Deck 8: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

Question 1

Nate has decided that he would like to be a psychometrician.Nate is interested in

A)studying sensory and perceptual processes.
B)Piagetian theory.
C)the treatment of mental illnesses.
D)the measurement of psychological characteristics.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The psychometric approach to intelligence

A)measures intelligence using standardized intelligence tests.
B)equates intelligence with the existence of exceptional talent.
C)says that intelligent behaviour always involves skillful adaptation to an environment.
D)suggests that many different intelligences exist.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of Gardner's intelligences develops first?

A)logical-mathematical
B)linguistic
C)spatial
D)all of the intelligences develop simultaneously

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Thurstone and Thurstone's work on intelligence

A)emphasized specific factors of intelligence.
B)focused on a general factor of intelligence.
C)was based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)was based on information-processing research.

Question 5

Dr.Jones claims that there is a "g",a general factor for intelligence.In an effort to support his claim,he gave several different tests to many people.Which of the following results would support his claim?

A)if individual performances were inconsistent across tests
B)if individual performances were consistent across tests
C)if when people's scores were averaged across tests,everyone received about the same average score
D)if individuals showed different patterns of high and low scores on the tests

Question 6

Which of the following is one of Gardner's criteria for something to qualify as a distinct intelligence?

A)There are no special cases of talented individuals in that area as intelligent individuals will be exceptional in all areas.
B)The intelligence is evolutionarily adaptive.
C)The intelligence has a unique developmental history.
D)The intelligence is regulated by the same regions of the brain as the other intelligences.

Question 7

Daniel Goleman,author of a bestselling book on emotional intelligence (EI),has argued that EI can be the key to

A)healthy development.
B)recovery from brain damage.
C)a successful career.
D)academic success.

Question 8

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)ignores the developmental history of distinct intelligences.
B)presents a narrow view of intelligence.
C)emphasizes general intelligence.
D)has important implications for education.

Question 9

Which of the following intelligences is included in both Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and in psychometric theories of intelligence?

A)linguistic
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)interpersonal
D)existential

Question 10

Hierarchical theories of intelligence

A)include only general factors of intelligence.
B)include only specific factors of intelligence.
C)include both general and specific factors of intelligence.
D)are based on research and theories of cognitive development.

Question 11

Psychologists who specialize in the measurement of psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality are referred to as

A)Piagetians.
B)psychometricians.
C)information processing theorists.
D)Freudians.

Question 12

Some research has provided support for the notion that there is a general factor of intelligence,but other investigations have suggested that intelligence consists of distinct abilities.These discrepant results were first resolved by proposing

A)information processing approaches.
B)hierarchical theories of intelligence.
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

Question 13

Lisa is very good at using her own and others' emotions for solving problems and living happily.Lisa is high in

A)existential intelligence.
B)naturalistic intelligence.
C)linguistic intelligence.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligences proposed by Gardner?

A)musical intelligence
B)sensory-perceptual intelligence
C)intrapersonal intelligence
D)bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Question 15

Mrs.Duncan is a Grade 2 teacher who applies Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences in her classroom.Which of the following is she most likely to do?

A)give all of her students a traditional intelligence test
B)strongly emphasize basic reading and language skills
C)incorporate the study of music,dance,and interpersonal relationships in her curriculum
D)focus exclusively on developing her students' logical/mathematical abilities

Question 16

The ability to perceive relations among stimuli (e.g. ,engaging in inductive reasoning) is referred to as

A)broad retrieval ability.
B)fluid intelligence.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)general intelligence.

Question 17

The idea that a general factor for intelligence,or g,is responsible for performance on all mental tests was introduced by

A)Gardner.
B)Thurstone.
C)Carroll.
D)Spearman.

Question 18

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)suggests that one general factor of intelligence exists.
B)does not address the issue of the development of intelligence.
C)suggests that schools should foster only linguistic and logical/mathematical intelligences.
D)suggests that different intelligences are regulated by different regions of the brain.

Question 19

Deborah has an average IQ but is an exceptionally talented dancer.Deborah would be considered to be exceptionally intelligent according to

A)a psychometrician.
B)Carroll's hierarchical theory of intelligence.
C)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
D)Binet.

Question 20

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is based on all of the following EXCEPT

A)research in child development.
B)intelligence test scores.
C)studies of exceptionally talented people.
D)studies of brain-damaged persons.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the Stanford-Binet intelligence test is TRUE?

A)The Stanford-Binet IQ scores can be used to compare children of different ages.
B)Educators have not found the Stanford-Binet to be useful.
C)The Stanford-Binet is no longer a popular test.
D)The Stanford-Binet is a group intelligence test.

Question 22

________ refers to the difficulty level of the problems that children can solve correctly on an intelligence test.

A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Mental age
D)Chronological age

Question 23

The ability to systematically look at problems and generate different solutions is known as

A)analytic ability
B)practical ability
C)exponential ability
D)creative ability

Question 24

It would be appropriate to administer the Stanford-Binet intelligence test to

A)two-year-old Isabella.
B)six-month-old Rosie.
C)one-year-old Benjamin
D)one-month-old Samuel.

Question 25

Sternberg defines successful intelligence as using one's abilities skillfully to achieve one's personal goals.Which of the following is an ability that people use to achieve personal goals?

A)analytic ability
B)existential ability
C)exponential ability
D)emotional ability

Question 26

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test

A)should be administered only to children,not to adults.
B)is administered to one person at a time.
C)requires examinees to attempt all questions on the test.
D)can be administered in a group.

Question 27

Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test in order to

A)measure intelligence across cultures.
B)predict job success.
C)determine how much of intelligence is due to heredity and how much is due to the environment.
D)identify children who are likely to succeed in school.

Question 28

According to the method that Terman used to score the early versions of the Stanford-Binet,a child with a chronological age of 10 years and a mental age of 12 years would have an IQ of

A)83.
B)100.
C)112.
D)120.

Question 29

Which of the following is an advantage of individual intelligence tests over group intelligence tests?

A)They are less expensive to administer.
B)They are less likely to require a trained examiner.
C)They can provide information about many individuals quickly.
D)They optimize the motivation and attention of the examinee.

Question 30

The ability to know what solution or plan will actually work is known as

A)analytic ability
B)practical ability
C)exponential ability
D)creative ability

Question 31

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

A)are designed for use with infants only up to one year of age.
B)do not assess adaptive behaviour.
C)contain mental and motor scales.
D)contain motor but not mental scales.

Question 32

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) differs from the Stanford-Binet test in that the WISC-IV

A)does not yield any IQ scores.
B)yields scores for verbal comprehension,perceptual reasoning,working memory and processing speed.
C)is not widely used in assessment and research with children.
D)does not have subtests.

Question 33

Both Sternberg and Gardner claim that intelligence is made up of distinct,independent abilities.This means that scores from tests that measure these different abilities

A)should be highly and positively correlated.
B)should be highly and negatively correlated.
C)should be unrelated (no correlation).
D)should be highly correlated with other standard intelligence tests.

Question 34

Melissa is 10 years old and has a mental age of five years.According to Terman's method of calculating an intelligence quotient,she has an IQ of

A)200.
B)100.
C)50.
D)20.

Question 35

Dr.Richards wants to measure the intelligence of six-month-old Olaf.Which intelligence test would be most appropriate to use?

A)the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III
B)the Bayley Scales
C)the Stanford-Binet
D)there is no appropriate test for infants

Question 36

In today's version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test,an individual's IQ is calculated by

A)dividing an individual's mental age by his or her chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
B)correlating his or her scores on the various subtests.
C)comparing how many questions the individual passed to the average number passed by individuals of the same age.
D)multiplying the number of test items passed by 100.

Question 37

A "bright" eight-year-old might have a mental age of

A)4)
B)6)
C)8)
D)10.

Question 38

According to the method that Binet and Simon used to score their intelligence scale,a seven-year-old child who could correctly solve problems that the average eight-year-old could solve would have a mental age (MA) of

A)seven years.
B)seven years,six months.
C)eight years.
D)nine years.

Question 39

The ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems is known as

A)analytic ability
B)practical ability
C)exponential ability
D)creative ability

Question 40

Which of the following shows the formula Terman used to calculate an intelligence quotient?

A)IQ = MA/CA x 100
B)IQ = CA/MA x 100
C)IQ = CA/MA
D)IQ = MA/CA

Question 41

During childhood and adolescence,IQ scores are

A)very unstable.
B)somewhat unstable.
C)very stable.
D)reasonably stable.

Question 42

Dr.Dosier developed a new intelligence test.To try it out,he administered it to a child on two separate occasions,one week apart.The child received an IQ score of 120 the first time and 70 the second time.When Dr.Dosier compared the child's second score to his first score,he said to himself,"Hmmm...it looks like this test has a problem with

A)validity."
B)stability."
C)cultural fairness."
D)sequential processing."

Question 43

An intelligence test is stable if it

A)yields scores that are consistent over various time intervals.
B)measures what it claims to measure.
C)yields scores similar to those of other intelligence tests.
D)has been standardized.

Question 44

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relation between infant intelligence tests and later IQ?

A)Infant tests predict later IQ very well.
B)Infant tests do not predict later IQ.
C)The predictive power of infant tests improves if the test is administered after a child is 18- to 24-months old.
D)Infant tests emphasize cognitive processes and later tests emphasize sensorimotor skills.

Question 45

Greater improvement over the course of a dynamic testing session indicates greater

A)learning potential.
B)influence of heredity on intelligence.
C)baseline skill level.
D)analytic,but not practical,ability.

Question 46

From early childhood to late adolescence,it is most common for IQ scores to

A)change little.
B)first decrease,then increase.
C)first increase,then decrease.
D)increase steadily.

Question 47

The correlation between IQ scores at 6 years of age and adult IQ scores are

A)relatively high;about .7.
B)extremely high;about .9.
C)relatively low;about .3.
D)extremely low;close to 0.

Question 48

Becky's six-month-old son obtained a high score on the Bayley.What does this tell her about her son?

A)Her son is very likely to have a high IQ later in childhood and adulthood.
B)Her son will be athletically talented.
C)Her son was exposed to teratogens prenatally.
D)Her son's development is progressing normally.

Question 49

Whose score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development will BEST predict his later IQ?

A)6-month-old Tyler's
B)12-month-old Simon's
C)24-month-old Joseph's
D)Tyler's,Simon's,and Joseph's scores will predict their later IQs equally well.

Question 50

Some researchers have found that ____________________ predicts grades in school even better than IQ scores do.

A)enthusiasm
B)activity level
C)self-discipline
D)age

Question 51

The predictive power of infant intelligence tests is

A)high because sensorimotor activities are the beginning of intelligence.
B)high because early individual differences can easily be determined.
C)low because they evaluate different abilities than are evaluated in older children.
D)low because infant tests ignore motor functioning.

Question 52

Efforts to predict later IQ using estimates of infants' information-processing have revealed that

A)infants who process information slowly tend to have higher IQs as children.
B)information-processing is unrelated to later IQ.
C)infants who process information more rapidly and efficiently tend to have higher IQs as children.
D)information-processing measures are not as good as infant intelligence tests at predicting children's later IQ scores.

Question 53

Dynamic testing is based on

A)Vygotsky's ideas of zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
B)Piaget's ideas of operational thought.
C)Binet's original assessment measure.
D)Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence.

Question 54

Devon wants to find out what her six-month-old daughter's IQ is likely to be later in childhood and adolescence.Which of the following would be most appropriate to administer to a six-month-old and would best predict her later IQ?

A)the Wechsler Scales
B)the Stanford-Binet
C)the Bayley Scales
D)estimates of information-processing

Question 55

The best use of an infant intelligence test is to

A)predict an infant's intelligence as an adult.
B)predict an infant's later school achievement.
C)assess an infant's development early in life.
D)predict current scores on the Wechsler Scales.

Question 56

Tests of infant intelligence do not generally predict later behaviour because

A)individual differences in ability are too large in infants.
B)infant tests are not reliable.
C)infant tests tap different abilities than do later tests.
D)infant tests have not been standardized like later tests have been.

Question 57

A test is ________ if it yields scores that are consistent when it is administered on two or more different occasions.

A)valid
B)stable
C)psychometric
D)contextual

Question 58

Infant tests,such as the Bayley Scales,have been useful in predicting

A)developmental progress early in life.
B)academic success.
C)superior academic performance.
D)superior athletic ability.

Question 59

Dr.Barnes wants to prove that intelligence is stable by comparing the IQ scores of a group of individuals tested at two different ages.He is most likely to obtain the evidence he wants if he first tests individuals at age ________ and then again at age ________.

A)1 year;5 years
B)1 year;17 years
C)3 years;7 years
D)11 years;15 years

Question 60

Tests that measure a child's learning potential by having them learn something new are called

A)static tests.
B)dynamic tests.
C)culture-free tests.
D)triarchic tests.

Question 61

Select the statement about heredity and intelligence that is correct.

A)IQ scores are usually more alike for identical twins than for fraternal twins.
B)Biological siblings tend to be less alike in intelligence than a child and an adopted sibling.
C)Verbal and spatial abilities are less influenced by heredity than are memory skills.
D)Children's IQ scores show distinctive patterns of spurts and lags that appear to be genetically influenced.

Question 62

Which of the following siblings would have the most similar IQ scores?

A)children and their adopted siblings
B)siblings who have the same biological parents
C)fraternal twins
D)identical twins

Question 63

Higher IQ scores in children are associated with home environments

A)that are well organized.
B)that include few toys.
C)where a father is absent.
D)where both parents work outside the home.

Question 64

How are socioeconomic status (SES) and IQ related?

A)Higher SES class children tend to obtain higher IQ scores than lower SES children.
B)Higher SES children tend to obtain lower IQ scores than lower SES children.
C)SES and IQ are unrelated.
D)SES and IQ are negatively related for European Canadians but are unrelated for African Canadians.

Question 65

Which of the following would be considered dynamic testing?

A)Giving Raven's Progressive Matrices to a group of African American children.
B)Individually administering the WISC-III to a child.
C)Introducing the Spanish language to children who speak only English and assessing how quickly they are able to learn Spanish.
D)Assessing children's current physical fitness level on a variety of fitness tasks.

Question 66

Which pair of individuals is likely to have the MOST similar IQ scores?

A)Janna and Lauren,who are biological mother and daughter
B)Jessie and Jenny,who are biological sisters
C)Michael and David,who are fraternal twins
D)Greg and Craig,who are identical twins

Question 67

Scott and Kathy want to know what they can do to make it more likely that their children will have high IQ scores.What would you recommend they do?

A)Keep play materials to a minimum.
B)Maintain a relaxed,unorganized home environment because organization can stifle intellectual development.
C)Provide a stimulating environment.
D)Don't worry about it.Environment has little or no influence on IQ scores.

Question 68

Dynamic tests of intelligence

A)have been used for many years and have produced well-established results.
B)measure a child's learning potential.
C)produce the same information as static tests of intelligence.
D)measure what a child already knows.

Question 69

Tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices are designed

A)to be culture-fair.
B)for white children.
C)for black children.
D)for lower class children.

Question 70

Studies of adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents indicate that

A)heredity does not influence IQ because the IQ scores of adopted children do not resemble those of their biological parents.
B)environment does not influence IQ because the IQ scores of adopted children do not resemble those of their adoptive parents.
C)the impact of the environment on IQ increases as children grow older.
D)the impact of heredity on IQ increases as children grow older.

Question 71

The interdependence of the members of communities like Canada's Aboriginal communities is referred to as

A)communism.
B)libertarianism.
C)generativity.
D)collectivity.

Question 72

The impact of inheritance on IQ

A)becomes stronger as children get older.
B)decreases as children get older.
C)stays the same throughout childhood.
D)is not measurable.

Question 73

Results of massive,continued intervention programs such as the Canadian Aboriginal Head Start program show that

A)long-lasting improvements in the cognitive and social-emotional scores of disadvantaged children can be achieved.
B)even with continued intervention,the improvements in disadvantaged children's intelligence are not significant from a practical standpoint.
C)improvements in the scores of disadvantaged children are only temporary.
D)continued intervention is relatively inexpensive.

Question 74

Which of the following statements BEST describes hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence?

A)Heredity determines intelligence within the normal range.
B)The environment determines intelligence within the normal range.
C)Both heredity and environment determine intelligence.
D)It is not possible to determine the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence.

Question 75

________ include test items based on experiences common to many cultures.

A)Traditional intelligence tests
B)Culture-fair intelligence tests
C)Reliable tests
D)Habituation measures

Question 76

Which of the following is a culture-fair intelligence test?

A)the Bayley Scales
B)the Wechsler Scales
C)the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
D)Raven's Progressive Matrices

Question 77

The scoring gaps between ethnic groups are greatly reduced when

A)adjustments for economic and social differences are made.
B)all groups are compared to one another.
C)race is highlighted.
D)testing is done in groups.

Question 78

According to your textbook,who is MOST correct about influences on intelligence?

A)John,who believes that anyone can be either extremely bright or very unintelligent given the proper environment.
B)Sandy,who thinks intelligence is purely a result of the genes one is given.
C)Rachel,who feels intelligence is determined by a combination of heredity and the environment.
D)Helen,who believes there is no way to determine the influence of heredity and environment on intelligence.

Question 79

When a culture-fair intelligence test,such as Raven's Progressive Matrices,is used,

A)ethnic group differences disappear.
B)ethnic group differences increase.
C)ethnic group differences are reduced but not eliminated.
D)ethnic group differences remain the same.

Question 80

Research with adopted children

A)typically reveals that as adopted children get older,their IQ scores resemble their biological parents' scores more than their adopted parents' scores.
B)indicates that heredity has no impact on intelligence test scores.
C)usually finds that adopted children's IQ scores more closely resemble their adoptive parents' scores rather than their biological parents' scores.
D)shows that throughout childhood,adoptive parents and biological parents equally influence adopted children's IQ scores.