Deck 4: Culture and Developmental Processes

Question 1

_____ is an intense,irregular,withdrawing style,generally marked by negative moods.

A) Moderate temperament
B) Medium temperament
C) Slow-to-warm-up temperament
D) Difficult temperament

Answer 1

Difficult temperament

Question 2

DeVries's research in Kenya (1984,1989)on the goodness of fit between a Masai infant's temperament and his or her environment concluded that a particular type of temperament may be adaptive in one culture and maladaptive in another.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the context of cross-cultural studies on temperament,which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Freedman (1974)?

A) The European American babies were more placid than the Chinese American babies.
B) The Chinese American babies were calmer than the European American babies.
C) The African American babies were calmer than the Chinese American babies.
D) The Chinese American babies were less placid than the African American babies.

Answer 3

The Chinese American babies were calmer than the European American babies.

Question 4

_____ refers to the special bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregivers and provides the infant with emotional security.

A)Assimilation
B)Attachment
C)Animism
D)Accommodation

Question 5

Cross-cultural studies on the temperament of newborns show that very early on in life,temperamental differences are evident across cultures.

Question 6

According to Ainsworth,a major determinant of attachment security is having a caregiver who is sensitive and responsive to a child's needs.

Question 7

In the context of differences in infant temperaments across cultures,parents in Western cultures value the harmony that is maintained through emotional restraint and emphasize and reinforce quiet behaviors.

Question 8

According to Thomas and Chess (1977),what are the three major categories of temperament?

A)Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up
B)Active,passive,and moderate
C)Complacent,irritable,and clingy
D)Secure,ambivalent,and avoidant

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of Bowlby's (1969)evolutionary theory of attachment?

A)Mothers of securely attached infants have been characterized as being insensitive and uninvolved.
B)Mothers of securely attached infants are suspected of being intrusive and overstimulating.
C)Infants explore their environment,regardless of the proximity to an attachment figure.
D)Infants have a preprogrammed,biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers.

Question 10

In the context of human development,developmental contextualism counters traditional views of development where either nature or nurture was emphasized to a greater degree than the other.

Question 11

Culture provides the meaning and consequences related to particular temperamental traits of children.

Question 12

According to Keller (2013),in the _____ cultural model,infants have a sense of security not based on a specific caregiver or relationship,but security within a network of community members.

A) psychological autonomy
B) hierarchical relatedness
C) hybrid
D) emotional dependence

Question 13

_____ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.

A)Aberration
B)Indisposition
C)Temperament
D)Centration

Question 14

Identify an accurate statement about the hierarchical relatedness cultural model developed by Keller (2013).

A)Infants are conceptualized as autonomous,unique individuals.
B)The caregivers use a more directive approach in raising their children.
C)The primary relationship for infants is not with the entire social community,but with one or few caregivers.
D)It emphasizes both unique attachment relationships with one caregiver and views the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment.

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of the Strange Situation method developed by Ainsworth to measure attachment?

A)It does not take into consideration the interaction between a stranger and an infant.
B)It focuses only on the separation of infants from their mothers.
C)It cuts out key cultural features that are necessary for interpreting attachment behaviors.
D)It observes parent-child interactions only in natural environments that were void of the cultural context.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the study conducted by Rothbaum and colleagues that contrasted U.S.caregivers' with Japanese caregivers' sensitive responsiveness?

A)In Japan,parents tend to wait for their child to express and communicate a need and then respond to that need.
B)Sensitive parenting in the United States allows a child to express his or her individual needs to the parent.
C)Parents in the United States tend to anticipate their child's needs instead of waiting for their child to communicate a need.
D)In Japan,intrusive parenting is considered inappropriate as it is common for infants to be separated from their mothers.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological autonomy cultural model developed by Keller (2013)?

A)Infants are part of a network of attachment relationships that are hierarchical.
B)It views social community as an integral part of the network of attachment.
C)Caregiving that promotes a strong bond between infants and caregivers is adaptive in nature.
D)Infants are conceptualized as individuals who are dependent on their social community.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to how well a child's temperament matches the expectations and values of the parents,environment,and culture?

A)Behavioral inhibition
B)Temperamental interaction
C)Ambivalent attachment
D)Goodness of fit

Question 19

Which of the following are the three attachment styles described by Ainsworth's (1967,1977)in her classification system of attachment relationships?

A)Insecure,ambiguous,and avoidant
B)Secure,ambivalent,and avoidant
C)Primary,secondary,and ambiguous
D)Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up

Question 20

_____ is an aspect of temperament where a child shows signs of wariness,discomfort,or distress when confronted with novel,challenging,or unfamiliar situations.

A) Behavioral inhibition
B) Hierarchical relatedness
C) Psychological autonomy
D) Avoidant attachment

Question 21

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984)?

A) Prefigurative,cofigurative,and postfigurative morality
B) Classical,operant,and linear morality
C) Authoritative,permissive,and submissive morality
D) Preconventional,conventional,and postconventional morality

Question 22

Cultures around the world universally share the conviction that abstract,hypothetical thought processes are the ultimate end point in the cognitive development process.

Question 23

According to Piaget,_____ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.

A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) acculturation
D) attachment

Question 24

A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 25

According to Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,centration is the tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem.

Question 26

Identify the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget (1952).

A)Forming,storming,norming,and performing
B)Sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations
C)Conservation,egocentrism,concrete operations,and informal operations
D)Ideation,conception,commitment,and validations

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

A) Children are unable to understand the other person's point of view.
B) Children develop the ability to think logically about abstract concepts,such as peace and freedom.
C) Instead of thinking a problem through,children tend to rely on trial-and-error strategies.
D) Children understand the world through their sensory perceptions and motor behaviors.

Question 28

According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?

A) They are based on the preferences of a specific person.
B) They are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.
C) They are changeable and apply to certain groups.
D) They are based on values,such as the safety of all humans.

Question 29

The _____ cultural model proposed by Keller (2013)emphasizes unique attachment relationships with one or few caregivers and,at the same time,views the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment.

A)hierarchical relatedness
B)hybrid
C)psychological autonomy
D)linear

Question 30

As with virtually all aspects of development,there are both similarities and differences across cultures concerning what is considered moral.

Question 31

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) The ages associated with each stage of development are the same across cultures.
B) The four stages do not always occur in the same order in every culture.
C) There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget's stages.
D) It assumes that the scientific reasoning associated with formal operations is not the universal end point of cognitive development.

Question 32

Piaget hypothesized that two primary mechanisms are responsible for movement from one stage of his cognitive development theory to the next.These two mechanisms are:

A) inspiration and motivation.
B) success and growth.
C) obligation and passion.
D) assimilation and accommodation.

Question 33

_____ is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time.

A)Cognitive development
B)Physical development
C)Motor development
D)Somatic development

Question 34

During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.

Question 35

Which of the following is a characteristic of Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development?

A) It involves moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.
B) It involves compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards.
C) It is based on the concepts related to religion,spirituality,and divinity.
D) It involves conformity to rules that are defined by others' approval or society's rules.

Question 36

According to Piaget (1952),the most important achievement of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is the capability to use mental symbols to represent objects and events.

Question 37

The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

A) preconventional;postconventional
B) preconventional;conventional
C) conventional;postconventional
D) postconventional;transgressional

Question 38

According to the study conducted by Turiel and his colleagues on whether children distinguish between moral and nonmoral issues,_____ rules apply to certain groups,are changeable,and are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.

A) centration
B) conventional
C) moral
D) personal

Question 39

In Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,_____ refers to the awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance.

A) concentration
B) centration
C) conservation
D) cohabitation

Question 40

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between the actual developmental level of a child versus the potential developmental level that the child is capable of with some assistance by more knowledgeable others.

Question 41

According to the three ethics approach to morality described by Jensen (2011),in the _____,moral understanding relies heavily on considering one's duties,obligations,and roles within the group.

A)ethic of diversity
B)ethic of divinity
C)ethic of justice
D)ethic of community

Question 42

According to the three ethics approach to morality (Jensen,2011),the _____ emphasizes the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning.

A)utility ethics
B)ethic of reciprocity
C)ethic of divinity
D)virtue ethics

Question 43

According to Jensen's three ethics approach to morality (2011),which of the following emphasizes individual rights and justice,in line with the type of moral reasoning highlighted in Kohlberg's theory?

A)The ethic of justice
B)The ethic of divinity
C)The ethic of autonomy
D)The ethic of diversity

Question 44

An underlying assumption of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience represents the lowest and most basic level of moral reasoning.

Question 45

According to Jensen,the concepts related to religion,spirituality,and divinity are least important to the moral belief systems in the majority of cultures around the world.

Question 46

According to Jensen (2008,2011),which of the following is true of the three ethics of morality?

A)The three ethics are based on that fact that cognitive development proceeds in a predictable,invariant sequence.
B)Jensen cites evidences that all three ethics show up in similar cultures around the world.
C)The three ethics differ from one another in their understanding of why something is wrong or right.
D)The ethic of autonomy is considered more morally advanced than the other two ethics.

Question 47

Identify a universal developmental pathway for children across cultures.

A)Children form attachment relationships to their caregivers and communities.
B)Children exhibit the same pattern of temperamental styles.
C)Children continue to think about the world in the same way as they get older.
D)Children do not view morality based on obligations to significant others.

Question 48

Cross-cultural studies suggest that Kohlberg's theory of moral development,as well as the methods for scoring moral stages according to verbal reasoning,may not recognize higher levels of morality as defined in some cultures.

Question 49

According to a study by Miller and Bersoff (1992),the American participants,both children and adults,considered not helping someone a moral transgression more than the Indian participants,regardless of the life-threatening nature of the situation or whether the person in need was related.

Question 50

Cross-cultural researchers have criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for:

A)harboring cultural biases.
B)basing his theory on Piaget's model of cognitive development.
C)restricting his studies to children.
D)misinterpreting certain cultural values.