Deck 9: Culture and Emotion

Question 1

The term _____ refers to the idea that the various response components-face,voice,physiology-are related to each other in a meaningful way.

A)emotional complexity
B)emotion response antecedent
C)emotion response system coherence
D)emotional stimulus response

Answer 1

emotion response system coherence

Question 2

Humans and nonhuman primates have completely different sets of emotions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to the original universality studies on facial expressions of emotion,_____ is one of the six basic emotions that are expressed universally by all humans.

A)shame
B)pride
C)contempt
D)fear

Answer 3

fear

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the universality studies conducted independently by Sylvan Tomkins (Tomkins & McCarter,1964),Paul Ekman,and Wallace Friesen (Ekman,1972)and Carroll Izard (1971)?

A)It provided the initial evidence for the universality of five emotions: envy,trust,acceptance,pride,and shame.
B)Six different types of methodologically sound studies were originally included in the universality study series.
C)It is a series of studies that demonstrated the pancultural universality of facial expressions of emotion.
D)It suggested that infants in the first year of life display relatively undifferentiated facial expressions of negative emotions.

Question 5

Infants in the first year of life display relatively undifferentiated facial expressions of negative emotions,which later transform into more differentiated,discrete expressions.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of emotions?

A)Emotions are quick and do not last for hours or days.
B)Humans in certain cultures have emotions,while in other cultures they don't.
C)Emotions communicate people's intentions to others,but not their states.
D)Emotions help people make slow decisions with maximal cognition.

Question 7

One important aspect of basic emotions is that they are universally expressed,but they are not universally recognized.

Question 8

Identify an accurate statement about basic emotions.

A)Basic emotions are triggered by a biologically innate system in human brains.
B)Guilt and pride are examples of basic emotions in humans.
C)Basic emotions are acquired by humans over a period of time.
D)Basic emotions are associated with cognitive representations of self and others as intentional agents.

Question 9

Feelings are a part of emotion,but not emotion itself.

Question 10

In humans,_____ are emotions that focus on the self and are associated with cognitive representations of self and others as intentional agents.

A)self-conscious emotions
B)self-enhancement emotions
C)self-oriented emotions
D)self-centered emotions

Question 11

Emotions are rapid information processing systems that evolved to help humans:

A)adapt to various cultural changes over a period of time.
B)act with minimal conscious thinking or deliberation.
C)respond gradually by taking well-thought actions.
D)react with higher cognitive functioning instead of instinct.

Question 12

Evidence for universality from the developmental literature shows that newborn infants have the same facial musculature that exists in adult humans.

Question 13

_____ are transient,biopsychosocial reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare,and that potentially require an immediate behavioral response.

A)Attitudes
B)Emotions
C)Attributions
D)Fallacies

Question 14

Studies of congenially blind individuals suggest that facial expressions of emotion are _____.

A)genetically encoded and not socially learned
B)socially learned and not genetically encoded
C)both socially learned and genetically encoded
D)neither socially learned nor genetically encoded

Question 15

According to the studies of nonhuman primates,facial displays in nonhuman primates described as grimaces are akin to the human emotions of _____.

A)fear and surprise
B)anger and pride
C)disgust and envy
D)sadness and pain

Question 16

According to Charles Darwin,which of the following statements is true of facial expressions of emotions?

A)Humans from different cultures express emotions in their faces differently.
B)Facial expressions of nonhuman primates differ from those of humans.
C)Facial expressions have communicative value,not adaptive value.
D)Facial expressions of emotion are biologically innate.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of self-conscious emotions?

A)They are also known as basic emotions.
B)They include emotions such as pride and shame.
C)They are triggered by a biologically innate system in our brains.
D)They are genetically coded and evolutionarily based.

Question 18

Which of the following is a basic emotion in humans?

A)Anger
B)Shame
C)Guilt
D)Pride

Question 19

_____ are the events or situations that elicit or trigger an emotion.

A)Emotion appraisals
B)Emotional contagions
C)Emotional complexities
D)Emotion antecedents

Question 20

_____ proposed that humans had evolved from other,more primitive animals,such as apes and chimpanzees,and that our behaviors exist today because they were naturally selected through a process of evolutionary adaptation.

A)Sylvan Tomkins
B)Charles Darwin
C)Paul Ekman
D)Richard Dawkins

Question 21

The core emotion system that produces basic emotions in humans is an inflexible system that is unable to adapt to different contexts and events.

Question 22

_____ refer to emotions that occur as a result of themes derived from social interdependence and relationships with others.

A)Socially disengaging emotions
B)Socially engaging emotions
C)Subjective emotions
D)Objective emotions

Question 23

The findings of Friesen's study of spontaneous expressions showed that universal,biologically innate emotional expressions can interact with culturally defined rules of display to produce appropriate emotional expressions.

Question 24

According to the cultural display rules,when a person expresses an emotion less than actually felt,it is referred to as _____.

A)conservation
B)neutralization
C)masking
D)deamplification

Question 25

_____ are culturally prescribed rules that govern how universal emotions can be expressed.

A)Standing rules
B)Cultural calibration rules
C)Interpretive rules
D)Cultural display rules

Question 26

In the context of cultural display rules,_____ refers to people showing an emotion but with another emotion to comment on it.

A) qualification
B) amplification
C) simulation
D) masking

Question 27

According to the cultural display rules,_____ refers to showing an emotion when a person really doesn't feel it.

A)neutralization
B)amplification
C)simulation
D)masking

Question 28

In the context of cross-cultural studies on emotion appraisal processes,the emotion of _____ is elicited by the universal underlying psychological theme of moral superiority.

A)happiness
B)sadness
C)fear
D)contempt

Question 29

According to the neurocultural theory of emotional expression,which of the following influences facial expressions of emotion in humans?

A)Globalization factors
B)Technological factors
C)Density-independent factors
D)Biologically innate factors

Question 30

_____ is defined as the process by which people evaluate the events,situations,or occurrences that lead to their having emotions.

A)Emotion appraisal
B)Emotion antecedent
C)Emotion response
D)Emotion judgment

Question 31

Which of the following is true of human cultures as meaning and information systems?

A)They regulate the type of expressive behaviors people should show depending on social situations.
B)They do not work on multiple levels effectively.
C)They facilitate the same values about emotions in spite of the cultural differences.
D)They give universal meanings to attitudes,values,beliefs,and concepts about emotion.

Question 32

Identify a true statement about cultural display rules in humans.

A)They are biologically based and genetically coded rules that dictate human behavior.
B)They refer to a system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
C)They dictate how the universal emotional expressions should be modified according to the social situation.
D)They refer to front-end cultural influences on the core emotion system.

Question 33

Which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Matsumoto,Kasri,& Kooken (1999)that compared American and Japanese ratings of how strongly expressions were displayed and how strongly the expresser was actually feeling the emotion?

A)Significant differences were found for the Japanese,who consistently rated external display more intensely than subjective experience.
B)The Japanese rated external display more intensely than did the Americans.
C)Within-culture analyses indicated no significant differences between the two ratings for the Japanese.
D)Americans rated internal experience more intensely than did the Japanese.

Question 34

According to the cross-cultural studies on emotion appraisal processes,which of the following universal underlying psychological themes is most likely to elicit the emotion of anger?

A)Loss of loved one or object
B)Goal obstruction
C)Contamination
D)Threat to physical or psychological well-being

Question 35

According to the neurocultural theory of emotional expression,facial expressions of emotion are under the dual influence of universal,biologically innate factors and culturally specific,learned display rules.

Question 36

In the context of cross-cultural studies on emotion appraisal processes,which of the following universal underlying psychological themes is most likely to elicit the emotion of disgust?

A)Loss of loved one or object
B)Goal obstruction
C)Contamination
D)Threat to physical or psychological well-being

Question 37

Cultural calibration of the biologically based emotion system refers to _____.

A)front-end cultural influences
B)back-end cultural influences
C)emotional appraisals
D)emotional antecedents

Question 38

_____ is the hypothesis that individuals can recognize emotions expressed by members of their own culture relatively better than of those from a different culture.

A)Outgroup advantage
B)Ingroup advantage
C)Outgroup disadvantage
D)Ingroup disadvantage

Question 39

In the scientific literature,emotion antecedents are also known as _____.

A)emotion appraisals
B)emotion elicitors
C)emotion responses
D)emotion judgments

Question 40

Which of the following is true of research conducted on cultural calibration of how emotional expressions are perceived by individuals?

A)There are insignificant cultural differences in absolute recognition of facial expressions.
B)Individualistic cultures are better at recognizing negative emotions than are collectivistic cultures.
C)Collectivism is associated with higher recognition rates for some facial expressions.
D)Collectivism is associated with greater intensity ratings for some facial expressions.

Question 41

All cultures have a word for emotion.

Question 42

The concept of emotion is the same across various cultures of the world.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the location of emotions in humans?

A)For the Japanese,emotions are located in the heart.
B)All cultures identify and locate emotions outside the body.
C)In the United States,emotions are associated with the gut or abdomen.
D)Cultures that locate emotions within the body differ in the exact location.

Question 44

Which of the following is a socially disengaging emotion?

A)Respect
B)Guilt
C)Shame
D)Frustration

Question 45

_____ is the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs.

A)Convergent thinking
B)Dialectical thinking
C)Design thinking
D)Causal thinking

Question 46

As identified by Shalom Schwartz,_____ refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people's independent pursuit of positive experiences.

A)intellectual autonomy
B)affective autonomy
C)measurement bias
D)procedural bias

Question 47

According to Levy (1973),_____ refers to relatively fewer amounts and forms of knowledge,awareness,and thought about something compared to the usual.

A)dialectical thinking
B)precognition
C)hypocognition
D)convergent thinking

Question 48

Which of the following terms was coined by Levy (1973)to refer to cultures that create many words to differentiate many different emotional states?

A)Precognition
B)Hypercognition
C)Hypocognition
D)Metacognition

Question 49

_____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations,and have developed beliefs,institutions,or rituals to avoid them.

A)Procedural bias
B)Ambivalent attachment
C)Avoidant attachment
D)Uncertainty avoidance

Question 50

The term _____ refers to the co-occurrence of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions.

A)emotional complexity
B)emotion response system coherence
C)bi-polar emotionality
D)emotion antecedent