Deck 5: Culture, Self, and Identity

Question 1

Which of the following is a definition of self-concept?

A)The cognitive representations of who one is,that is,the ideas or images that one has about oneself,especially in relation to others,and how and why one behaves
B)People's attributions of control over their behaviors and relationships as internal or external to themselves
C)The tendency for individuals to underestimate the commonality of desirable traits and to overestimate their uniqueness
D)The perception that each culture has a modal personality type,and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it

Answer 1

The cognitive representations of who one is,that is,the ideas or images that one has about oneself,especially in relation to others,and how and why one behaves

Question 2

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b),individuals with an independent construal of the self:

A)depend primarily on whether they can fit in and be part of a relevant ongoing relationship.
B)are socialized to adjust themselves to an attendant relationship.
C)strive to meet or even create duties,obligations,and social responsibilities.
D)verify and confirm their personal,internal attributes in private through social comparison.

Answer 2

verify and confirm their personal,internal attributes in private through social comparison.

Question 3

According to the Twenty Statements Test conducted by Cousins (1989),the _____ respondents may have felt awkward providing self-descriptions because their self-definitions typically are not qualified by specific situations.

A)Japanese
B)Korean
C)American
D)European

Answer 3

American

Question 4

According to a meta-analysis conducted by Oyserman and colleagues (2002),European Americans were _____ than Japanese or Koreans.

A)not less collectivistic
B)less individualistic
C)more individualistic
D)less collectivistic

Question 5

Self is a psychological construct that people create in order to help themselves understand themselves and their world better.

Question 6

Oyserman and colleagues (2002)conducted a meta-analysis involving 83 studies in which they demonstrated that European Americans were _____ than African Americans.

A)less collectivistic
B)more individualistic
C)not less collectivistic
D)not more individualistic

Question 7

In the context of independent construal of self in the United States as described by Markus and Kitayama (1991b),which of the following is an accurate statement?

A)People believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.
B)People routinely credit their success to a group to which they belong.
C)People strongly believe in the fundamental connectedness of human beings.
D)People prefer socializing by occupying and playing their assigned roles.

Question 8

Kleinknecht and colleagues (Kleinknecht,Dinnel,Kleinknecht,Hiruma,& Harada,1997)assessed American and Japanese students and found that:

A)the Americans were less interdependent than the Japanese.
B)the Americans were more interdependent than the Japanese.
C)there were no differences on interdependent self-construals.
D)there were cultural differences on independent self-construals.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the self?

A)Our sense of self plays a critical role in determining the thoughts,feelings,and actions of other people around us.
B)Our sense of self is at the core of our being,unconsciously and automatically influencing our thoughts,actions,and feelings.
C)Each individual carries and uses perceived external attributes to guide his or her thoughts and actions in different social situations.
D)Our sense of self does not include our relationships with other people,places,things,and events.

Question 10

Consistent with the theory of independent and interdependent selves,several other studies showed that American subjects tended to generate a(n)_____ of abstract traits than did Asians.

A)insubstantial number
B)equal number
C)lesser number
D)greater number

Question 11

Matsumoto et al.(1996)administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists.They reported that:

A)less than 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
B)over 70% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
C)over 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as collectivists.
D)less than 50% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.

Question 12

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b),with a(n)_____ construal of self,one's internal attributes such as abilities or personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information.

A)independent
B)dependent
C)composite
D)interdependent

Question 13

A sense of self is critically important to:

A)determining how the world views us.
B)organizing our thoughts,feelings,and actions.
C)guiding others' thoughts and actions in social situations.
D)preventing needs for affiliation and uniqueness.

Question 14

Markus and Kitayama contrasted the _____ construal of self as an independent,separate entity against a _____ construal of self more common in collectivistic cultures.

A)personal;composite
B)Western or individualistic;composite
C)Western or individualistic;generic
D)non-Western;generic

Question 15

Markus and Kitayama (1991b)explained that individuals with an interdependent construal of self:

A)strive to meet or even create duties,obligations,and social responsibilities.
B)focus on personal,internal attributes.
C)view the self as a bounded entity,clearly separated from relevant others.
D)verify and confirm their personality traits in private through social comparison.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of interdependent construal of self as described by Markus and Kitayama (1991b)?

A)The self is a bounded entity.
B)The self is clearly separated from relevant others.
C)The self is contingent on context.
D)The self isn't aware of its internal attributes.

Question 17

_____ refer to the discrete,observable,objective,and behavioral aspects of human activities in which people engage related to culture.

A)Self-enhancement behaviors
B)Cultural worldviews
C)Self-concepts
D)Cultural practices

Question 18

Cultural worldviews are belief systems about one's self and culture.

Question 19

In the context of the dynamic nature of the concept of self,which of the following statements is true?

A)Self-concepts are not specific to context.
B)Self-concepts are multifaceted.
C)Self-concepts assume that people have and embrace a single aspect of oneself.
D)Differences in self-concepts occur because different cultures have the same rules of living.

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the concept of self?

A)It does not help in addressing the needs for affiliation and uniqueness.
B)It explains the importance of understanding values as guiding principles within a specific culture.
C)It remains constant over time as the underlying perceptions of the self do not change.
D)It is completely unrelated to one's concepts of others.

Question 21

Which of the following is the outcome of the study conducted by Tafarodi and Swann (1996)that tested the "cultural trade-off" hypothesis?

A)Chinese were lower in ratings of self-competence.
B)Americans were lower in ratings of self-competence.
C)Chinese were lower in self-liking.
D)Americans were higher in self-liking.

Question 22

Which of the following is true of the terror management theory?

A)Humans believe that death is evitable and can be avoided.
B)Humans avoid drawing meaning from life as they believe death in inevitable.
C)Cultural worldviews are fabricated and given meaning by people's mind.
D)Cultural worldviews are homogenous across cultures.

Question 23

According to Hermans & Kempen (1998),the notion that cultures are associated with a single sense of self,or even primarily with one sense of self,is not commensurate with the literature.

Question 24

According to the Twenty Statements Test conducted by Cousins (1989),Japanese respondents:

A)felt awkward providing self-descriptions.
B)tended to qualify their descriptions.
C)generated a greater number of abstract internal attributes than did the Americans.
D)were less individualistic than Americans when the context was specified.

Question 25

_____ are ideological belief systems about the world.

A)Attributes
B)Manifestos
C)Cultural worldviews
D)Worldly stereotypes

Question 26

According to the terror management theory,one of the goals of cultural worldviews that people create for themselves is to _____.

A)raise human existence above nature
B)strive to control every element of our environment
C)underestimate the commonality of desirable traits
D)refrain from drawing meaning from life

Question 27

Triandis suggested that individuals sampled the same self-construals regardless of the specific context in which they were.

Question 28

According to Sampson (1988),in _____,the boundary between self and others is less sharply drawn when compared with self-contained individualism.

A)interdependent self
B)abstract individualism
C)independent self
D)ensembled individualism

Question 29

The idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance,but they choose to do it in different ways is known as _____.

A)self-effacement
B)independent construal of self
C)tactical self-enhancement
D)cultural self-enhancement

Question 30

Wylie (1979)suggested that American adults consider themselves to be more intelligent and more attractive than average.This is an example of:

A)superiority complex.
B)inferiority complex.
C)false uniqueness effect.
D)false attribution effect.

Question 31

In the context of cultural differences in self-construals,which of the following findings of cross-cultural research is correct?

A)The cultural values of people of different cultures vary depending on the specific context in which they live.
B)A single self-construal exists in people of different cultures.
C)Different behaviors cannot be elicited in the same individuals if different self-construals are primed.
D)Individuals are unable to balance the need to belong with the need to be different.

Question 32

Self-effacement is a collection of psychological processes by which individuals maintain or enhance their self-esteem.

Question 33

The _____ suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities,we are aware of the fact that we will die eventually and are terrified of that inevitable death.

A)terror management theory
B)interdependent self-construal theory
C)inevitability theory
D)mortality theory

Question 34

Sampson (1988)referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as _____.

A)self-contained individualism
B)interdependent self
C)ensembled individualism
D)independent self

Question 35

Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _____ cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of _____ cultures.

A)collectivistic;individualistic
B)individualistic;collectivistic
C)ecocentric;sociocentric
D)sociocentric;ecocentric

Question 36

_____ refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations we make about ourselves.

A)Self-effacement
B)Self-esteem
C)Idealized self
D)Realistic self

Question 37

Which of the following refers to the tendency for individuals to underestimate the commonality of desirable traits and to overestimate their uniqueness?

A)The trait desirability tendency
B)The false attribution effect
C)The trait reversal effect
D)The false uniqueness effect

Question 38

_____ refers to the tendency to downplay one's virtue.

A)Self-effacement
B)Self-enhancement
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-concept

Question 39

_____ refers to the ways by which we bolster our self-esteem.

A)Self-effacement
B)Self-deprecation
C)Self-enhancement
D)Idealized self-appraisal

Question 40

Triandis (1989)proposed the existence of three types of selves:

A)the private,public,and collective self.
B)the collective vertical,familial,and societal self.
C)the relational vertical,group,and collective self.
D)the inner,outer,and idealized self.

Question 41

Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies.This is known as _____.

A)identity isolation
B)identity denial
C)self-confusion
D)group identity rejection

Question 42

_____ refer to our qualities of ourselves in relation to others.

A)Relational identities
B)Qualitative identities
C)Collective identities
D)Interpersonal identities

Question 43

In the context of culture and identity,which of the following is true of identity?

A)Identity is fluid and changes in different contexts.
B)Identity remains constant across cultures.
C)Identity is not constructed in relation to where one is.
D)Identity has only two forms-cultural and ethnic.

Question 44

If culture is defined as a psychological construct,the existence of multicultural identities suggests the existence of multiple psychocultural systems of representations in the minds of multicultural individuals.

Question 45

A form of identity characterized by the qualities and attributes that distinguish oneself from others is known as _____.

A)personal identity
B)relational identity
C)cultural identity
D)racial identity

Question 46

Cross-cultural findings on the applicability of terror management theory suggests that self-enhancement is a universal psychological process,and that individuals will universally work to bolster their self-esteem.

Question 47

Studies indicate that bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds and access one or the other depending on the context in which they are in.This is known as _____.

A)cultural frame switching
B)cultural exchange
C)culture shock
D)cultural worldview

Question 48

_____ is the amplified endorsement of home cultural values by bicultural individuals.

A)Bicultural ethnocentrism
B)Cultural reaffirmation effect
C)Better than average effect
D)Multicultural dynamism

Question 49

Creating a collective identity addresses our need for _____.

A)status
B)financial security
C)achievement
D)affiliation

Question 50

_____ refer to our recognition that we belong to social categories,such as occupation,religion,or culture.

A)Personal identities
B)Collective identities
C)Relational identities
D)Racial identities