Deck 14: Culture and Social Behavior

Question 1

_____ is defined as yielding to social pressure in one's public behavior even though one's private beliefs may not have changed.

A)Authority
B)Compliance
C)Timidity
D)Passivity

Answer 1

Compliance

Question 2

_____ is a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands,usually from someone in a position of authority.

A)Compromise
B)Obedience
C)Conformity
D)Accommodation

Answer 2

Obedience

Question 3

_____ specify the cause of behavior within a person.

A)Internal attributions
B)Implicit prejudices
C)Ingroup derogations
D)Internal reliabilities

Answer 3

Internal attributions

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of external attributions?

A)They locate the cause of behavior outside a person,such as nature or acts of God.
B)They are also known as dispositional attributions.
C)They are movements of the body,usually the hands,that are generally reflective of thoughts or feelings.
D)They refer to prejudicial attitudes that are unspoken and perhaps even outside conscious awareness.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of attractiveness ratings based on the recent research conducted on North Americans?

A)Attractiveness ratings are positively correlated with modesty.
B)Attractiveness ratings are negatively correlated with adjustment.
C)There is no correlation between attractiveness ratings and dominance.
D)Attractiveness ratings are strongly correlated with intellectual competence.

Question 6

_____ refers to the process of forming impressions of others.This includes judgments of appearance,attractiveness,personality traits,and even recognizing others.

A)Factual recognition
B)Group perception
C)Person perception
D)Secondary recognition

Question 7

_____ refers to a tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one's own behaviors using external attributions.

A)Practical attribution error
B)Fundamental attribution error
C)Auxiliary attribution error
D)Ancillary attribution error

Question 8

In their study,Simmons,vom Kolke,and Shimizu (1986)found that romantic love was valued more in the United States and Germany than in Japan.In this context,which of the following statements is true?

A)Love is not an essential factor in reinforcing relationship between marriage partners.
B)Platonic love is more valued in Japan than in the United States.
C)Romantic love is valued in cultures with few strong,extended family ties.
D)Romantic love is valued in cultures that value materialism and platonic love.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of the Asch experiments on conformity reviewing participants' response to a simple judgment task?

A)Compliance resulted from subtle,implied pressure.
B)Compliance resulted from requests and commands.
C)Group uniformity was not a factor for compliance.
D)Group size was not a factor for compliance.

Question 10

Which of the following is a major area of conflict in intercultural marriages?

A)Expression of love and intimacy
B)Knowing a new language
C)Commitment toward relationship
D)Being exposed to new rituals of marriage

Question 11

Identify a research outcome of studies on conformity in terms of cultural differences.

A)Conformity was greater when the majority consisted of outgroup members of collectivistic countries.
B)Conformity was lower in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries.
C)Conformity was higher in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries.
D)Conformity was lower when the majority consisted of outgroup members of individualistic countries.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes self-serving bias?

A)It refers to the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.
B)It refers to the tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality.
C)It refers to bias toward inferences about a person's disposition even in the presence of very obvious situational constraints.
D)It refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.

Question 13

In the context of person perception,adults with baby-face features tend to be judged as warm,kind,naive,and submissive;adults with more mature facial features tend to be judged as strong,worldly,and dominant.

Question 14

_____ refers to people's ability to work together toward common goals.

A)Cooperation
B)Encumbering
C)Assimilation
D)Dislodging

Question 15

In the context of child rearing in intercultural marriages,children tend to develop strong or weak ethnic identities based on their parents' similarities or differences more than on their upbringing with regard to attitudes,values,and behaviors regarding their single or dual cultures.

Question 16

Which of the following best defines conformity?

A)It refers to blindly following a religious belief.
B)It refers to yielding to real or imagined social pressure.
C)It refers to the fear of unknown things.
D)It refers to the state of lacking initiative.

Question 17

In the context of mate selection,attracting someone who is already in a romantic relationship with someone else is called:

A)mate searching.
B)mate mediation.
C)mate poaching.
D)mate classification.

Question 18

_____ are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors,their own as well as others.

A)Attributions
B)Assumptions
C)Estimations
D)Propositions

Question 19

In the context of mate selection,Buss (1989)concluded that females value cues related to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males do,whereas males value _____ more highly than do females.

A)loyalty
B)reproductive capacity
C)social position
D)intelligence

Question 20

_____ is an institutionalized relationship that publicly recognizes the long-term commitment that two people make to each other.

A)Live-in relationship
B)Marriage
C)Friendship
D)Extramarital affair

Question 21

Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with _____,which is the belief that others are less human.

A)discriminatory stereotyping
B)rehumanization
C)infrahumanization
D)malignant typecasting

Question 22

Although prejudice can be either positive or negative in content,-isms,which are the prejudices that are held by one group of people about another are usually negative and derogatory.

Question 23

_____ refers to the degree to which individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own clan.

A)Ingroup derogation
B)Outgroup derogation
C)Ingroup distraction
D)Outgroup distraction

Question 24

_____ include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy,familiarity,and trust.

A)Ingroups
B)Outgroups
C)Outcastes
D)Intruders

Question 25

Which of the following statements best describes stereotypes?

A)These are generalized images that we have about groups of people,particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits.
B)These refer to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions.
C)These refer to aspects of life that appear to differ across cultures.
D)These are specialized images that we have about groups of people,particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits.

Question 26

_____ refers to the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership.

A)Discrimination
B)Stereotype
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Altruism

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of the findings of the study conducted by Allik and Realo (2004)on the relationship between individualism and social capital in United States and 42 cultures around the world?

A)Individualistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
B)Collectivistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
C)Individualistic nations did not trust people belonging to other nations.
D)Collectivistic nations trusted people belonging to other nations.

Question 28

_____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.

A)Conservatism
B)Relativism
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Ableism

Question 29

_____ is the fear that an ingroup member's behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one's group.

A)Collective threat
B)Individual threat
C)Panic
D)Anxiety

Question 30

The social biology and evolutionary factor for universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice suggests that sentiments about ethnicity and race are logical extensions of kinship sentiment-that is,the favoring of kin over nonkin.

Question 31

Which of the following best describes a concept?

A)It is a mental category we use to classify events,objects,situations,behaviors,and people with respect to what we perceive as common properties.
B)It is a context dependent perceptual process that focuses on the relationships between objects and their contexts.
C)It is a term denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge.
D)It is an apparent perception of something that is tactile in nature.

Question 32

_____ refers to prejudicial attitudes,values,or beliefs that are unspoken and perhaps even outside of conscious awareness,whereas _____ refers to prejudice that is verbalized and thus made public.

A)Implicit prejudice;explicit prejudice
B)Explicit prejudice;implicit prejudice
C)Absolute prejudice;obvious prejudice
D)Perspicuous prejudice;unspoken prejudice

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the studies conducted by Yamagishi and his colleagues on cooperation?

A)Cultural differences in cooperation exist because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist.
B)Cooperation is not based on human cognitive abilities,rather it is based on personal interests.
C)Punishment is not an important source or reason for cooperation.
D)People behave in different ways when put in the same situation.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes?

A)Stereotypes based on some degree of factual observation are called sociotypes.
B)Stereotypes cannot be perpetuated without direct observation of the behaviors of others.
C)People cannot have stereotypes about their own group.
D)Positive stereotypes are relatively easy to develop due to cultural factors.

Question 35

The proposition that connection between groups is especially effective in reducing prejudice is called _____.

A)cultural fit hypothesis
B)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C)contact hypothesis
D)social orientation hypothesis

Question 36

Stereotypes about one's own group are called _____,whereas stereotypes about other groups are called _____.

A)autostereotypes;heterostereotypes
B)heterostereotypes;autostereotypes
C)sociotypes;autostereotypes
D)heterostereotypes;sociotypes

Question 37

_____ refers to the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership.

A)Prejudice
B)Ableism
C)Priming
D)Altruism

Question 38

In their 2004 study,Allik and Realo broadly defined _____ as interpersonal trust,civic engagement,and time spent with friends.

A)social wealth
B)social capital
C)social unity
D)social justice

Question 39

_____ refers to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions.

A)Group entitativity
B)Group personification
C)Collective personification
D)Collective enactment

Question 40

In terms of contact hypothesis as proposed by Allport (1954),one of the conditions to optimize the effects of contact between groups is:

A)a difference in status between the groups in a given situation.
B)a difference in goals or objectives for each group.
C)support from authorities,law,or custom.
D)competition between the groups.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of racial microaggressions?

A)It refers to brief and commonplace daily verbal,behavioral,and environmental indignities toward a target person or a group.
B)It refers to taking revenge for wrongdoing to one's clan.
C)This results in a friendly environment.
D)This is the least important form of aggression prevalent today.

Question 42

The proposition that immigrants and sojourners with characteristics that match their host cultures will adjust better than those with less match is called _____.

A)cultural fit hypothesis
B)contact hypothesis
C)social orientation hypothesis
D)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 43

_____ is any act or behavior that intentionally hurts another person,either physically or psychologically.

A)Aggression
B)Discrimination
C)Confrontation
D)Domination

Question 44

_____ is discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group,society,organization,or institution.

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Institutional stereotype
C)Personal discrimination
D)Personal stereotype

Question 45

In the context of acculturation,which of the following is a difference between assimilators and integrators?

A)Assimilators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally integrate to the host culture,whereas integrators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture.
B)Assimilators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture,while integrators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally integrate to the host culture.
C)Assimilators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture,whereas assimilators are individuals who neither want to maintain their home culture nor the host culture.
D)Assimilators are individuals who neither want to maintain their home culture nor the host culture,whereas integrators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally assimilate to the host culture.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of cultural fit hypothesis?

A)Individuals with better fits have better adjustment.
B)Individuals with worse fits are less stressed.
C)Individuals with better fits are more anxious.
D)Individuals with worse fits have better adjustment.

Question 47

Which of the following best defines acculturation?

A)It is the process by which people adapt to and adopt a different cultural system.
B)It is the process of expressing one's opinion about one's culture.
C)It refers to the generalized image people have about a particular group.
D)It refers to interaction between individuals belonging to the same culture.

Question 48

_____ refers to how people adapt or change their behaviors or ways of thinking in a new cultural environment,whereas _____ refers to how people feel as they are making those changes.

A)Intercultural adaptation;intercultural adjustment
B)Intercultural adjustment;intercultural adaptation
C)Intracultural adjustment;intracultural adaptation
D)Intracultural adaptation;intracultural adjustment

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of cultures of honor?

A)In cultures of honor,norms place a greater emphasis on status and reputation.
B)In these cultures,insults and threats do not lead to violence and aggression.
C)In cultures of honor,sexual infidelity does not threaten one's honor.
D)In these cultures,there are very few instances of domestic violence.

Question 50

Identify a true statement about aggression.

A)Climate does not have an influence on aggression and conflict.
B)Culture plays an important role in contributing to aggression.
C)Most lethal aggression events are perpetuated by groups rather than individuals.
D)Culture does not facilitate racial microaggressions.