Deck 7: Culture and Gender

Question 1

A common gender stereotype is that females are more aggressive than males.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The _____ states that sex differences in social behavior result from the division of labor between men and women with regard to homemaker or worker outside the home.

A)social cognitive theory
B)social role theory
C)gender schema theory
D)expectancy theory

Answer 2

social role theory

Question 3

Based on a study in which a block design task was given to males and females in 17 different cultures,Berry et al.(1992)suggested that:

A)male superiority on the task was found in cultures that were loose,nomadic,and based on hunting and gathering.
B)male superiority on the task tended to be found in cultures that were tight,that is,relatively homogeneous,sedentary,and agriculturally based.
C)female inferiority on the task was found in cultures that were loose,nomadic,and based on hunting and gathering.
D)female superiority on the task tended to be found in cultures that were tight,that is,relatively homogeneous,sedentary,and agriculturally based.

Answer 3

male superiority on the task tended to be found in cultures that were tight,that is,relatively homogeneous,sedentary,and agriculturally based.

Question 4

According to Hofstede (2001),which of the following is true of the difference between masculine and feminine cultures in terms of sexuality?

A)Cultures high on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged an active role for women in society.
B)Cultures low on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged a passive role for women in society.
C)Cultures low on masculinity tended to have double standards about sex.
D)Cultures high on masculinity tended to have moralistic attitudes about sex.

Question 5

The term _____ generally refers to the physical characteristics and differences between men and women.

A)sex
B)gender
C)sex role
D)gender role

Question 6

In the context of Berry's (1976)study on cognitive differences between males and females,_____ cultures may require a greater degree of conformity to traditional gender roles on the part of both males and females.

A)feminist
B)matriarchic
C)tight
D)loose

Question 7

Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture?

A)Gender stratification
B)Gender role
C)Gender identity
D)Gender stereotype

Question 8

Gender identity refers to the degree to which a person has awareness or recognition that he or she adopts a particular gender role.

Question 9

According to Hofstede (2001),_____ tended to be less traditional,emphasized the importance of religion in life less,and focused on fellow humans.

A)feminine cultures
B)masculine cultures
C)patriarchic cultures
D)theocratic cultures

Question 10

In the context of cognitive differences between males and females,Maccoby and Jacklin (1974)concluded in their review of the literature that females tend to do better on spatial tasks than do males.

Question 11

The psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with men and women is known as gender identity.

Question 12

According to the study conducted by Archer (2006)that examined physical aggression between partners in 52 countries,the magnitude of the sex difference in physical aggression in each of these countries was related to:

A)levels of gender stereotypes and collectivism.
B)genes.
C)hormones.
D)levels of gender empowerment and individualism.

Question 13

In the context of sex differences in development across cultures,Barry,Josephson,Lauer,and Marshall (1976)examined the degree to which cultures foster _____ in the socialization of children.

A)gender empowerment
B)submissive tendencies
C)aggressive tendencies
D)gender stereotype

Question 14

_____ typically includes the man's awareness that he has the potential to impregnate women and knows the necessary behaviors.

A)Masculine gender identity
B)Female sexual identity
C)Male sexual identity
D)Feminine gender identity

Question 15

_____ is used to describe the degree of awareness and recognition of sex and sex roles an individual may have.

A)Sexual identity
B)Gender identity
C)Sexual orientation
D)Gender role

Question 16

The term_____ is used to describe the behaviors that men and women may engage in that are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduction.

A)gender roles
B)sexual orientation
C)gender identity
D)sex roles

Question 17

In the context of biological correlates to aggression,increased testosterone levels in males have been associated with dominance hierarchies in some nonhuman primates,but the human analog is less clear.

Question 18

_____ suggest that males are aggressive and unemotional,with the exception of anger,and that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the principal wage earner.

A)Feminists
B)Traditional sex roles
C)Assimilationists
D)Traditional gender roles

Question 19

Which of the following terms refers to the behaviors that a culture deems appropriate for men and women?

A)Gender
B)Sex
C)Sexuality
D)Personality

Question 20

As men and women do not differ psychologically,most psychological researches today are conducted using men as participants.

Question 21

_____ refers to judgments about what gender roles in a particular culture ought to be.

A) Gender role socialization
B) Gender differentiation
C) Gender role ideology
D) Gender diversity

Question 22

As identified in a study by Georgas et al.(2006),which of the following are the three types of roles mothers and fathers played in families?

A)Expressive,financial,and childcare
B)Leader,educator,and controller
C)Counseling,assessing,and leading
D)Advocative,influential,and security

Question 23

According to the study conducted by Glick et al.(2004),_____ attitudes toward men were related with the degree of gender inequality in a country.

A)apathetic
B)moralistic
C)ambivalent
D)conservative

Question 24

One of the major findings of the study conducted by Williams and Best (1982)on "gender stereotypes" was that the characteristics associated with men were stronger and more active than those associated with women across all countries.

Question 25

In the context of jealousy and fidelity,identify an accurate statement.

A)Women appear to become jealous when they experience a loss of sexual exclusivity in their mates.
B)Men appear to become jealous when they experience a loss of emotional involvement in their mates.
C)Jealousy appears to be a universal reaction to the infidelity of one's mate.
D)Jealousy appears to be a culture-specific reaction to the infidelity of one's mate.

Question 26

_____ differences between men and women are probably the platform by which decisions concerning a division of labor were made in our evolutionary history.

A)Social
B)Cultural
C)Psychological
D)Biological

Question 27

The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)is controversial,but there are some apparent health benefits to the practice.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a personality trait in the five-factor model of personality?

A)Neuroticism
B)Extraversion
C)Conscientiousness
D)Introversion

Question 29

_____ is a procedure that involves partial or complete removal of female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-therapeutic reasons.

A)Female genital mutilation
B)Hymenoplasty
C)Vaginoplasty
D)Female genital piercing

Question 30

In the context of fidelity of a mate,men appear to become jealous with _____ and women appear to become jealous when they experience _____.

A)romantic infidelity;opportunistic infidelity
B)sexual infidelity;emotional infidelity
C)emotional infidelity;sexual infidelity
D)remembrance infidelity;obligatory infidelity

Question 31

According to Fagot,Leinbach,& Hagen (1986),by the age of _____,children begin to accurately label people by sex.

A)nine
B)three
C)seven
D)one

Question 32

According to the study conducted by Williams,Satterwhite,and Best (1999)on gender stereotypes in terms of the five factor model of personality,differences in gender stereotypes tended to be larger in countries that:

A)were conservative and hierarchical.
B)had a high level of socioeconomic development.
C)had less traditional sex-role orientations.
D)were radical and disordered.

Question 33

Which of the following is a model that suggests that biological differences between the sexes interact with the environment to produce culture-specific sex roles that are adaptations to the environment?

A)Biodiversity model
B)Biochemical model
C)Biophysical model
D)Biosocial model

Question 34

According to Inglehart (1998),homosexuality is generally more accepted in cultures that are industrialized,capitalistic,and affluent.

Question 35

Some researchers suggest that male aggression may be a compensatory mechanism to offset the conflict produced by a young male's identification with a care provider and his initiation into adulthood as a male.In this model,aggressiveness is viewed as "gender marking" behavior.

Question 36

All cultures foster differences between the sexes in one direction by considering males as primary decision makers and females as compliant and obedient.

Question 37

In terms of the definitions of sex and gender,a newborn has sex but no gender.

Question 38

In the context of cultural differences in attitudes and values about sex,a 37-country study by Buss (1989)reported that people from many non-Western countries:

A) valued chastity very highly in a potential mate.
B) attached little importance to prior sexual experience of a potential mate.
C) accepted homosexuality.
D) expressed sexuality in public.

Question 39

Several programs of research have shown that many gender-related stereotypes are universally held across cultures.

Question 40

Sandra Bem (1981),a prominent theorist on gender,argued that gender is one of the fundamental ways we organize information and understand experiences about the world.

Question 41

Much of the cultural changes that are brought by economics give rise to tensions between tradition and progress,conservatism and liberalism.

Question 42

Gender roles are different for males and females in all cultures.

Question 43

In a study,Williams and Best (1990)examined gender differences in self-concepts in 14 countries.When responses were scored according to masculinity/femininity,both self and ideal-self ratings for men were more masculine than were women's ratings,and vice versa,across all countries.

Question 44

Which of the following terms refers to a gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics?

A)Transgender
B)Machismo
C)Androgyny
D)Ambivalence

Question 45

_____ is a concept related to Mexican American gender role differentiation that is characterized by many traditional expectations of the male gender role,such as being unemotional,strong,authoritative,and aggressive.

A)Androgyny
B)Misogyny
C)Machiavellianism
D)Machismo

Question 46

Culture is not a static entity;it is dynamic and ever changing.

Question 47

Harris (1996)administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory,a scale that is widely used to measure gender identity,to African and European American males and females and found that:

A)European American males have an equal propensity to endorse typically masculine traits.
B)African American males regard more masculine traits as self-descriptive than African American females.
C)both African American males and females were more androgynous than European American males and females.
D)both European American males and females were more androgynous than African American males and females.

Question 48

The 191 members of the _____ have committed to creating sustainable human development and to recognizing equal rights and opportunities for men and women that are critical for social and economic progress.

A) World Economic Forum
B) World Trade Organization
C) United Nations
D) League of Nations

Question 49

Only liberal cultures encourage particular behavioral differences between the genders and help to define the roles,duties,and responsibilities deemed appropriate for males and females.

Question 50

In the context of gender role ideologies,Gibbons and her colleagues conducted several cross-cultural studies involving almost 700 adolescents from Spain,Guatemala,and Sri Lanka.In their surveys,these researchers found that the most important quality of an ideal man or woman for both boys and girls was being _____,a characteristic that was not gender-specific.

A)decent
B)successful
C)kind and honest
D)patient and diplomatic