Question 64

Interposition refers to the fact that

A)nearby objects look substantially larger than objects in the distance.
B)parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance.
C)the texture of objects changes from coarse but distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects.
D)nearby objects partially obscure more distant objects.

Question 65

Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD?

A)staying on task
B)being reflective
C)doing well in school
D)being unusually energetic

Question 66

Interposition,texture gradient,relative size,and linear perspective all provide cues for

A)visual acuity.
B)depth perception.
C)colour perception.
D)visual threshold.

Question 67

Which of the following is true about ADHD?

A)Most children grow out of ADHD.
B)Monozygotic twins are often both diagnosed with ADHD but this is uncommon for dizygotic twins.
C)ADHD is caused by watching too much television.
D)Many healthy children are wrongly diagnosed with ADHD.

Question 68

Haley is looking at Bill.The two retinal images of Bill in Haley's eyes are nearly identical.This suggests that

A)Bill is very close to Haley.
B)Bill is very far from Haley.
C)Haley will have difficulty judging how far Bill is from her.
D)Haley can see Bill very clearly.

Question 69

Which of the following is a likely cause of ADHD?

A)heredity
B)food allergies
C)sugar consumption
D)poor home life

Question 70

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A)tend to think carefully before acting.
B)are well-liked by their peers at school.
C)often do poorly in school.
D)usually have below-normal levels of intelligence.

Question 71

A depth cue that involves parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance is referred to as

A)texture gradient.
B)retinal disparity.
C)interposition.
D)linear perspective.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Younger children are as likely as older children to remind themselves that they need to pay attention.
B)Younger children are less able to maintain focus than older children.
C)Younger and older children are equally distracted by extraneous information.
D)Younger children do not usually show an orienting response.

Question 73

If you looked at a picture of a dog and a cat,when would you judge the cat to be further away than the dog?

A)When the cat looks clear and distinct while the dog looks blurry.
B)When the cat looks large and the dog looks small.
C)When the cat is partially obscured by the dog.
D)When retinal images of the cat differ greatly while retinal images of the dog are nearly identical.

Question 74

Research suggests that ADHD

A)can be helped with psychosocial treatments.
B)is caused by too much sugar.
C)is something that children usually grow out of in adolescence or young adulthood.
D)is often incorrectly diagnosed in children who do not have ADHD.

Question 75

Carla has trouble keeping her attention on a task.What might help Carla improve her attention?

A)Remove all objects that are not necessary for the task.
B)Try to create a more pleasant work environment by playing some music while Carla is working on her task.
C)Stop nagging her about staying on task and expect her to be responsible for paying attention on her own.
D)Invite some other children to sit at the table and keep her company while she works.

Question 76

One-month-old Godfrey is shown a picture of an attractive human face and a picture of an unattractive human face.How is he most likely to respond?

A)He will spend more time looking at the unattractive face.
B)He will spend more time looking at the attractive face.
C)He will spend the same amount of time looking at each face.
D)He won't be interested in either face.

Question 77

Michael has difficulty keeping still,is unable to concentrate on schoolwork,and often acts without thinking.Michael is showing signs of

A)intellectual disability.
B)giftedness.
C)ADHD.
D)typical childhood behaviour.

Question 78

Garrett was visiting his aunt and uncle when his cousin suddenly started playing the piano.Garrett was startled,stared at his cousin playing the piano,and had an increase in heart rate.Garrett was displaying

A)differentiation.
B)an orienting response.
C)habituation.
D)an attention deficit.

Question 79

The early development of face-recognition skill is adaptive because

A)it ensures that very young infants can recognize their caregivers.
B)it guards against any long-term impacts on face processing in the case of infants with congenital cataracts.
C)it ensures that infants will react similarly to faces and objects.
D)it provides a basis for social relationships.

Question 80

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A)is more common in girls than boys.
B)is equally common among girls and boys.
C)is more common in boys than in girls.
D)occurs only in boys.