Deck 13: Gender and Development

Question 1

Beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits,interests,and behaviours are referred to as gender

A)constancy.
B)stereotypes.
C)schemas.
D)identity.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is an expressive trait?

A)self-confidence
B)mechanical aptitude
C)consideration
D)dominance

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most children have acquired extensive knowledge of gender-stereotyped activities by age

A)3
B)4
C)1
D)2

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who has a trait that is considered characteristically male in North America (and many other parts of the world)?

A)Avery,who is excitable
B)Pat,who is aggressive
C)Chris,who is considerate
D)Austen,who is emotional

Question 5

Traits associated with male stereotypes are called ________ whereas traits associated with female stereotypes are referred to as ________.

A)hormonal;androgynous
B)androgynous;hormonal
C)expressive;instrumental
D)instrumental;expressive

Question 6

Instrumental traits

A)are associated with females.
B)include traits such as emotional and creative.
C)describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
D)describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.

Question 7

Children

A)have little knowledge of gender stereotypes when they enter elementary school.
B)are more likely to ignore stereotypes when judging others as they grow older.
C)don't have adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes until they are teenagers.
D)consider gender stereotypes to be more binding than moral rules or social conventions.

Question 8

According to Bob,all women are emotional and gentle.Bob's beliefs about women

A)are atypical for Americans.
B)show that he sees women as possessing many instrumental traits.
C)are shared equally by adults worldwide.
D)are best described as gender stereotypes.

Question 9

Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) summarized results from research studies on

A)gender stereotypes.
B)gender differences.
C)gender identity.
D)the influence of television on gender role development.

Question 10

Gender stereotypes

A)are limiting because people use them to make assumptions about individuals based on their gender that may not be true.
B)help people make more accurate inferences about people they don't know very well.
C)are based on underlying biological sex differences.
D)are similar in all parts of the world.

Question 11

Expressive traits

A)describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.
B)describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
C)describe individuals who are independent and aggressive.
D)are typically used equally to describe males and females.

Question 12

Paula has traits that are typically associated with females in Canada.Paula is most likely to be described as

A)outspoken.
B)not easily influenced.
C)emotional.
D)self-confident.

Question 13

Who is likely to have the most extreme gender stereotypes?

A)Michael,who lives in Canada
B)Ibrahim,who lives in Nigeria
C)Dayana,who lives in Venezuela
D)Nawaz,who lives in Pakistan

Question 14

Which of the following is an instrumental trait?

A)independence
B)emotionality
C)kindness
D)awareness of others' feelings

Question 15

Cross-cultural studies of gender stereotypes have shown that

A)gender stereotypes are the same in all countries.
B)gender stereotypes are not influenced by one's culture.
C)North Americans,especially Americans,have more extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.
D)North Americans,especially Americans,have less extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.

Question 16

A ________ is a set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave.

A)gender stereotype
B)gender schema
C)gender label
D)social role

Question 17

As children get older,they ________ stereotypes when judging other children.

A)become more likely to use
B)become more willing to ignore
C)will almost always use
D)will not change in their use of

Question 18

Eight-year-old Molly and four-year-old Anna were told this story: "Jessie is a five-year-old girl whose best friend is a boy.Jessie likes to play with trucks." They were then asked how much Jessie would like to play with masculine and feminine toys.How would you expect Molly and Anna to reply?

A)Molly and Anna are both likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys.
B)Molly and Anna are both likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys.
C)Molly is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys,but Anna is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys.
D)Molly is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with feminine toys,but Anna is likely to say that Jessie would like to play with masculine toys.

Question 19

Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found that gender differences exist in

A)verbal ability.
B)achievement motivation.
C)altruistic behaviour.
D)suggestibility to influence.

Question 20

Research suggests that,as a typical five-year-old,Megan most likely

A)has not yet begun to form gender stereotypes.
B)has extensive knowledge of gender-stereotyped activities.
C)believes more traits are stereotypically masculine or feminine than do adults.
D)has adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes.

Question 21

According to Maccoby and Jacklin,girls tend to have greater ________ than boys.

A)verbal skill
B)visual-spatial skill
C)mathematical skill
D)verbal and mathematical ability

Question 22

The most firmly established gender difference in behaviour is the difference in

A)aggression.
B)conformity.
C)sociability.
D)dependence.

Question 23

Which of the following best reflects gender differences in verbal ability?

A)Only 10 percent of the published studies on gender differences found that females had greater verbal ability.
B)Girls tend to be better readers than boys but boys are better writers.
C)Boys have more language-related problems than girls.
D)The quality of speech production is lower in girls than in boys.

Question 24

On mental rotation tasks,

A)boys' performance surpasses that of girls and this difference is maintained throughout childhood and adolescence.
B)girls' performance surpasses that of boys and this difference is maintained throughout childhood and adolescence.
C)boys and girls perform similarly until adolescence at which time boys' performance surpasses that of girls.
D)boys and girls perform similarly throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 25

Maccoby and Jacklin's conclusions about gender differences have been criticized because they

A)included some weak studies in their review.
B)based their findings on only a few studies.
C)did not examine gender differences in verbal and mathematical ability.
D)did not consider the age of children in the studies.

Question 26

Girls tend to ________ than boys.

A)be more active
B)be less healthy
C)have better fine-motor coordination
D)be more likely to have an attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Question 27

Cross-cultural assessments of gender differences in math have shown that

A)almost invariably,boys out-perform girls.
B)in the vast majority of countries,there are no gender differences.
C)usually,girls out-perform boys.
D)gender differences vary a great deal.

Question 28

Who has the most accurate opinion about gender differences in math skills?

A)Rosie,who thinks that boys usually get better grades than girls in high school math courses.
B)Opal,who thinks that in elementary school,girls are better than boys in math achievement.
C)Sally,who thinks that girls are better than boys in math skills at all ages.
D)Gerald,who thinks that boys are better than girls in all areas of math at all ages.

Question 29

On standardized tests of achievement in mathematics,during the elementary-school years

A)boys and girls score equally well.
B)boys usually get greater scores than girls.
C)girls usually get greater scores than boys.
D)sex differences vanish when scores are adjusted for the number of math courses that students have taken.

Question 30

Spatial memory is

A)the ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space
B)the same thing as mental rotation.
C)the ability to remember the position of objects in the environment.
D)a skill in which males excel.

Question 31

Which of the following is TRUE of the differences between males and females in intellectual ability?

A)Females are superior to males in verbal ability only as adults.
B)In high school and college,there are negligible differences between males and females on math tests.
C)In early elementary school,males are superior to females on standardized math scores.
D)At all ages,females are superior to males in spatial ability.

Question 32

The ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space is referred to as

A)mathematical ability.
B)mental constancy.
C)enabling.
D)mental rotation.

Question 33

What is true regarding gender differences in memory?

A)Boys and men more accurately remember the location of objects than girls and women.
B)Boys and men more accurately remember the identity of objects than girls and women.
C)Gender-related differences in memory have been documented for many years.
D)Gender-related differences in memory may be linked to the fact that the hippocampus is larger in females than it is in males.

Question 34

Your friend wonders why girls always seem to do better than boys in classes like English where reading and writing are important.You tell him that,according to your textbook,one possible explanation for girls' verbal superiority over boys is that

A)the right hemisphere in the brain may mature more rapidly in girls than in boys.
B)because reading is often stereotyped as an activity for girls,girls may make more effort to master verbal skills like reading.
C)girls' mathematical superiority gives them self-confidence that carries over to verbal skills.
D)a dominant gene on the X chromosome may promote verbal ability.

Question 35

One explanation proposed in your textbook for why girls no longer have lower math scores in high school and college is

A)there have been efforts to encourage girls to pursue mathematics generally and to take more math courses specifically.
B)girls are likely to take easier math courses than boys.
C)boys have lost confidence in their math skills.
D)the left hemisphere of the brain matures more rapidly in girls than in boys.

Question 36

The tilted waterline question is meant to test ________________;____________ tend to be more accurate.

A)spatial ability;girls
B)spatial ability;boys
C)verbal ability;boys
D)verbal ability;girls

Question 37

According to Maccoby and Jacklin (1974),which of the following is an established gender difference?

A)Girls are more social than boys.
B)Boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
C)Girls have less achievement motivation than boys.
D)Boys are more aggressive than girls.

Question 38

In a "Battle of the Sexes" to be held at their high school,the boys are allowed to choose one task and the girls are allowed to choose another.Which task should the boys choose to make it most likely that they will win?

A)a math problem
B)a spatial task
C)a spelling task
D)a scrambled word task

Question 39

Boys typically

A)have better fine-motor coordination than girls.
B)are healthier than girls.
C)are weaker than girls.
D)are more active than girls.

Question 40

Most developmentalists today believe that gender differences are ________ Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) suggested.

A)significantly less extensive than
B)slightly less extensive than
C)as extensive as
D)more extensive than

Question 41

Ellie,a girl,is likely to be ________ than Eddie,a boy.

A)more emotionally sensitive
B)less easily influenced by others
C)more aggressive
D)less empathic

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Young girls are more likely than young boys to comply with an adult's request.
B)Boys and men are influenced more than girls and women by persuasive messages.
C)Boys and men are influenced more than girls and women by peer pressure.
D)Males tend to value group harmony more than females.

Question 43

Females may be more easily influenced by others than males are,because females value ________ more than males do.

A)independence
B)aggression
C)perfection
D)group harmony

Question 44

Joe's aggressive behaviour is

A)most likely to be directed toward,Alicia,a girl.
B)most likely to be directed toward Adam,a boy.
C)equally likely to be directed toward either Alicia or Adam.
D)most likely to be directed toward Spot,a member of a nonhuman species.

Question 45

One way in which experience contributes to gender differences in aggression is that

A)the media portrays many aggressive males who are rewarded for their behaviour.
B)parents are more likely to use physical punishment with daughters than with sons.
C)parents are less tolerant of aggressive behaviour in sons than in daughters.
D)males are stronger than females.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about effortful control?

A)Girls are more likely to fidget than boys.
B)Boys are more skilled at effortful control.
C)The average girl is more likely than the average boy to be biologically programmed to have better self-control.
D)The environment has no impact on effortful control.

Question 47

Dr.Root finds that males on average are slightly higher than females on Trait A.What is this most likely to mean?

A)The boy with the lowest level of Trait A will be higher in Trait A than the girl with the highest level of Trait A.
B)The girl with the lowest level of Trait A will be higher in Trait A than the boy with the highest level of Trait A.
C)There will be many more boys than girls with very low levels of Trait A.
D)There will be many more boys than girls with very high levels of Trait A.

Question 48

The prevailing view among developmental psychologists is that gender differences in emotional sensitivity are

A)primarily due to experience.
B)primarily due to biological differences.
C)reflect both nature and nurture.
D)nonexistent.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about gender differences is most accurate?

A)Girls and boys are different in more ways than they are similar.
B)Girls and boys are similar in more ways than they are different.
C)Most gender differences are relatively large.
D)Small differences in group averages mean there is little overlap between girls and boys.

Question 50

Relational aggression

A)is more common in girls than in boys.
B)is more common in boys than in girls.
C)is equally common in boys and girls.
D)is more common in boys at a younger age but in girls at an older age.

Question 51

If Deanna is a girl and Jerrill is a boy,which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?

A)Jerrill understands emotions better than Deanna.
B)Deanna is more aggressive than Jerrill.
C)Deanna is more active than Jerrill.
D)Deanna has better verbal ability than Jerrill.

Question 52

Your roommate remarks,"Girls seem to be so much better than boys at expressing emotions and understanding how other people feel." You reply,"Yes,research shows that girls are more emotionally sensitive than boys,

A)due in part to parents being more 'feeling-oriented' with daughters than with sons."
B)even though parents are more likely to talk about emotions with sons than with daughters."
C)and parents usually end up spending more time emphasizing the importance of considering others' feelings with sons than with daughters."
D)primarily because of hormonal differences between males and females."

Question 53

Research suggests that boys ________ than girls.

A)are healthier
B)have better verbal ability
C)have better spatial ability
D)are more easily influenced by others

Question 54

Aggressive behaviour has been linked to

A)gender constancy.
B)estrogens.
C)androgyny.
D)androgens.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about gender differences is TRUE?

A)Depression is more common in adolescent girls than in boys.
B)Males are more easily influenced by others than females.
C)Boys get better grades in math.
D)Boys are healthier than girls.

Question 56

Jeff and Julie are working together on a group project for class.If they are typical for their genders,when they disagree on how to do the project,

A)Julie is more likely to give in and do it Jeff's way,for the sake of group harmony.
B)Julie is more likely to give in and do it Jeff's way,because she is less likely to see the flaws.
C)Jeff is more likely to give in and do it Julie's way,because he wants her to like him.
D)they both are likely to go to the teacher and ask for help with the project.

Question 57

Greater aggression in males

A)is apparent only in laboratory settings and not in naturalistic settings.
B)is found in many nonhuman species.
C)is found only in North America.
D)does not seem to have a biological basis.

Question 58

For most traits,

A)gender differences are quite large.
B)the distributions of the traits for males and females do not overlap.
C)gender differences are small for group averages but are quite substantial for people at the ends of the distributions.
D)gender differences occur for most traits.

Question 59

Androgens have been found to be related to gender differences in

A)emotional sensitivity.
B)social influence.
C)verbal ability.
D)aggression.

Question 60

For the traits in which gender differences were reported in your text,

A)either all boys were higher than all girls on the trait or all girls were higher than all boys on the trait.
B)average differences between boys and girls were quite large,but the differences at the extremes of the distributions were insignificant.
C)there was substantial overlap between girls' and boys' abilities.
D)the average score for boys was the same as the average score for girls.

Question 61

If Lacey's parents are typical in how they socialize their children,Lacey is MOST likely to say,

A)"My dad pushes my brother to try new things even if he's scared,but he doesn't expect me to."
B)"My mom wants my brother to act like a boy and me to act like a girl,but my dad just wants us to be ourselves."
C)"My parents encourage my brother to do 'girl' activities and me to do 'boy' activities,because they don't want us to feel restricted by gender stereotypes."
D)"My parents treat me exactly the same as they treat my brother."

Question 62

Which of the following is correct of boys' and girls' play?

A)Boys' play is rougher and more competitive than girls' play.
B)Girls tend to be more dominating in their interactions.
C)In boys' interactions,actions and remarks tend to support others and to sustain the interaction.
D)In girls' interactions,one partner typically tries to emerge as the victor.

Question 63

Teachers tend to

A)value assertive behaviour in both boys and girls.
B)praise boys more than girls for their schoolwork.
C)scold girls more than boys for disruptive classroom behaviour.
D)give more overall attention to girls.

Question 64

Connie believes that children learn gender roles by watching other people and by being rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviour.Connie's beliefs fit most closely with those of ________ theorists.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)social cognitive

Question 65

Boys' interactions with each other tend to be

A)expressive.
B)stereotyped.
C)constricting.
D)enabling.

Question 66

Samantha,a three-year-old girl,is likely to

A)prefer playing with gender appropriate toys.
B)know the rules of gender appropriate toys but not yet show a preference for gender appropriate toys.
C)not yet know what toys are considered gender appropriate.
D)be accepting of other children who engage in cross-gender play.

Question 67

Matthew,a preschooler,sees a boy playing with dolls.Matthew is likely to

A)also want to play with dolls.
B)not yet understand that the boy is engaged in cross-gender play.
C)tease the boy for playing with dolls.
D)be accepting of the boy even though he knows that he is playing with a girls' toy.

Question 68

According to social cognitive theorists,children learn gender roles

A)through observation.
B)by understanding gender constancy.
C)by paying more attention to gender-appropriate experiences and events.
D)through prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

Question 69

Parents typically

A)treat sons and daughters similarly in all ways.
B)show more warmth to daughters than to sons.
C)encourage sons' achievement but discourage daughters' achievement.
D)treat sons and daughters similarly except in areas related to gender roles.

Question 70

Mrs.Peterson,a typical third grade teacher,is likely to

A)be more influential than parents on her students.
B)encourage behaviours that are considered masculine for both boys and girls.
C)spend more time interacting with boys than with girls.
D)spend more time interacting with girls than with boys.

Question 71

Fathers are more likely than mothers to treat sons and daughters

A)differently.
B)equally.
C)warmly.
D)according to their individual needs.

Question 72

At about ________ years of age,children start to prefer playing with same-sex peers.

A)2 to 3
B)4 to 5
C)7 to 8
D)10 to 12

Question 73

Girls' play tends to be more ________ than that of boys.

A)competitive
B)supportive
C)dominating
D)rough

Question 74

Preschool children prefer to play with same-sex peers

A)only when they have been discouraged from playing with opposite-sex peers.
B)but will readily comply when parents encourage them to play with opposite-sex peers.
C)spontaneously,without adult pressure.
D)except when they are engaged in gender-neutral activities such as playing tag.

Question 75

Children

A)are very accepting of cross-gender play.
B)choose same-sex playmates because they are pressured to do so by adults.
C)resist parents' efforts to get them to play with members of the opposite sex.
D)show reluctance to play with members of the opposite sex only in gender-typed play.

Question 76

Interactions characterized by actions and remarks that support others and sustain the interaction are considered

A)constricting.
B)enabling.
C)instrumental.
D)expressive.

Question 77

Which pair of children is most likely to have enabling interactions with each other?

A)Sam and John,two boys
B)Drew and Jenny,a boy and a girl
C)Kelsey and Caitlin,two girls
D)Sam and John,Drew and Jenny,and Kelsey and Caitlin are equally likely to have enabling interactions.

Question 78

Fathers and mothers differ in the socialization of gender in their children because

A)mothers are more likely to encourage gender-related play.
B)mothers are more likely to treat their children in gender-typed ways.
C)fathers are more likely to respond to the individual needs of each child.
D)fathers are more likely to push their sons and accept dependence in their daughters.

Question 79

Girls tend to have ________ interactions with each other.

A)instrumental
B)stereotyped
C)constricting
D)enabling

Question 80

When Adam interacts with other boys,he often exaggerates,contradicts,and threatens the other boys.Adam's interactions would be characterized as

A)enabling.
B)expressive.
C)stereotyped.
D)constricting.