Deck 3: Enculturation

Question 1

Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process-the subjective,underlying,psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?

A)Enculturation
B)Adaptation
C)Emancipation
D)Extrication

Answer 1

Enculturation

Question 2

Parental cultural belief systems are also known as:

A)parental ethnotheories.
B)parental psychoanalysis.
C)developmental parental constructs.
D)dominative parental constructs.

Answer 2

parental ethnotheories.

Question 3

Each culture has an understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning,but these competencies differ by culture and environment.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to Tomasello,Kruger,& Ratner (1993),the unique ability of humans to engage in shared intentionality allows them to engage in _____,which is learning not only from others but also through others.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)social learning
D)cultural learning

Question 5

LeVine (1977,1997)theorized that the caregiving environment in a child's development reflects a set of goals.Which of the following is the first goal in the order of importance?

A)Physical health and survival
B)Promotion of behaviors
C)Cultural values and morals
D)Prestige and self-sufficiency

Question 6

Super and Harkness's notion of a developmental niche was one of the frameworks to understand the concept of _____.

A)behavioral inhibition
B)attribution
C)enculturation
D)biological predisposition

Question 7

In the context of expectation of competencies in children,despite similarities in the overall goals of development,cultures exhibit a tremendous degree of variability in its content.

Question 8

According to Kagitcibasi (1996b),traditional parents in Turkey believe that their children "grow up" rather than are "brought up."

Question 9

An important tenet of _____ is that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes,but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and influencing the people,groups,and institutions around them.

A)psychological systems theory
B)ecological systems theory
C)sociological systems theory
D)physiological systems theory

Question 10

By observing parenting and child development across different cultures,Whiting and Whiting's Six Cultures Study showed how a child's behavior and personality is:

A)affected by the child's microsystem but not the macrosystem.
B)linked to the variations in the natural environment but not the cultural environment.
C)intimately connected to characteristics of the broader ecology.
D)least influenced by women's work roles as major food providers.

Question 11

_____ are the first and most important agents of socialization and enculturation agents who help instill cultural mores and values in children.

A) Teachers
B) Parents
C) Peers
D) Siblings

Question 12

_____ is the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live.This process,which occurs over a long time,involves learning and mastering societal norms,attitudes,values,and belief systems.

A)Social striving
B)Socialization
C)Attribution
D)Adaptation

Question 13

The similarities and differences between the terms "socialization" and "enculturation" are related to the similarities and differences between the terms "society" and "culture."

Question 14

Which of the following is true of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development?

A)It classifies the linkages between a child's microsystems as the chronosystem.
B)It classifies a child's family,school,and peer group as the microsystem.
C)It considers the influence of time as the immediate surroundings of a child.
D)It considers children as passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes.

Question 15

Which of the following is an accurate statement in the context of enculturation and socialization?

A) Enculturation and socialization are totally unrelated concepts.
B) Socialization generally refers to the products of the enculturation process.
C) There is very little difference between the terms enculturation and socialization.
D) Enculturation generally refers to the actual process and mechanisms by which people learn the rules of socialization.

Question 16

A major finding of Whiting and Whiting's Six Cultures Study was that the work roles of _____ contributed to children's social behaviors.

A)peers
B)teachers
C)veterans
D)women

Question 17

According to Collins,Steinberg,Maccoby,Hetherington,& Bornstein (2000),parents are one of the most important _____.

A)enculturation watchdogs
B)psychological gatekeepers
C)socialization agents
D)manipulative guardians

Question 18

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development,which of the following is an example of a microsystem?

A)A parent's workplace
B)School
C)Religion
D)The influence of time

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of a developmental niche?

A)It is a useful framework to understand socialization but not enculturation.
B)It focuses on the development of parents rather than their children.
C)It focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child's immediate microsystems.
D)It includes five major components that influence a developing child.

Question 20

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development,_____ is an example of a macrosystem.

A)family
B)school
C)society
D)peer group

Question 21

In the context of cross-cultural research,which of the following is true of parenting behaviors across various cultures?

A)Parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by culture.
B)In Western industrialized societies,it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without permission.
C)Despite differences in the overall goals of development,each culture has the same understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning.
D)Parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture.

Question 22

According to Mead (1978),in _____,adults continue to socialize their children,but peers play a greater role in socializing each other.

A)prefigurative cultures
B)figurative cultures
C)cofigurative cultures
D)postfigurative cultures

Question 23

Mead (1978)describes prefigurative cultures as a culture that is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults.

Question 24

Which of the following parenting styles was identified by Maccoby and Martin (1983)?

A)Permissive
B)Uninvolved
C)Involved
D)Submissive

Question 25

As identified by Baumrind (1971)in his three general patterns of parenting,_____ allow children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines.

A)authoritarian parents
B)authoritative parents
C)uninvolved parents
D)permissive parents

Question 26

According to Fuligni & Stevenson (1995),which of the following is true of children's exposure to their peer groups in different cultures?

A)Both Japanese and Taiwanese teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with American teenagers.
B)Both Taiwanese and American teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Japanese teenagers.
C)Japanese teenagers spend less time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Taiwanese teenagers.
D)American teenagers spend more time per week with their peers outside of school compared with Japanese teenagers.

Question 27

Which of the following parenting styles was identified by Baumrind (1971)?

A)Authoritarian
B)Uninvolved
C)Involved
D)Submissive

Question 28

Which of the following is one of the three criteria to define bullying as outlined by Olweus (1993)?

A)Cultural frame switching
B)Hierarchical relatedness
C)Temperamental disposition
D)Intentional psychological harm

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people as described by Margaret Mead (1978)?

A)Prefigurative cultures
B)Transfigurative cultures
C)Postfigurative cultures
D)Cofigurative cultures

Question 30

Which of the following is one of the five domains emphasized by Grusec & Davidov (2010)in their domain-specific approach to understanding parent-child socialization?

A)Power
B)Prestige
C)Achievement
D)Protection

Question 31

Which of the following is true of Baumrind's parenting styles (1971)?

A)They considered the aspect of training in child rearing.
B)They captured aspects of parenting from all cultures across the world.
C)They were originally based on observations of a European American sample.
D)They were based on three key dimensions-values,self-sufficiency,and survival instinct.

Question 32

According to the study conducted by Smith and his colleagues,girls and boys defined bullying in very similar ways.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of multigenerational families?

A)Multigenerational families include aunts,uncles,and cousins along with parents and children.
B)Multigenerational families include cousins in addition to both parents and children.
C)Multigenerational families tend to have the same composition across cultures.
D)Multigenerational families include grandparents in addition to both parents and children.

Question 34

According to Margaret Mead's description of three types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people,which of the following is true of postfigurative cultures?

A)Young people play a greater role in socializing each other.
B)Socialization occurs primarily by elders transferring their knowledge to their children.
C)Adults need to look to younger people for advice and information.
D)The culture changes so rapidly that peers play a greater role in socializing each other.

Question 35

As described by Baumrind (1971),authoritarian parents are often too absorbed in their own lives to respond appropriately to their children and may seem indifferent to them.

Question 36

According to a study conducted by Harkness and Super (2006),which of the following statements about parental ethnotheories is accurate?

A)American parents hold an ethnotheory about the importance of spending special time with their children.
B)Dutch parents hold an ethnotheory about the importance of spending special time with their children.
C)French parents hold an ethnotheory of spending family time with their children.
D)American parents hold an ethnotheory of spending family time with their children.

Question 37

According to Grusec & Davidov (2010),a(n)_____ focuses on parenting behaviors rather than general styles to better understand the socialization process.

A)independent approach
B)domain-specific approach
C)uninvolved parenting style
D)global parenting style

Question 38

According to Baumrind (1971),_____ expect unquestioned obedience and view the child as needing to be controlled.

A)authoritarian parents
B)authoritative parents
C)permissive parents
D)submissive parents

Question 39

Olweus's research in the 1980s led an antibullying movement in countries around the world to acknowledge peer bullying as a serious problem in schools and develop interventions to combat bullying.

Question 40

In the context of sleeping arrangements,which of the following is true of co-sleeping?

A)Sleep experts universally consider co-sleeping an unhealthy dependence on parents.
B)Most Americans co-sleep with their babies to make them feel more secure.
C)In Chinese culture,it is common for children to co-sleep in the same room as their parents.
D)In Japanese culture,co-sleeping with babies is completely shunned.

Question 41

In the context of teaching practices and school environment,Japanese and Chinese teachers spend a greater proportion of time working with the whole class than do American teachers.

Question 42

In the context of cultural differences in parenting beliefs about education,American parents tend to be more easily satisfied at lower levels of competence than either the Japanese or the Chinese.

Question 43

Which of the following is a finding of Chao's (1996)cross-cultural study on maternal beliefs regarding school success between Chinese and European American mothers of preschoolers?

A)European American mothers showed greater concern for building their children's social skills and self-esteem.
B)Chinese mothers were concerned about burnout if they pushed their child to excel academically.
C)Chinese mothers believed in a less directive approach in instruction.
D)European American mothers believed in the importance of direct intervention approaches to their children's schooling.

Question 44

Studies comparing American,German,Russian,and Japanese children's beliefs about school performance showed that American children had the lowest _____.

A)belief-ability correlations
B)belief-performance correlations
C)belief-esteem correlations
D)belief-power correlations

Question 45

Studies comparing American,German,Russian,and Japanese children's beliefs about school performance showed that German children had the highest levels of personal agency and control expectancy.

Question 46

Which of the following is an accurate statement about contemporary theories of child development?

A)They focus primarily on a developmental model that starts with the effects of genes,biology,and heredity on infant temperament.
B)They suggest that culture unidirectionally provides the structure and environment for parents to affect their children in culturally appropriate ways.
C)They assume a common understanding imposed by an outside culture,rather than attempting to discover cultural meanings held in common between parents and children.
D)They suggest that children's active processing of information results in the reproduction of culture and the production of new elements of culture.

Question 47

Early cross-cultural work in development focused primarily on the role of culture in "driving" parenting behaviors that resulted in changes in the infant and young child.

Question 48

In the context of teaching practices and school environment,during class,American teachers tend to:

A)focus on incorrect answers.
B)use praise to reward correct responses.
C)use incorrect answers as examples to lead into discussions.
D)emphasize finding ways to engage in group processes.

Question 49

Identify a true statement about the study conducted by Yan and Gaier (1994)on causal attributions for college success and failure in Asian and American college undergraduate and graduate students.

A)Asian students believed that effort was more important for success than lack of effort was for failure.
B)Asian students experienced lower levels of parental support.
C)American students attributed academic achievement more often to ability.
D)American students considered effort equally important for success or failure.

Question 50

According to Dweck (2008),children who believe that effort determines intelligence rather than ability tend to give up faster when faced with a difficult or challenging problem.